Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Sabazios: Köken ve Nitelik Tartışmaları

Year 2024, , 589 - 621, 25.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1459382

Abstract

MÖ 5. yüzyıldan MS 4. yüzyıla kadar Akdeniz Dünyası’nın pek çok yerinde tapınım görmüş olan Tanrı Sabazios, ölüm, yeniden doğuş, bereket, kırsal yaşam, sağlık ve adalet gibi olgular ile ilişkilendirilmiştir. Pek çok metinde Dionysos ve Zeus ile bir tutulmasına karşın Hellen – Roma kültürel hakimiyeti dışında öz niteliklere, kült örgütlenmesine ve mitsel çeşitlemelere sahiptir. Tanrının kökeni ve özellikleri konusundaki tartışmalar hâlâ sürmektedir. Bu makalede söz konusu tartışmalar tanrının kökeni, tapınım coğrafyası, ikonografisi ve özellikleri başlıkları ile değerlendirilmiştir. Tanrının kökeni hakkındaki en güçlü savlar, onun Trakya, Anadolu ya da İran coğrafyasına ait olduğu yönündedir. Bunun yanında, tanrının Levant’tan gelmiş olabileceğini iddia eden bir görüş de vardır. Epigrafik ve arkeolojik kanıtların büyük bir kısmının Trakya ve Batı Anadolu’da bulunmuş olması bu iki bölgeyi öne çıkarmaktadır. Makalede, Sabazios’a bir Anadolu kökeni atfetmenin mümkün olmadığı savunulmakta ve Trakya kökenli olduğu tezi, kaynakların yeni yorumlarıyla desteklenmektedir. Bir başka tartışma alanı ise Sabazios’un özellikleri ve Hellen-Roma dünyasındaki diğer tanrılar ile olan ilişkisidir. Klasik Dönem’den Roma Dönemi’ne kadar pek çok yazar onu Dionysos ile bir tutmuştur. Buna karşılık epigrafik gelenekte Zeus ile ilişkilendirilmiştir. Tanrının ikonografisi ve sembolleri ise senkretik özellikler göstermektedir. Araştırmacıların çoğu, Sabazios’un Zeus ile olan ilişkisinden dolayı onun bir hava tanrısı olduğunu öne sürmüştür. Makalenin ikinci ve üçüncü kısımlarında bu tartışmalar değerlendirilmiş ve Sabazios’un bir yeraltı tanrısı ya da kahraman olabileceği yönünde yeni bir öneri ortaya koyulmuştur.

