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The Effect of Biofuels Policies on Oil Consumption in the Transportation Sector in OECD Countries

Year 2020, Volume: 15 Issue: 3, 811 - 828, 30.11.2020
https://doi.org/10.17153/oguiibf.525504

Abstract

The increasing depletion of fossil fuels, greenhouse gases and climate change, dependence on foreign sources of energy and the need to diversify energy supply sources are increasing the importance of biofuels. In this paper, we investigate the effect of biofuels policies on oil consumed in transportation sector using the Augmented Mean Group (AMG) method for OECD countries between the periods 2006-2016. The petroleum import price and economic growth is added to the analysis as an auxiliary variable. Our findings show that the increase in biofuel production in selected OECD countries reduces the oil consumed in the transportation sector. This result shows that the increase in oil import prices will decrease the oil consumed in the transportation sector and therefore countries will switch to alternative oil sources such as biofuels.

References

  • Akalın, Burcu; Seyrekbasan, Anıl M. (2015), “Dünyadaki Biyoetanol Politikalarının Türkiye Koşulları ile Karşı-laştırmalı İncelenmesi ve Türkiye Şartlarına Uygunluk Açısından Biyoetanol Üretiminde Kullanılan Ham-maddelerin Değerlendirilmesi”, Uludağ Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, C. 27, S. 1: 157-168.
  • Al‐Mulali, Usama; Solarin, Sakiru Adebola; Ozturk, Ilhan (2016), “Biofuel Energy Consumption‐Economic Growth Relationship: An Empirical Investigation of Brazil”, Biofuels, Bioprod. Bioref, Vol. 10: 753-775.
  • Bai, Jushan; Ng, Serena (2004), “A Panic Attack on Unit Roots and Cointegration”, Econometrica, Vol. 72, No. 4: 1127-1177.
  • Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (BNDES); Centro de Gestão e Estudos Estratégicos (CGEE) (2008), “Sugarance-Based Bioethanol: Energy for Sustainable Development”, http://www.globalbioenergy.org/uploads/media/0811_BNDES_CGEE_-_Sugarcane-based_bioethanol_energy_for_sustainable_development.pdf, (Erişim: 23.12.2018).
  • Bayraç, Hüseyin Naci (2005), “Uluslararası Petrol Piyasasının Ekonomik Analizi”, http://www.tek.org.tr/dosyalar/BAYRAC-ENERGY.pdf, (Erişim: 18.11.2018).
  • Bayraç, Hüseyin Naci (2010), “Enerji Kullanımının Küresel Isınmaya Etkisi ve Önleyici Politikalar”, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, C. 11, S. 2: 241-245.
  • Bayraç, Hüseyin Naci; Çemrek, Fatih (2018), “Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye’de Biyoetanol Üretiminin Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisinin Araştırılması”, III. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Kongresi, 05-08 Eylül 2018 Üsküp-Makedonya, Bildiriler Kitabı, (Editörler: Kara, H.-Çetin, T.-İnel, Y.), ISBN: 978-605-82037-3-0, ANKAD Yayınları: 121-133.
  • Bayraç, Hüseyin Naci; Güllü, Mustafa (2017), “Biyoyakıt Üretimi, Karbon Emisyonu ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Amerika, Brezilya ve Almanya Örnekleri”, Akademik Bakış Uluslararası Hakemli Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, S. 64: 18-34.
  • Bildirici, Melike (2017), “Impact of Militarization and Economic Growth on Biofuels Consumption and CO2 Emissions: The Evidence from Brazil, China, and US”, Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, Vol. 37, No. 3: 1121-1131.
  • BP Statistical Review of World Energy (2018), https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/en/corporate/pdf/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2018-full-report.pdf, (Erişim 22.12.2018).
  • Choi, In (2001), “Unit Root Tests for Panel Data”, Journal of International Money and Finance, Vol. 20, No. 2: 249-272.
  • Demirbas, Ayhan (2009), “Political, Economic and Environmental Impacts of Biofuels: A Review”, Applied Energy, Vol. 86: 108–117.
  • Eberhardt, Markus; Bond, Stephen (2009), “Cross-Section Dependence in Non-Stationary Panel Models: A Novel Estimator”, Munich Personal Repec Archive Paper Series, No: 17692.
  • EC (2003), “Directive 2003/30/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 May 2003 on The Promotion of the Use of Biofuels or Other Renewable Fuels for Transport”, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32003L0030&from=en, (Erişim: 02.01.2019).
