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İsrail-Filistin Siber Çatışması

Year 2021, Volume: 16 Issue: 1, 186 - 204, 01.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.17153/oguiibf.869178

Abstract

Filistin’in siber becerileri hala oluşum aşamasındadır. Öte yandan İsrail’in siber kapasitesi Filistin’in yeni gelişmekte olan becerileri kıyaslanamaz. Zira İsrail’in siber becerileri üst düzeyde ve uluslararası ölçektedir. Filistin-İsrail arasındaki siber mücadelenin en önemli araçları arasında siber korsanlık ve Facebook operasyonları yer almaktadır. Ancak siber mücadele alanında İsrail, Filistinlilere karşı açık ara öndedir. Bu da İsrail’in Filistin’deki telekomünikasyon ve internet altyapısına neredeyse tamamen hakim olmasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Buna rağmen Filistinli siber gruplar, gerçekleştirdikleri siber korsanlık saldırılarıyla İsrailli politikacıları şaşkınlığa düşürmüştür. Bununla beraber Filistin-İsrail arasındaki siber saldırıların giderek tırmanan bir eğriye sahip olduğuna dair göstergeler bulunmaktadır.

References

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  • Adamsky, D. (2017), The Israeli Odyssey toward its National Cyber Security Strategy. The Washington Quarterly, pp. 113–127.
  • Abdel-Fattah, N. (2009), Electronic Terrorism, Power in International Relations, a New Pattern and Various Challenges. Cairo: Center for Political and Strategic Studies.
  • Abdel-Hamid, M. (2014), The aggression against the Gaza Strip, the Palestinian situation between internal and external rivalries. Ramallah: Center for Democratic Republic Studies.
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  • Abu Mualla, S. (2017), Palestinian - Israeli Cyber Conflict: An Analytical Study of the Israeli Propaganda on Facebook Adraei's page as an example. Journal of the Arab American University, pp. 52-75.
  • Abu Shamala, J. (2017), The Siege of Gaza: Reality, Dimensions and Repercussions. Retrieved May 2, 2020, from Rouya Turkiyyah Magazine: https://bit.ly/3eoAQFt, (Erişim: 02.12.2020).
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  • Arab 48 website. (2014), An Israeli expert: Qatar is a superpower in the field of cyber and provided Hamas with advanced technologies. Retrieved April 11, 2020, from Arab 48 website: https://bit.ly/3fpp9Q8, (Erişim: 02.11.2020).
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  • Arab 48 website. (2019), Israelis Develop Cyber Offensive Programs for the Emirates Intelligence. Retrieved April 11, 2020, from Arab 48 website: https://bit.ly/3frbGaD, (Erişim: 02.11.2020).
  • Asharq Al-Awsat website. (2019), Israeli cyber companies sell their expertise to the world. Retrieved April 12, 2020, from Asharq Al-Awsat website: https://bit.ly/3eoXvS3, (Erişim: 02.11.2020).
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  • Borghard, E., & Schneider, J. (2019), Israel responded to a Hamas cyberattack with an airstrike. That’s not such a big deal. Retrieved April 20, 2020, from Washington Post: https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/05/09/israel-responded-hamas-cyberattack-with-an-airstrike-thats-big-deal/, (Erişim: 02.11.2020).
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  • Dostri, O. (2018), Hamas Cyber Activity against Israel. Retrieved May 12, 2020, from The Gerusalem Institute for Strategy and secutity: https://jiss.org.il/en/dostri-hamas-cyber-activity-against-israel/, (Erişim: 02.11.2020).
  • Eitani, F. (2019), The Israeli Unit 8200 and its Role in Serving Israeli Spy Technology. Beirut: Al-Zaytouna Center for Studies and Consultations.
  • Frizell, S. (2014), Off the Battlefield, Hackers Are Waging Cyberwar Against Israel and Palestine. Retrieved April 27, 2020, from Time: https://time.com/3089473/israel-gaza-hackers/, (Erişim: 22.12.2020).
  • Hoteit, A. (2009), Studies in the Israeli aggression on the Gaza Strip (Vol. I), Beirut: Al-Zaytouna Center for Studies and Consultations.
  • IDF website. (2014), Autism in the IDF: Meet the Soldiers of Intelligence Unit 9900. Retrieved May 2, 2020, from IDF website: https://www.idf.il/en/minisites/our-soldiers/autism-in-the-idf-meet-the-soldiers-of-intelligence-unit-9900/, (Erişim: 02.12.2020).
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  • Kellogg, K. (2020), The 7 Biggest Social Media Sites in 2020. Retrieved May 13, 2020, from Search Engine Journal: https://www.searchenginejournal.com/social-media/biggest-social-media-sites/#close, (Erişim: 02.11.2020).