References

  • Apul. Met. (= Apuleius, Metamorphoses), Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Apuleius, Başkalaşımlar, Çev.: Ç. Dürüşken, İstanbul, 2006.
  • Aristoph. Lys. (= Aristophanes, Lysistrata). Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Aristophanes, Aristophanes with the English Translation in Three Volumes, transl. B.B. Rogers, London, 1930.
  • Aristoph. Or. (= Aristophanes, Ornithes), Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Aristophanes, Aristophanes with the English Translation in Three Volumes, transl. B.B. Rogers, London, 1930.
  • Aristoph. Vesp. (= Aristophanes, Vespae = Σφῆκες), Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Aristophanes, Aristophanes with the English Translation in Three Volumes, transl. B.B. Rogers, London, 1930.
  • Cic. leg. (= Cicero, De Legibus), Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Cicero, De Legibus, Paris, 1959.
  • Cic. nat. (= Cicero, De Natura Deorum), Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Cicero, On the Nature of Gods. Academics, transl. H. Backham, Cambridge, 1933.
  • Demosth. De Cor. (= Demosthenes, De Corona), Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Demosthenes, Orationes. Ed. M.R. Dilts, c.I, Oxford, 2002.
  • Diod. (= Diodoros, Bibliotheke Historike), Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Diodorus, Diodorus of Siciliy in Twelve Volumes, c.II, transl. C.H. Oldfather, London, 1967.
  • Ios. ant. Iud. (=Iosephos, antiquitates Iudaicae = Ἰουδαίκη ἀρχαιολογία Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, c.5, transl. R.Marcus, London, 1943.
  • Macr. Sat. (Macrobius, Saturnalia). Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Macrobius. Saturnalia, c.I, transl. R.A. Kaster, Cambridge, 2011.
  • Orph. H. (= Orpheioi Hymnoi), Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: The Orphic Hymns, transl. A.N. Athanassakis, B. M. Wolkow, Maryland, 2013.
  • Strab. (= Strabon, Geographika), Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Strabon, Geography, c.5., transl. H.L.Jones, Cambridge, 1928.
  • Theophr.Char. (= Theophrastos, Characteres), Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Theophrastos, Karakterler, Çev. C. Şentuna, İstanbul, 2022.
  • BECKMAN, J., 1982. “The Anatolian Myth of Illuyanka”, Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society¸14, ss. 11 – 25.
  • BERNDT, S., 2018. “The hand gesture and symbols of Sabazios”, Opuscula, 11, ss.151 – 169.
  • BLINKENBERG, C., 1904. Archaologische Studien, Copenhagen.
  • BONFANTE, G., 1944. “Sabadios-Svoboda et Liberateur”, Annuaire de l’Institut de Philologie et d’Histoire orientales et slaves, c.7, Bruxelles, ss.41 – 46.
  • BRIXHE, C., 2002. “Interactions between Greek and Phrygian under Roman Empire”, Bilingualism in Ancient Society. Language Contact and the Written Word¸Oxford, ss.246 – 266.
  • BRIXHE, C., LEJEUNE, M., 1984. Corpus des Inscriptions Paléo-Phrygiennes, c.I, Paris.
  • BUCKLER, W. H. 1916. “Some Lydian Propitiatory Inscriptions”, The Annual of the British School at Athens, 21, 1914, ss.169 – 183.
  • BURESCH, K., 1898. Aus Lydien: Epigraphisch-Geographische Reisefrüche, Leipzig.
  • BURKERT, W., 2001. Savage Energies. Lessons of myth and ritual in ancient Greece, Chicago.
  • CIL VI. Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, vol.6, Eds. C.G. Henzen, I.B. de Rossi et al., Berlin, 1960.
  • CIL XI. Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, vol.11, Ed. E. Bormann, Berlin, 1968.
  • CIL XIV. Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, vol.14, Ed. H.Dessau, Berlin, 1968.
  • CUMONT, F., 1906. “Les mysteres de Sabazius et le judaisme”, CRAI, 50/1, ss. 63-79.
  • DANA, D. 2010, “La Prehistoire du nom de Saint Sebastien: Onomastiques en Contact”, Onomatologos: Studies in Greek Personal Names Presented to Elaine Matthews, Eds. R. W. V. Catling and F. Marchand, Oxford, ss. 390-397.
  • DANA, D. 2020, “Les noms d’assonance thrace: des miroirs culturels. Comment s’écrit l’autre?” Sources épigraphiques et papyrologiques dans le monde méditerranéen antique, 2020. (https://shs.hal.science/hal-03066597)
  • DUEY, R., 2008. “Zeus and Dionysus in the Light of Linear B Records”, Colloquium Romanum I, Ed. A. Sacconi et.al., Roma, ss.223 -230.
  • FINGERLIN, G., 1972. “Dangstetten, ein augusteisches Legionslager am Hochrhein”, Berichte der römisch-germanischen Komission 1970-1971, 51-52, 1972, ss.197 – 233.
  • FLORIANI SQUARCIAPINO, M., 1962, I Culti Orientali ad Ostia, Leiden. FGrHist. F.Jacoby, Fragmente der griechischen Historiker, Leiden,1926 – 1958.
  • GEYER, F., 1931. “Stratonike”, Paulys Realencyclopadie der Classichen Altertumwissenschaft, R7.4/1, Leipzig, ss 321-322.
  • GICHEVA, R., 1981. “Sabazios”, Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae, C.VIII.1, Düsseldorf, 1068 – 1071.
  • GOODENOUGH, E.R. 1953. Jewish Symbols in Greco-Roman Period, c.II, New York.
  • GREGOIRE, H., 1962. La nouvelle Clio, c.X-XII, Paris.
  • GUSMANI, R., 1958. “Le iscrizioni dell’antico frigio”, Rendiconti dell’ıstituto Lombardo, Classe di Lettere, 92, ss.870 – 903.
  • HANNESTAD, L. V., STOLBA V. F., SCEGLOV, A. N., (Eds). 2002, Panskoye I. Monumental building U6, Aaarhus.
  • HARRISON, J. E., 1922. Pralegomena to the Study of Greek Religion, Cambridge.
  • HERMANN, P., 1962. Ergebnisse einer Reise in Nordostlydien, Wien.
  • HOFFNER, H.A. 1990. Hittite Myths, Atlanta.
  • HÖRİG, M., 1984. “Jupiter Dolichenus”, Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt, 17/4, Berlin, ss. 2136-2179.
  • HUAYNA AVILA, C.S., 2020. “Some Thoughts on Xerxes’s ‘Daiva” Inscription and its Interpretation”, Antiguo Oriente, 18, ss.119 – 186.
  • HUTTER, M. 2021. “Religions in the Empire”, a Companion to the Achaemenid Persian Empire, Ed.B. Jacobs, R. Rollinger, New Jersey, ss.1285 -
  • IG II. Inscriptiones Graecae: Inscriptiones Atticae aetatis quae est inter Euclidis annum et Augusti tempora, Ed. Ulrich Koehler, Berlin 1893.