  • EC (2009), “Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council Of 23 April 2009 on the Promotion of the Use of Energy from Renewable Sources and Amending and Subsequently Repealing Di-rectives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC”, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32009L0028&from=EN, (Erişim : 02.01.2019).
  • Friedman, Milton (1937), “The Use of Ranks to Avoid the Assumption of Normality Implicit in the Analysis of Variance”, Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 32, No. 200: 675-701.
  • Gujarati, Damodar N.; Porter, Dawn C. (2009), Basic Econometrics 5th Ed., New York: McGraw-Hill / Irwin.
  • Harlander, Katharina (2008), “Food vs. Fuel- A Turning Point for Bioethanol?”, Acta Agronomica Hungarica, Vol. 56, No. 4: 429–433.
  • Hatunoğlu, E. Emrah (2010), “Biyoyakıt Politikalarının Tarım Sektörüne Etkileri”, DPT. İktisadi Sektörler ve Koordinasyon Genel Müdürlüğü, Yayın No: 2814. Horuz, Ayhan; Korkmaz, Ahmet; Akınoğlu, Güney (2015), “Biyoyakıt Bitkileri ve Teknolojisi”, Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Dergisi, C. 3, S. 2: 69-81.http://biofuelsassociation.com.au/policy/world-biofuel-policies/, (Erişim: 05.01.2019).
  • http://www.yegm.gov.tr/yenilenebilir/biyokutle_enerjisi_adv.aspx, (Erişim: 12.11.2018).
  • Im, Kyung So; Pesaran, M. Hashem; Shin, Yongcheol (2003), “Testing for Unit Roots in Heterogeneous Pa-nels”, Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 115, No. 1: 53-74.
  • International Energy Agency (2018), “IEA World Energy Balances”, https://www.iea.org/statistics, (Erişim: 28.12.2018).
  • Janda, Karel; Kristoufek, Ladislav; Zilberman, David (2011), “Biofuels: Review of Policies and Im-pacts”, Cudare Working Papers, No: 1119.
  • Kar, Suraj; Kumar, Rakesh; Singh, Magan; Soni, Pooja Gupta; Makarana, Govind; Joshi, Deepa; Kushwaha, Manish (2017), “C4 Photosynthesis and Biomass”, International Journal of Current Microbiology and App-lied Sciences, Vol. 6, No. 3: 1567-1574.
  • Levin, Andrew; Lin, Chien-Fu; Chu, Chia-Shang James (2002), “Unit Roots Tests in Panel Data: Asymptotic and Finite Sample Properties”, Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 108, No. 1: 1-24.
  • Maddala, Gangadharrao Soundalyarao; Wu, Shaowen (1999), “A Comparative Study of Unit Root Tests with Panel Data and a New Simple Test”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 61, No. S1: 631- 652.
  • Moon, Hyungsik Roger; Perron, Benoit (2004), “Testing for a Unit Root in Panels with Dynamic Factors”, Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 122, No. 1: 81-126.OECD (2019), “Crude Oil Import Prices (Indicator)”, doi: 10.1787/9ee0e3ab-en, (Erişim: 03.01.2019).
  • Özertan, Gökhan (2008), “Biyoyakıtların Türkiye’nin Enerji, Tarım, Çevre Ve Kırsal Kalkınma Politikaları İçin Önemi”, İktisat İşletme ve Finans, C. 23, S. 262: 17-34.Pesaran, M. Hashem (2004), “General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels”, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute for Economic Research Working Paper, No. 1229.
  • Pesaran, M. Hashem (2007), “A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in The Presence of Cross Section Dependence”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, Vol. 22, No. 2: 265-312.
  • Phillips, Peter C. B.; Sul, Donggyu (2003), “Dynamic Panel Estimation and Homogeneity Testing Under Cross Section Dependence”, The Econometrics Journal, Vol. 6, No. 1: 217-259.
  • Reboredo, Fernando H.; Lidon, Fernando; Pessoa, Fernanda; Ramalho, José C. (2016), “The Fall of Oil Prices and the Effects on Biofuels”, Trends in Biotechnology, Vol. 34, No. 1: 3-6.
  • Simionescu, Mihaela; Albu, Lucian-Liviu; Szeles, Monica Raileanu; Bilan Yuriy (2017), “The Impact of Biofuels Utilisation in Transport on the Sustainable Development in The European Union”, Technological And Economic Development of Economy, Vo. 23, No. 4: 667-686.
  • Soon, Lim Eui (2015), “Current Status of Polices Transportation Biofuels in Key Countries”, http://eneken.ieej.or.jp/data/6380.pdf, (Erişim: 21.11.2018).
  • The World Bank (2018), “World Development Indicators, GDP Current $”, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD, (Erişim: 26.12.2018).
  • Westerlund, Joakim (2007), “Testing for Error Correction in Panel Data”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 69, No. 6: 709-748.
  • Westerlund, Joakim; Edgerton, David L. (2008), “A Simple Test for Cointegration in Dependent Panels with Structural Breaks”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 70, No. 5: 665-704.