  • Khalifa, A. (2017), Cyber Battles, Israeli Horror Scenario. Retrieved March 12, 2020, from Ida2at website: https://www.ida2at.com/battles-of-the-cyber-israeli-horror-scenario/, (Erişim: 02.11.2020).
  • Leyden, J. (2009), Israel hacks Arab TV station Cyberspace becomes battleground in Gaza conflict. Retrieved March 12, 2020, from The Register: https://www.theregister.com/2009/01/06/idf_al_aqsa_hack/, (Erişim: 02.11.2020).
  • Middle East Online. (2012), Cyber war: 'Gaza hackers' deface Israel fire service website. Retrieved May 7, 2020, from Middle East Online: https://middle-east-online.com/en/cyber-war-gaza-hackers-deface-israel-fire-service-website, (Erişim: 02.11.2020).
  • Mousa, K. (2020), The Palestinians use the account to find out the status of barriers and information regarding their entry permits to Jerusalem and Israel. Retrieved Jun 1, 2020, from The Independent Arabic website: https://bit.ly/3euiCCq, (Erişim: 02.11.2020).
  • Paganini, P. (2017), Gaza Cybergang is back and is targeting Governments under DustySky campaign. Retrieved May 13, 2020, from Security Affairs: https://securityaffairs.co/wordpress/55840/intelligence/gaza-cybergang-dustysky.html, (Erişim: 02.11.2020).
  • Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics 2010. (2010), a comparative report on access of families and individuals to information and communication technology in the Palestinian Territories 2000-2009. Ramallah: Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics.
  • Palestinian Information Center Wafa. (2020), Unemployment in Palestine. Retrieved from Palestinian Information Center Wafa.
  • Prose, F. (2015), Writing From a War Zone Doesn’t Make You Anne Frank, Foreign Policy. Retrieved Jun 1, 2020, from Foreign Policy: https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/05/15/writing-from-a-war-zone-doesnt-make-you-anne-frank-girl-emulated-farah-baker-zlata-filipovic/ , (Erişim: 02.11.2020).
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  • Salah, H. (2014), Israeli websites hacking, a second raging front. Retrieved May 1, 2020, from Al-Monitor: https://bit.ly/3fqnWZ5, (Erişim: 02.11.2020).
  • Saleh, M. (2015), The Palestinian National Authority - Studies in Experience and Performance 1994-2013 (Vol. 1), Beirut: Al-Zaytouna Center for Studies and Consultations.
  • Saleh, M. (2016), The Palestinian Strategic Report 2014-2015. Beirut: Al-Zaytouna Center for Studies and Consultations.
  • Security alliance. (2018), Spies in the Middle East: Israeli Cyber Operations. Retrieved May 17, 2020, from Security alliance: https://www.secalliance.com/blog/spies-in-the-middle-east/, (Erişim: 02.11.2020).
  • Shahaf, T. (2018), Hamas preparing for cyber war. Retrieved Feb 7, 2020, from Globes: https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-hamas-preparing-for-cyber-war-1001246720, (Erişim: 02.11.2020).
  • Skare, E. (2018), Digital Jihad; Palestinian Resistance in the Digital Era”, translated by Mansour Al-Omari. (M. Al-Omari, Trans.) Baghdad: Mediterranean Publications.
  • The Guardian. (2013), Net security firm Metasploit's DNS registrar hacked – by fax. Retrieved March 3, 2020, from The Guardian: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/oct/15/metasploit-kdms-dns-hacked-fax, (Erişim: 02.11.2020).
  • The Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics. (2020), A joint press release by the Palestinian Statistics and the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology. Retrieved sep 5, 2020, from The Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics: http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/postar.aspx?lang=ar&ItemID=3737#, (Erişim: 02.11.2020).
  • Tor, U. (2015), Cumulative Deterrence as a New Paradigm for Cyber Deterrence. THE JOURNAL OF STRATEGIC STUDIES, pp. 92-117. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2015.1115975, (Erişim: 02.11.2020).
  • Yassin, H. (2019), Cyber Warfare is a New Palestinian Weapon terrorizing Israel. Retrieved April 1, 2020, from Al-Jazeera website: https://bit.ly/307CMwX, (Erişim: 02.11.2020).
  • Zaytouna Translations Series 82. (2019), Innovation and the Artificial Blocks Series in Israel. Beirut: Zaytouna Center for Studies and Consultations.
  • Zilber, N. (2020), Inside the Cyber Honey Traps of Hamas. Retrieved May 5, 2020, from Daily Beast: https://www.thedailybeast.com/inside-the-cyber-honey-traps-of-hamas, (Erişim: 02.10.2020).