  • IG IV. Inscriptiones Graecae: Inscriptiones graecae Aeginae, Pityonesi, Cecyphaliae, Argolidis, Ed. Max Frenkel, Berlin, 1902.
  • IG Bulg. III. Inscriptiones graecae in Bulgaria repertae, vol.3, Ed. Geogi Mihailov, Sofia, 1964.
  • IG Bulg. IV. Inscriptiones graecae in Bulgaria repertae, vol.4, Ed. Geogi Mihailov, Sofia, 1993.
  • IG Bulg V. Inscriptiones graecae in Bulgaria repertae, vol.5, Ed. Geogi Mihailov, Sofia, 1997.
  • ILS I. Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae, vol.2, Ed. Hermann Dessae, 1892.
  • IvEphesus IV. Die Inschriften Griechischer Stadte aus Kleinasien, vol.4, Ed. Hermann Vetters, Bonn, 1980.
  • IvKalchedon. Die Inschriften von Kalchedon. Eds. F.K. Dörnet, S. Şahin, Bonn, 1980.
  • IvPergamon. Die Inschriften von Pergamon, Eds. E. Fabricius, C. Schuchhardt, M. Frankel, Berlin, 1890.
  • JOHNSON, S. E., 1968. “A Sabazios Inscription from Sardis”, Religions in Antiquity, Ed. J. Neusner, Leiden, ss. 542 – 550.
  • JOHNSON, S. E., 1984. “The Present State of Sabazios Research”, Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt, 17/3, Berlin, ss.1583 – 1613.
  • KÜSTER, E., 1913. Die Schlange in der griechischen Kunst und Religion, Gießen.
  • LANE, E. N., 1980. “Toward a Definition of the Iconography of Sabazius”, Numen, 27.1., ss.9 – 33.
  • LANE, E.N., 1983. Corpus Cultus Iovis Sabazii, c.I, Leiden.
  • LANE, E.N., 1985. Corpus Cultus Iovis Sabazii¸ c.II, Leiden.
  • LANE, E.N., 1989. Corpus Cultus Iovis Sabazii¸ c.III, Leiden.
  • LOZOVAN, E., 1964. “Sabazios et la benediction Latina”, Oikoumene: Studi paleocristiani in onore del concilio Vaticano II, Catania, ss.181 – 191.
  • MACREA, E., 1959. “Le culte de Sabazius en Dacie“, Dacia N.S., 3, ss.325 – 339.
  • MIKALSON, J. D., 2006. “Greek Religion: Continuity and Change in the Hellenistic Period”, The Cambridge Companion to the Hellenistic World, Ed. G.R.Bugh, Cambridge, ss.208 – 222.
  • MILLER, R. D. 2014. “Tracking the dragon across the ancient near east” Archiv Orientalni, 82/2, ss. 1 – 21.
  • NENOVA, P., VITOV, O, STAIKOVA, I., STAIKOVA ALEXANDROVA, L., 2008. “Petrographic Study of Artefacts from A Temple of Sabazios in the Village of Porominovo, Kyustendil District, Western Bulgaria, Geoarchaelogy and Archaeomineralogy, Ed. R.I.Kostov, B. Gaydarska, M. Gurova, Sofia, 116 – 119.
  • OBRADOR CURSACH, B., 2017. “The Phrygian god Bas”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 76, ss.397 – 317.
  • OESTERLEY, W. O. E. 1935. “The Cult of Sabazios: A Study in religious syncretism”, The Labyrinth, Ed. S.H. Hooke, London, ss.115 – 158.
  • L’ORANGE, H. P., 1953. Studies on the Iconography of Cosmic Kingship in the Ancient World, Oslo, 1953.
  • MATEI-POPESCU, 2010. The Roman Army in Moesia Inferor. Bucharest.
  • PERDRIZET, P., 1910. Cultes et mythes du Mont Pangee, Paris, 1910.
  • PICARD, C., 1961. “Sabazios, Dieu Thraco-Phrygien: Expansion et Aspects Nouveaux de Son Culte”, Revue Archéologique 1961, T2, SS. 129 – 176.
  • RADIN M., 1915. The Jews Among the Greek and Romans, Philadelphia.
  • RAMSAY, W. M., 1895. The Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia, c.I., vol.1, Oxford.
  • RAMSAY, W. M., 1897. The Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia, c.I., vol.2, Oxford.
  • ROBERT, L. 1975. “Une Nouvelle Inscription Grecque de Sardes”, Comptes Rendus de l’Academie des Inscriptions, 119/1, ss. 306 – 330.
  • ROLLER, L., 2001. “Anatolian Cult of Sabazios”, A Festchrift in Honor of Eugene N. Lane, Ed. C. Callaway, The Stoa Electronic Publishing. (https://www.stoa.org/texts/2001/01/0008/).
  • SEG XXVII. Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum, c.27, Eds. H.W. Pleket, R.S. Stroud, Leiden, 1980.
  • SEG XXIX. Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum, c.29, Eds. H.W. Pleket, R.S. Stroud, Leiden, 1982.
  • SEG XXXVI. Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum, c.36 Eds. H.W. Pleket, R.S. Stroud, Leiden, 1989.
  • SCHAEFER, C., 1920. “Sabazios”, Paulys Realencyclopadie der Classichen Altertumwissenschaft, R2/1.2, Leipzig, ss. 1540 – 1551.
  • SIMON, F. M., 2018. “A Place with Shared Meanings: Mithras, Sabazius, and Christianity in the Tomb of Vibia”, Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae¸ 58, ss.225 – 242.
  • SPIEDEL, M.A., 2019. “Hellenistic Kingdom of Cappadocia”, Hellenistik and Roman Anatolia, Ed. O. Tekin, İstanbul, ss. 118 – 130.
  • TASSIGNON, I., 1998. “Sabazios dans les panthéons des cités d’Asie Mineure“, Kernos, 11, ss. 189 – 208.
  • TAM II. Tituli Asiae minoris. c.II, Ed. E. Kalinka, Wien, 1920.
  • TAM V. Tituli Asiae minoris. c.V, Ed. G. Petzl, Wien, 2007.
  • THONEMANN, P., 2013. “Phrygia: an anarchist history, 950 BC – AD 100”, Roman Phrygia: Culture and Society¸Cambridge, ss. 1 – 41.
  • TOMAS, A., 2015. “Liber Pater or Dionysus? The Evidence of the Bacchic Cult at Novae (castra et canabae legionis) and in its Hinterland”, Ad Fines Imperii Romani: Studia Thaddaeo Sarnowski Septuagenario Ab Amicis, Collegis Discipulisque Dedicata, Warsaw, ss. 257 – 276.
  • TRAM TAM TINH, V., 1972. Le Culte Des Divinites Orientales en Campanie En Dehors de Pompei, de Stabies et D’Herculanum,
  • TREBLICO, P. R., 1991. Jewish Communities in Asia Minor, Cambridge.
  • TÜRKAN, A., 2012. “Men, Mensis, Moon: Ay Tanrı Men, Özellikleri ve Kültü”, Ömer Çapar’a Armağan, Ed. T.Yiğit, M.A.Kaya ve A. Sina, Ankara, ss.333 – 348.
  • ÜNAL, A., 1988. “The Role of Magic in the Ancient Anatolian Religions According to the Cuneiform Texts from Boğazköy-Hattusa”, Bulletin of the Middle Eastern Culture Center in Japan, c.III, Ed. T. Mikasa, Wiesbaden.
  • ÜRETEN, H., 2004. “Hellenistik Dönem Pergamon Kenti Tanrı ve Kültleri”, Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 23/35, ss. 185 – 214.
  • VERNADSKY, G., “Der sarmatische Hintergrund der germanischen Völkerwanderung”, Saeculum, 2, 1951, ss.340 – 392.
  • WEST, M.L., “Notes on the Orphic Hymns”, The Classical Quarterly, 18/2, ss.288 – 296.