OECD Ülkelerinde Biyoyakıt Politikalarının Ulaşım Sektöründeki Petrol Tüketimine Etkisi

Year 2020, Volume: 15 Issue: 3, 811 - 828, 30.11.2020
https://doi.org/10.17153/oguiibf.525504

Abstract

Fosil yakıtların giderek tükenmesi, sera gazları ve iklim değişikliği, enerjide dışa bağımlılık ve enerji arz kaynaklarını çeşitlendirme ihtiyacı, biyoyakıtların önemini giderek artırmaktadır. Çalışmada, seçilmiş OECD ülkelerinde yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarından olan biyoyakıtların ulaşım sektöründe tüketilen petrol üzerindeki etkisi, 2006- 2016 dönemine ait yıllık veriler kullanılarak, Genişletilmiş Ortalama Grup (AMG) yöntemi ile araştırılmaktadır. Analize, yardımcı değişken olarak petrol ithalat fiyatı ve ekonomik büyüme eklenmiştir. Seçilmiş OECD ülkelerinde biyoyakıt üretimi artışının ulaşım sektöründe kullanılan petrolü azalttığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bu sonuç, petrol ithal fiyatlarında yaşanacak bir artışın, ulaşım sektöründe tüketilen petrolü azaltacağı ve ülkelerin biyoyakıt gibi petrole alternatif kaynaklara yönelebileceğini göstermektedir.