Israeli-Palestinian Cyber Conflict

Year 2021, Volume: 16 Issue: 1, 186 - 204, 01.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.17153/oguiibf.869178

Abstract

Palestinian cyber capabilities are still at their early formative stage, On the other hand, Israeli cyber capabilities are not comparable to the nascent Palestinian cyber capabilities. However, hacking and social media, particularly Facebook, are among the most important tools of Palestinian-Israeli cyber conflict, where Israel is much superior to Palestinians, mainly due to its control over the telecommunications and internet infrastructure in Palestine. Nevertheless, Palestinian cyber teams have confused Israeli politicians after succeeding to carry out effective hacking attacks against Israel. Evidently, there are signs that cyber-attacks between Palestinians and Israelis are likely to increase steadily.

References

  • Abdel-Aal, W. (2018), Palestinian Digital Diplomacy and Its Position in Palestinian Foreign Policy. Birzeit: Media Development Center - Birzeit University.
  • Adamsky, D. (2017), The Israeli Odyssey toward its National Cyber Security Strategy. The Washington Quarterly, pp. 113–127.
  • Abdel-Fattah, N. (2009), Electronic Terrorism, Power in International Relations, a New Pattern and Various Challenges. Cairo: Center for Political and Strategic Studies.
  • Abdel-Hamid, M. (2014), The aggression against the Gaza Strip, the Palestinian situation between internal and external rivalries. Ramallah: Center for Democratic Republic Studies.
  • Abu Amer, A. (2011), Iranian Influence in the Gaza Strip: Evidence and Implications. Jerusalem: Friedrich Ebert.
  • Abu Amer, A. (2015), Hamas' cyber battalions take on Israel. Retrieved May 6, 2020, from Al-monitor.
  • Abu Mualla, S. (2017), Palestinian - Israeli Cyber Conflict: An Analytical Study of the Israeli Propaganda on Facebook Adraei's page as an example. Journal of the Arab American University, pp. 52-75.
  • Abu Shamala, J. (2017), The Siege of Gaza: Reality, Dimensions and Repercussions. Retrieved May 2, 2020, from Rouya Turkiyyah Magazine: https://bit.ly/3eoAQFt, (Erişim: 02.12.2020).
  • Al Majd security website. (2020), MAMRAM, The Computing Unit in the Zionist Army. Retrieved from Al Majd security website: https://almajd.ps/news4834/, (Erişim: 22.11.2020).
  • Allen, P., & Chris C, D. (2003), The Palestinian-Israeli Cyberwar. Retrieved Nov 5, 2020, from ACADEMIC JOURNAL ARTICLE Military Review.
  • Al-Majd security website. (2020), Learn about the selected unit in the occupation army,. Retrieved from Al-Majd security website: https://almajd.ps/news9199/, (Erişim: 12.11.2020).
  • Amad Media. (2019), Digital diplomacy is the newest arena in the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. Retrieved April 19, 2020, from https://www.amad.ps/ar/post/303435, (Erişim: 22.11.2020).
  • Aouragh, M. (2003), Cyber Intifada and Palestinian Identity. Tübingen: ISIM NEWSLETTER.
  • Arab 45 website. (2017), Cyber Attacks Targeted Hundreds of Israeli Phones. Retrieved April 11, 2020, from Arab 45 website: https://bit.ly/2WeE0p0, (Erişim: 02.11.2020).
  • Arab 48 website. (2012), Netanyahu: Israel is subjected to daily cyber-attacks, and we are building a digital iron dome. Retrieved March 11, 2020, from Arab 48 website: https://bit.ly/30dyynM, (Erişim: 02.11.2020).
  • Arab 48 website. (2014), An Israeli expert: Qatar is a superpower in the field of cyber and provided Hamas with advanced technologies. Retrieved April 11, 2020, from Arab 48 website: https://bit.ly/3fpp9Q8, (Erişim: 02.11.2020).
  • Arab 48 website. (2016), Israel’s Coming Clashes: Not a conventional war nor an existential threat. Retrieved March 11, 2020, from Arab 48 website: https://bit.ly/2BXWdQZ, (Erişim: 02.11.2020).
  • Arab 48 website. (2019), Israelis Develop Cyber Offensive Programs for the Emirates Intelligence. Retrieved April 11, 2020, from Arab 48 website: https://bit.ly/3frbGaD, (Erişim: 02.11.2020).
  • Asharq Al-Awsat website. (2019), Israeli cyber companies sell their expertise to the world. Retrieved April 12, 2020, from Asharq Al-Awsat website: https://bit.ly/3eoXvS3, (Erişim: 02.11.2020).
  • Azani, E. (2014), international institute for counter- terrorism newsletter. Herzliya: Cyber-Terrorism Desk.