Sabazius: Debates on Origin and Nature

Year 2024, , 589 - 621, 25.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1459382

Abstract

The god Sabazios, worshipped in many parts of the Mediterranean world from the 5th century BC to the 4th century AD, has been associated with concepts such as death, rebirth, fertility, rural life, health, and justice. Although often identified with Dionysus and Zeus in various texts, Sabazios possesses intrinsic qualities, a unique cult organization, and mythical variations beyond the Hellenistic-Roman cultural framework. The debates regarding his origins and characteristics continue to this day. This article evaluates these debates under the topics of the god’s origin, geographical worship areas, iconography, and attributes.
The most compelling arguments regarding Sabazios’ origin suggest that he belongs to the regions of Thrace, Anatolia, or Iran. There is also a view proposing that Sabazios might have originated from the Levant. The fact that a significant portion of epigraphic and archaeological evidence has been found in Thrace and Western Anatolia highlights the importance of these two regions. In this article, it is argued that attributing an Anatolian origin to Sabazios is not feasible, and instead, the thesis of a Thracian origin is supported with new interpretations of available sources.
Another key discussion revolves around the characteristics of Sabazios and his relationship with other gods in the Greco-Roman world. From classical times to the Roman period, many authors identified him with Dionysus, while in the epigraphic tradition, he is associated with Zeus. However, Sabazios’ iconography and symbols demonstrate a strong syncretic nature. Most researchers suggest that Sabazios is a sky god due to his association with Zeus. In the second and third sections of this article, these discussions are examined in detail, and a new suggestion is made that Sabazios may be an underworld god or a mythic hero.