References

  • Akalın, Burcu; Seyrekbasan, Anıl M. (2015), “Dünyadaki Biyoetanol Politikalarının Türkiye Koşulları ile Karşı-laştırmalı İncelenmesi ve Türkiye Şartlarına Uygunluk Açısından Biyoetanol Üretiminde Kullanılan Ham-maddelerin Değerlendirilmesi”, Uludağ Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, C. 27, S. 1: 157-168.
  • Al‐Mulali, Usama; Solarin, Sakiru Adebola; Ozturk, Ilhan (2016), “Biofuel Energy Consumption‐Economic Growth Relationship: An Empirical Investigation of Brazil”, Biofuels, Bioprod. Bioref, Vol. 10: 753-775.
  • Bai, Jushan; Ng, Serena (2004), “A Panic Attack on Unit Roots and Cointegration”, Econometrica, Vol. 72, No. 4: 1127-1177.
  • Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (BNDES); Centro de Gestão e Estudos Estratégicos (CGEE) (2008), “Sugarance-Based Bioethanol: Energy for Sustainable Development”, http://www.globalbioenergy.org/uploads/media/0811_BNDES_CGEE_-_Sugarcane-based_bioethanol_energy_for_sustainable_development.pdf, (Erişim: 23.12.2018).
  • Bayraç, Hüseyin Naci (2005), “Uluslararası Petrol Piyasasının Ekonomik Analizi”, http://www.tek.org.tr/dosyalar/BAYRAC-ENERGY.pdf, (Erişim: 18.11.2018).
  • Bayraç, Hüseyin Naci (2010), “Enerji Kullanımının Küresel Isınmaya Etkisi ve Önleyici Politikalar”, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, C. 11, S. 2: 241-245.
  • Bayraç, Hüseyin Naci; Çemrek, Fatih (2018), “Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye’de Biyoetanol Üretiminin Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisinin Araştırılması”, III. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Kongresi, 05-08 Eylül 2018 Üsküp-Makedonya, Bildiriler Kitabı, (Editörler: Kara, H.-Çetin, T.-İnel, Y.), ISBN: 978-605-82037-3-0, ANKAD Yayınları: 121-133.
  • Bayraç, Hüseyin Naci; Güllü, Mustafa (2017), “Biyoyakıt Üretimi, Karbon Emisyonu ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Amerika, Brezilya ve Almanya Örnekleri”, Akademik Bakış Uluslararası Hakemli Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, S. 64: 18-34.
  • Bildirici, Melike (2017), “Impact of Militarization and Economic Growth on Biofuels Consumption and CO2 Emissions: The Evidence from Brazil, China, and US”, Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, Vol. 37, No. 3: 1121-1131.
  • BP Statistical Review of World Energy (2018), https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/en/corporate/pdf/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2018-full-report.pdf, (Erişim 22.12.2018).
  • Choi, In (2001), “Unit Root Tests for Panel Data”, Journal of International Money and Finance, Vol. 20, No. 2: 249-272.
  • Demirbas, Ayhan (2009), “Political, Economic and Environmental Impacts of Biofuels: A Review”, Applied Energy, Vol. 86: 108–117.
  • Eberhardt, Markus; Bond, Stephen (2009), “Cross-Section Dependence in Non-Stationary Panel Models: A Novel Estimator”, Munich Personal Repec Archive Paper Series, No: 17692.
  • EC (2003), “Directive 2003/30/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 May 2003 on The Promotion of the Use of Biofuels or Other Renewable Fuels for Transport”, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32003L0030&from=en, (Erişim: 02.01.2019).
  • EC (2009), “Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council Of 23 April 2009 on the Promotion of the Use of Energy from Renewable Sources and Amending and Subsequently Repealing Di-rectives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC”, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32009L0028&from=EN, (Erişim : 02.01.2019).
  • Friedman, Milton (1937), “The Use of Ranks to Avoid the Assumption of Normality Implicit in the Analysis of Variance”, Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 32, No. 200: 675-701.
  • Gujarati, Damodar N.; Porter, Dawn C. (2009), Basic Econometrics 5th Ed., New York: McGraw-Hill / Irwin.
  • Harlander, Katharina (2008), “Food vs. Fuel- A Turning Point for Bioethanol?”, Acta Agronomica Hungarica, Vol. 56, No. 4: 429–433.
