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            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>oannes</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2667-7059</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Okay PEKŞEN</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.33469/oannes.1234785</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Classical Greek and Roman History</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Eski Yunan ve Roma Tarihi</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>Milk and Dairy Products in Ancient Rome: Production and Consumption</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <article-title>Antik Roma’da Süt ve Süt Ürünleri: Üretim ve Tüketim</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7192-8151</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Kapka</surname>
                                    <given-names>Emine</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20230929">
                    <day>09</day>
                    <month>29</month>
                    <year>2023</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>5</volume>
                                        <issue>2</issue>
                                        <fpage>383</fpage>
                                        <lpage>411</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20230115">
                        <day>01</day>
                        <month>15</month>
                        <year>2023</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20230510">
                        <day>05</day>
                        <month>10</month>
                        <year>2023</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2019, OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2019</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>Milk is the first foodstuff consumed by human beings after birth and has a vital importance in human survival. Apart from other animals, the fact that humans continue to consume both milk and the products derived from it after weaning is another point that explains its importance. This study aims to examine the production and consumption of milk and dairy products in the Roman Empire, one of the most powerful and influential empires of the Ancient Mediterranean world. The first settlers of Rome must have produced and consumed plenty of milk and dairy products as they were occupied with husbandry. In order to find an answer to this argument, Latin literature written between the foundation of Rome (753 BC) and the end of the Principatus period (280 AD) was examined. While conducting this study, the city of Rome, the center of the Roman Empire, and its surroundings were determined as the geographical boundary.By analysing the relevant references, it was tried to determine the dairy products consumed by the Romans, their production process, their usage fields and their value in society. Research has shown that the most preferred dairy animals in Rome were goats, sheep and cows.  Milk (Lat. lac) consumption showed a process in the opposite direction to the enlarged and development of Rome.  In other words, as Rome was sophisticated and expanded, the drinking of milk decreased and became linked with nomadic peoples or barbarism in Roman ideology. The dairy products referred to in the literature are cheese (caseus), colostrum, butter (Lat. butyrum), melca, oxygala and schiston.  The most preferred dairy product was cheese, which was appreciated by all social classes of Rome and consumed in almost all meals. The usage fields of milk and dairy products have been culinary, medical, cosmetic as well as religious.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <abstract><p>Süt, insanoğlunun dünyaya geldikten sonra tükettiği ilk gıda maddesi olup insan yaşamında hayati bir öneme sahiptir. Diğer hayvanlardan farklı olarak sütten kesildikten sonra hem süt hem de ondan üretilen ürünleri tüketmeye devam etmesi onun önemini açıklayan diğer bir husustur. Bu çalışma, Antik Çağ Akdeniz dünyasının en büyük imparatorluklarından olan Roma İmparatorluğu’nda süt ve süt ürünleri, bunların üretim ve tüketimini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Roma’nın ilk yerleşimcilerinin hayvancılıkla uğraşan halklar olmalarından dolayı bol miktarda süt ve süt ürünleri üretmiş ve tüketmiş olmalıdır. Bu sava yanıt bulmak için, Roma’nın kuruluşundan (MÖ 753), Principatus döneminin sonuna değin geçen sürede (MS 280) kaleme alınmış Latince literatür incelenmiştir. Bu çalışma yürütülürken Roma İmparatorluğunun merkezi olan Roma kenti ve çevresi coğrafi sınır olarak belirlenmiştir. Çalışmanın sınırları içerisinde kalan ilgili referanslar tetkik edilerek, Romalıların tükettiği süt ürünleri, bunların üretim süreci, kullanım alanları ve toplumdaki karşılığı tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Yapılan araştırmalar, Roma’da sütü en çok tercih edilen hayvanların, keçi, koyun ve inek olduğunu gösterirken, süt (Lat. lac) tüketimi, Roma’nın gelişip büyümesinin tersi yönde olduğunu göstermiştir. Başka bir deyişle, Roma büyüyüp geliştikçe süt içim oranı düşmüştür. Roma ideolojisinde genellikle barbarlık veya göçebe halklarla ilişkilendirilmiştir. Ulaşılan kaynaklarda adı geçen süt ürünleri peynir (caseus), colostrum, tereyağı (Lat. butyrum), melca, oxygala ve schistondur. Bu ürünlerden en çok tercih edilenin ise peynir olduğu ve Roma’nın tüm sınıfları tarafından takdir edildiği ve neredeyse tüm öğünlerde tüketildiği görülür. Kullanım alanları incelendiğinde ise başta mutfak olmak üzere tıbbi, kozmetik ve dini alanlar dikkat çekmektedir.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Antik Roma</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Süt</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Süt Ürünleri</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Üretim</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Tüketim</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>Ancient Rome</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Milk</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Dairy Products</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Production</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Consumption</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                                                        </article-meta>
    </front>
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