References

  • Apul. Met. (= Apuleius, Metamorphoses), Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Apuleius, Başkalaşımlar, Çev.: Ç. Dürüşken, İstanbul, 2006.
  • Aristoph. Lys. (= Aristophanes, Lysistrata). Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Aristophanes, Aristophanes with the English Translation in Three Volumes, transl. B.B. Rogers, London, 1930.
  • Aristoph. Or. (= Aristophanes, Ornithes), Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Aristophanes, Aristophanes with the English Translation in Three Volumes, transl. B.B. Rogers, London, 1930.
  • Aristoph. Vesp. (= Aristophanes, Vespae = Σφῆκες), Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Aristophanes, Aristophanes with the English Translation in Three Volumes, transl. B.B. Rogers, London, 1930.
  • Cic. leg. (= Cicero, De Legibus), Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Cicero, De Legibus, Paris, 1959.
  • Cic. nat. (= Cicero, De Natura Deorum), Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Cicero, On the Nature of Gods. Academics, transl. H. Backham, Cambridge, 1933.
  • Demosth. De Cor. (= Demosthenes, De Corona), Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Demosthenes, Orationes. Ed. M.R. Dilts, c.I, Oxford, 2002.
  • Diod. (= Diodoros, Bibliotheke Historike), Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Diodorus, Diodorus of Siciliy in Twelve Volumes, c.II, transl. C.H. Oldfather, London, 1967.
  • Ios. ant. Iud. (=Iosephos, antiquitates Iudaicae = Ἰουδαίκη ἀρχαιολογία Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, c.5, transl. R.Marcus, London, 1943.
  • Macr. Sat. (Macrobius, Saturnalia). Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Macrobius. Saturnalia, c.I, transl. R.A. Kaster, Cambridge, 2011.
  • Orph. H. (= Orpheioi Hymnoi), Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: The Orphic Hymns, transl. A.N. Athanassakis, B. M. Wolkow, Maryland, 2013.
  • Strab. (= Strabon, Geographika), Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Strabon, Geography, c.5., transl. H.L.Jones, Cambridge, 1928.
  • Theophr.Char. (= Theophrastos, Characteres), Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Theophrastos, Karakterler, Çev. C. Şentuna, İstanbul, 2022.
  • BECKMAN, J., 1982. “The Anatolian Myth of Illuyanka”, Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society¸14, ss. 11 – 25.
  • BERNDT, S., 2018. “The hand gesture and symbols of Sabazios”, Opuscula, 11, ss.151 – 169.
  • BLINKENBERG, C., 1904. Archaologische Studien, Copenhagen.
  • BONFANTE, G., 1944. “Sabadios-Svoboda et Liberateur”, Annuaire de l’Institut de Philologie et d’Histoire orientales et slaves, c.7, Bruxelles, ss.41 – 46.
  • BRIXHE, C., 2002. “Interactions between Greek and Phrygian under Roman Empire”, Bilingualism in Ancient Society. Language Contact and the Written Word¸Oxford, ss.246 – 266.
  • BRIXHE, C., LEJEUNE, M., 1984. Corpus des Inscriptions Paléo-Phrygiennes, c.I, Paris.
  • BUCKLER, W. H. 1916. “Some Lydian Propitiatory Inscriptions”, The Annual of the British School at Athens, 21, 1914, ss.169 – 183.
  • BURESCH, K., 1898. Aus Lydien: Epigraphisch-Geographische Reisefrüche, Leipzig.
  • BURKERT, W., 2001. Savage Energies. Lessons of myth and ritual in ancient Greece, Chicago.
  • CIL VI. Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, vol.6, Eds. C.G. Henzen, I.B. de Rossi et al., Berlin, 1960.
  • CIL XI. Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, vol.11, Ed. E. Bormann, Berlin, 1968.
  • CIL XIV. Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, vol.14, Ed. H.Dessau, Berlin, 1968.
  • CUMONT, F., 1906. “Les mysteres de Sabazius et le judaisme”, CRAI, 50/1, ss. 63-79.
  • DANA, D. 2010, “La Prehistoire du nom de Saint Sebastien: Onomastiques en Contact”, Onomatologos: Studies in Greek Personal Names Presented to Elaine Matthews, Eds. R. W. V. Catling and F. Marchand, Oxford, ss. 390-397.
  • DANA, D. 2020, “Les noms d’assonance thrace: des miroirs culturels. Comment s’écrit l’autre?” Sources épigraphiques et papyrologiques dans le monde méditerranéen antique, 2020. (https://shs.hal.science/hal-03066597)