  • Hatunoğlu, E. Emrah (2010), “Biyoyakıt Politikalarının Tarım Sektörüne Etkileri”, DPT. İktisadi Sektörler ve Koordinasyon Genel Müdürlüğü, Yayın No: 2814. Horuz, Ayhan; Korkmaz, Ahmet; Akınoğlu, Güney (2015), “Biyoyakıt Bitkileri ve Teknolojisi”, Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Dergisi, C. 3, S. 2: 69-81.http://biofuelsassociation.com.au/policy/world-biofuel-policies/, (Erişim: 05.01.2019).
  • http://www.yegm.gov.tr/yenilenebilir/biyokutle_enerjisi_adv.aspx, (Erişim: 12.11.2018).
  • Im, Kyung So; Pesaran, M. Hashem; Shin, Yongcheol (2003), “Testing for Unit Roots in Heterogeneous Pa-nels”, Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 115, No. 1: 53-74.
  • International Energy Agency (2018), “IEA World Energy Balances”, https://www.iea.org/statistics, (Erişim: 28.12.2018).
  • Janda, Karel; Kristoufek, Ladislav; Zilberman, David (2011), “Biofuels: Review of Policies and Im-pacts”, Cudare Working Papers, No: 1119.
  • Kar, Suraj; Kumar, Rakesh; Singh, Magan; Soni, Pooja Gupta; Makarana, Govind; Joshi, Deepa; Kushwaha, Manish (2017), “C4 Photosynthesis and Biomass”, International Journal of Current Microbiology and App-lied Sciences, Vol. 6, No. 3: 1567-1574.
  • Levin, Andrew; Lin, Chien-Fu; Chu, Chia-Shang James (2002), “Unit Roots Tests in Panel Data: Asymptotic and Finite Sample Properties”, Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 108, No. 1: 1-24.
  • Maddala, Gangadharrao Soundalyarao; Wu, Shaowen (1999), “A Comparative Study of Unit Root Tests with Panel Data and a New Simple Test”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 61, No. S1: 631- 652.
  • Moon, Hyungsik Roger; Perron, Benoit (2004), “Testing for a Unit Root in Panels with Dynamic Factors”, Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 122, No. 1: 81-126.OECD (2019), “Crude Oil Import Prices (Indicator)”, doi: 10.1787/9ee0e3ab-en, (Erişim: 03.01.2019).
  • Özertan, Gökhan (2008), “Biyoyakıtların Türkiye’nin Enerji, Tarım, Çevre Ve Kırsal Kalkınma Politikaları İçin Önemi”, İktisat İşletme ve Finans, C. 23, S. 262: 17-34.Pesaran, M. Hashem (2004), “General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels”, Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute for Economic Research Working Paper, No. 1229.
  • Pesaran, M. Hashem (2007), “A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in The Presence of Cross Section Dependence”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, Vol. 22, No. 2: 265-312.
  • Phillips, Peter C. B.; Sul, Donggyu (2003), “Dynamic Panel Estimation and Homogeneity Testing Under Cross Section Dependence”, The Econometrics Journal, Vol. 6, No. 1: 217-259.
  • Reboredo, Fernando H.; Lidon, Fernando; Pessoa, Fernanda; Ramalho, José C. (2016), “The Fall of Oil Prices and the Effects on Biofuels”, Trends in Biotechnology, Vol. 34, No. 1: 3-6.
  • Simionescu, Mihaela; Albu, Lucian-Liviu; Szeles, Monica Raileanu; Bilan Yuriy (2017), “The Impact of Biofuels Utilisation in Transport on the Sustainable Development in The European Union”, Technological And Economic Development of Economy, Vo. 23, No. 4: 667-686.
  • Soon, Lim Eui (2015), “Current Status of Polices Transportation Biofuels in Key Countries”, http://eneken.ieej.or.jp/data/6380.pdf, (Erişim: 21.11.2018).
  • The World Bank (2018), “World Development Indicators, GDP Current $”, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD, (Erişim: 26.12.2018).
  • Westerlund, Joakim (2007), “Testing for Error Correction in Panel Data”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 69, No. 6: 709-748.
  • Westerlund, Joakim; Edgerton, David L. (2008), “A Simple Test for Cointegration in Dependent Panels with Structural Breaks”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 70, No. 5: 665-704.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Hüseyin Naci Bayraç 0000-0001-9212-987X

Deniz Delican This is me 0000-0002-1832-3719

Ahmet Tarık Karakaş 0000-0001-6188-4143

Publication Date November 30, 2020
Submission Date February 11, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 15 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Bayraç, H. N., Delican, D., & Karakaş, A. T. (2020). OECD Ülkelerinde Biyoyakıt Politikalarının Ulaşım Sektöründeki Petrol Tüketimine Etkisi. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 15(3), 811-828. https://doi.org/10.17153/oguiibf.525504

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