  • DUEY, R., 2008. “Zeus and Dionysus in the Light of Linear B Records”, Colloquium Romanum I, Ed. A. Sacconi et.al., Roma, ss.223 -230.
  • FINGERLIN, G., 1972. “Dangstetten, ein augusteisches Legionslager am Hochrhein”, Berichte der römisch-germanischen Komission 1970-1971, 51-52, 1972, ss.197 – 233.
  • FLORIANI SQUARCIAPINO, M., 1962, I Culti Orientali ad Ostia, Leiden. FGrHist. F.Jacoby, Fragmente der griechischen Historiker, Leiden,1926 – 1958.
  • GEYER, F., 1931. “Stratonike”, Paulys Realencyclopadie der Classichen Altertumwissenschaft, R7.4/1, Leipzig, ss 321-322.
  • GICHEVA, R., 1981. “Sabazios”, Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae, C.VIII.1, Düsseldorf, 1068 – 1071.
  • GOODENOUGH, E.R. 1953. Jewish Symbols in Greco-Roman Period, c.II, New York.
  • GREGOIRE, H., 1962. La nouvelle Clio, c.X-XII, Paris.
  • GUSMANI, R., 1958. “Le iscrizioni dell’antico frigio”, Rendiconti dell’ıstituto Lombardo, Classe di Lettere, 92, ss.870 – 903.
  • HANNESTAD, L. V., STOLBA V. F., SCEGLOV, A. N., (Eds). 2002, Panskoye I. Monumental building U6, Aaarhus.
  • HARRISON, J. E., 1922. Pralegomena to the Study of Greek Religion, Cambridge.
  • HERMANN, P., 1962. Ergebnisse einer Reise in Nordostlydien, Wien.
  • HOFFNER, H.A. 1990. Hittite Myths, Atlanta.
  • HÖRİG, M., 1984. “Jupiter Dolichenus”, Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt, 17/4, Berlin, ss. 2136-2179.
  • HUAYNA AVILA, C.S., 2020. “Some Thoughts on Xerxes’s ‘Daiva” Inscription and its Interpretation”, Antiguo Oriente, 18, ss.119 – 186.
  • HUTTER, M. 2021. “Religions in the Empire”, a Companion to the Achaemenid Persian Empire, Ed.B. Jacobs, R. Rollinger, New Jersey, ss.1285 -
  • IG II. Inscriptiones Graecae: Inscriptiones Atticae aetatis quae est inter Euclidis annum et Augusti tempora, Ed. Ulrich Koehler, Berlin 1893.
  • IG IV. Inscriptiones Graecae: Inscriptiones graecae Aeginae, Pityonesi, Cecyphaliae, Argolidis, Ed. Max Frenkel, Berlin, 1902.
  • IG Bulg. III. Inscriptiones graecae in Bulgaria repertae, vol.3, Ed. Geogi Mihailov, Sofia, 1964.
  • IG Bulg. IV. Inscriptiones graecae in Bulgaria repertae, vol.4, Ed. Geogi Mihailov, Sofia, 1993.
  • IG Bulg V. Inscriptiones graecae in Bulgaria repertae, vol.5, Ed. Geogi Mihailov, Sofia, 1997.
  • ILS I. Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae, vol.2, Ed. Hermann Dessae, 1892.
  • IvEphesus IV. Die Inschriften Griechischer Stadte aus Kleinasien, vol.4, Ed. Hermann Vetters, Bonn, 1980.
  • IvKalchedon. Die Inschriften von Kalchedon. Eds. F.K. Dörnet, S. Şahin, Bonn, 1980.
  • IvPergamon. Die Inschriften von Pergamon, Eds. E. Fabricius, C. Schuchhardt, M. Frankel, Berlin, 1890.
  • JOHNSON, S. E., 1968. “A Sabazios Inscription from Sardis”, Religions in Antiquity, Ed. J. Neusner, Leiden, ss. 542 – 550.
  • JOHNSON, S. E., 1984. “The Present State of Sabazios Research”, Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt, 17/3, Berlin, ss.1583 – 1613.
  • KÜSTER, E., 1913. Die Schlange in der griechischen Kunst und Religion, Gießen.
  • LANE, E. N., 1980. “Toward a Definition of the Iconography of Sabazius”, Numen, 27.1., ss.9 – 33.
  • LANE, E.N., 1983. Corpus Cultus Iovis Sabazii, c.I, Leiden.
  • LANE, E.N., 1985. Corpus Cultus Iovis Sabazii¸ c.II, Leiden.
  • LANE, E.N., 1989. Corpus Cultus Iovis Sabazii¸ c.III, Leiden.
  • LOZOVAN, E., 1964. “Sabazios et la benediction Latina”, Oikoumene: Studi paleocristiani in onore del concilio Vaticano II, Catania, ss.181 – 191.
  • MACREA, E., 1959. “Le culte de Sabazius en Dacie“, Dacia N.S., 3, ss.325 – 339.
  • MIKALSON, J. D., 2006. “Greek Religion: Continuity and Change in the Hellenistic Period”, The Cambridge Companion to the Hellenistic World, Ed. G.R.Bugh, Cambridge, ss.208 – 222.
  • MILLER, R. D. 2014. “Tracking the dragon across the ancient near east” Archiv Orientalni, 82/2, ss. 1 – 21.
  • NENOVA, P., VITOV, O, STAIKOVA, I., STAIKOVA ALEXANDROVA, L., 2008. “Petrographic Study of Artefacts from A Temple of Sabazios in the Village of Porominovo, Kyustendil District, Western Bulgaria, Geoarchaelogy and Archaeomineralogy, Ed. R.I.Kostov, B. Gaydarska, M. Gurova, Sofia, 116 – 119.
  • OBRADOR CURSACH, B., 2017. “The Phrygian god Bas”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 76, ss.397 – 317.
  • OESTERLEY, W. O. E. 1935. “The Cult of Sabazios: A Study in religious syncretism”, The Labyrinth, Ed. S.H. Hooke, London, ss.115 – 158.
  • L’ORANGE, H. P., 1953. Studies on the Iconography of Cosmic Kingship in the Ancient World, Oslo, 1953.
  • MATEI-POPESCU, 2010. The Roman Army in Moesia Inferor. Bucharest.
  • PERDRIZET, P., 1910. Cultes et mythes du Mont Pangee, Paris, 1910.
  • PICARD, C., 1961. “Sabazios, Dieu Thraco-Phrygien: Expansion et Aspects Nouveaux de Son Culte”, Revue Archéologique 1961, T2, SS. 129 – 176.
  • RADIN M., 1915. The Jews Among the Greek and Romans, Philadelphia.
  • RAMSAY, W. M., 1895. The Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia, c.I., vol.1, Oxford.
  • RAMSAY, W. M., 1897. The Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia, c.I., vol.2, Oxford.
  • ROBERT, L. 1975. “Une Nouvelle Inscription Grecque de Sardes”, Comptes Rendus de l’Academie des Inscriptions, 119/1, ss. 306 – 330.
  • ROLLER, L., 2001. “Anatolian Cult of Sabazios”, A Festchrift in Honor of Eugene N. Lane, Ed. C. Callaway, The Stoa Electronic Publishing. (https://www.stoa.org/texts/2001/01/0008/).
  • SEG XXVII. Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum, c.27, Eds. H.W. Pleket, R.S. Stroud, Leiden, 1980.
  • SEG XXIX. Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum, c.29, Eds. H.W. Pleket, R.S. Stroud, Leiden, 1982.
  • SEG XXXVI. Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum, c.36 Eds. H.W. Pleket, R.S. Stroud, Leiden, 1989.
  • SCHAEFER, C., 1920. “Sabazios”, Paulys Realencyclopadie der Classichen Altertumwissenschaft, R2/1.2, Leipzig, ss. 1540 – 1551.
  • SIMON, F. M., 2018. “A Place with Shared Meanings: Mithras, Sabazius, and Christianity in the Tomb of Vibia”, Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae¸ 58, ss.225 – 242.
  • SPIEDEL, M.A., 2019. “Hellenistic Kingdom of Cappadocia”, Hellenistik and Roman Anatolia, Ed. O. Tekin, İstanbul, ss. 118 – 130.
  • TASSIGNON, I., 1998. “Sabazios dans les panthéons des cités d’Asie Mineure“, Kernos, 11, ss. 189 – 208.
  • TAM II. Tituli Asiae minoris. c.II, Ed. E. Kalinka, Wien, 1920.
  • TAM V. Tituli Asiae minoris. c.V, Ed. G. Petzl, Wien, 2007.
  • THONEMANN, P., 2013. “Phrygia: an anarchist history, 950 BC – AD 100”, Roman Phrygia: Culture and Society¸Cambridge, ss. 1 – 41.
  • TOMAS, A., 2015. “Liber Pater or Dionysus? The Evidence of the Bacchic Cult at Novae (castra et canabae legionis) and in its Hinterland”, Ad Fines Imperii Romani: Studia Thaddaeo Sarnowski Septuagenario Ab Amicis, Collegis Discipulisque Dedicata, Warsaw, ss. 257 – 276.
  • TRAM TAM TINH, V., 1972. Le Culte Des Divinites Orientales en Campanie En Dehors de Pompei, de Stabies et D’Herculanum,
  • TREBLICO, P. R., 1991. Jewish Communities in Asia Minor, Cambridge.
  • TÜRKAN, A., 2012. “Men, Mensis, Moon: Ay Tanrı Men, Özellikleri ve Kültü”, Ömer Çapar’a Armağan, Ed. T.Yiğit, M.A.Kaya ve A. Sina, Ankara, ss.333 – 348.
  • ÜNAL, A., 1988. “The Role of Magic in the Ancient Anatolian Religions According to the Cuneiform Texts from Boğazköy-Hattusa”, Bulletin of the Middle Eastern Culture Center in Japan, c.III, Ed. T. Mikasa, Wiesbaden.
  • ÜRETEN, H., 2004. “Hellenistik Dönem Pergamon Kenti Tanrı ve Kültleri”, Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 23/35, ss. 185 – 214.
  • VERNADSKY, G., “Der sarmatische Hintergrund der germanischen Völkerwanderung”, Saeculum, 2, 1951, ss.340 – 392.
  • WEST, M.L., “Notes on the Orphic Hymns”, The Classical Quarterly, 18/2, ss.288 – 296.
There are 93 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Old Anatolian History, Classical Greek and Roman History
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Ahmet Türkan 0000-0002-3358-0828

Publication Date September 25, 2024
Submission Date March 26, 2024
Acceptance Date September 23, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

APA Türkan, A. (2024). Sabazios: Köken ve Nitelik Tartışmaları. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History, 6(2), 589-621. https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1459382
AMA Türkan A. Sabazios: Köken ve Nitelik Tartışmaları. OANNES. September 2024;6(2):589-621. doi:10.33469/oannes.1459382
Chicago Türkan, Ahmet. “Sabazios: Köken Ve Nitelik Tartışmaları”. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History 6, no. 2 (September 2024): 589-621. https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1459382.
EndNote Türkan A (September 1, 2024) Sabazios: Köken ve Nitelik Tartışmaları. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History 6 2 589–621.
IEEE A. Türkan, “Sabazios: Köken ve Nitelik Tartışmaları”, OANNES, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 589–621, 2024, doi: 10.33469/oannes.1459382.
ISNAD Türkan, Ahmet. “Sabazios: Köken Ve Nitelik Tartışmaları”. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History 6/2 (September 2024), 589-621. https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1459382.
JAMA Türkan A. Sabazios: Köken ve Nitelik Tartışmaları. OANNES. 2024;6:589–621.
MLA Türkan, Ahmet. “Sabazios: Köken Ve Nitelik Tartışmaları”. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History, vol. 6, no. 2, 2024, pp. 589-21, doi:10.33469/oannes.1459382.
Vancouver Türkan A. Sabazios: Köken ve Nitelik Tartışmaları. OANNES. 2024;6(2):589-621.

21585            24714

OANNES Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır. (CC BY NC)

Dergimize yalnızca Eskiçağ Tarihi, Arkeoloji ve Eskiçağ Dilleri ve Kültürleri alanlarından yayın kabulü yapılmaktadır. Diğer alanlardan gönderilen yayınlar değerlendirmeye alınmamaktadır.