  • BBC News. (2019), Hackers interrupt Israeli Eurovision webcast with faked explosions. Retrieved April 21, 2020, from BBC News: https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-48280902, (Erişim: 02.11.2020).
  • Borghard, E., & Schneider, J. (2019), Israel responded to a Hamas cyberattack with an airstrike. That’s not such a big deal. Retrieved April 20, 2020, from Washington Post: https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/05/09/israel-responded-hamas-cyberattack-with-an-airstrike-thats-big-deal/, (Erişim: 02.11.2020).
  • Carr, J. (2010), Incide Cyber Warfaer. United States of America: O Reilly.
  • CNN Arabic. (2012), 44 million cyberattacks against Israel,. Retrieved May 1, 2020, from CNN Arabic: http://archive.arabic.cnn.com/2012/scitech/11/20/anonymous.declare.cyberwar.on.israel/index.html, (Erişim: 02.11.2020).
  • Cropsey, S. (2019), Hamas Cyber Attack and Israel’s Armed Response. Retrieved March 30, 2020, from Hudson Institute: https://www.hudson.org/research/15016-hamas-cyber-attack-and-israel-s-armed-response, (Erişim: 02.11.2020).
  • Dostri, O. (2018), Hamas Cyber Activity against Israel. Retrieved May 12, 2020, from The Gerusalem Institute for Strategy and secutity: https://jiss.org.il/en/dostri-hamas-cyber-activity-against-israel/, (Erişim: 02.11.2020).
  • Eitani, F. (2019), The Israeli Unit 8200 and its Role in Serving Israeli Spy Technology. Beirut: Al-Zaytouna Center for Studies and Consultations.
  • Frizell, S. (2014), Off the Battlefield, Hackers Are Waging Cyberwar Against Israel and Palestine. Retrieved April 27, 2020, from Time: https://time.com/3089473/israel-gaza-hackers/, (Erişim: 22.12.2020).
  • Hoteit, A. (2009), Studies in the Israeli aggression on the Gaza Strip (Vol. I), Beirut: Al-Zaytouna Center for Studies and Consultations.
  • IDF website. (2014), Autism in the IDF: Meet the Soldiers of Intelligence Unit 9900. Retrieved May 2, 2020, from IDF website: https://www.idf.il/en/minisites/our-soldiers/autism-in-the-idf-meet-the-soldiers-of-intelligence-unit-9900/, (Erişim: 02.12.2020).
  • Israel-Palestine conflict spills into cyberspace. (2009), Retrieved April 30, 2020, from The Guardian: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/jan/15/israel-palestine-online-conflict, (Erişim: 02.11.2020).
  • Kellogg, K. (2020), The 7 Biggest Social Media Sites in 2020. Retrieved May 13, 2020, from Search Engine Journal: https://www.searchenginejournal.com/social-media/biggest-social-media-sites/#close, (Erişim: 02.11.2020).
  • Khalifa, A. (2017), Cyber Battles, Israeli Horror Scenario. Retrieved March 12, 2020, from Ida2at website: https://www.ida2at.com/battles-of-the-cyber-israeli-horror-scenario/, (Erişim: 02.11.2020).
  • Leyden, J. (2009), Israel hacks Arab TV station Cyberspace becomes battleground in Gaza conflict. Retrieved March 12, 2020, from The Register: https://www.theregister.com/2009/01/06/idf_al_aqsa_hack/, (Erişim: 02.11.2020).
  • Middle East Online. (2012), Cyber war: 'Gaza hackers' deface Israel fire service website. Retrieved May 7, 2020, from Middle East Online: https://middle-east-online.com/en/cyber-war-gaza-hackers-deface-israel-fire-service-website, (Erişim: 02.11.2020).
  • Mousa, K. (2020), The Palestinians use the account to find out the status of barriers and information regarding their entry permits to Jerusalem and Israel. Retrieved Jun 1, 2020, from The Independent Arabic website: https://bit.ly/3euiCCq, (Erişim: 02.11.2020).
  • Paganini, P. (2017), Gaza Cybergang is back and is targeting Governments under DustySky campaign. Retrieved May 13, 2020, from Security Affairs: https://securityaffairs.co/wordpress/55840/intelligence/gaza-cybergang-dustysky.html, (Erişim: 02.11.2020).
  • Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics 2010. (2010), a comparative report on access of families and individuals to information and communication technology in the Palestinian Territories 2000-2009. Ramallah: Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics.
  • Palestinian Information Center Wafa. (2020), Unemployment in Palestine. Retrieved from Palestinian Information Center Wafa.
  • Prose, F. (2015), Writing From a War Zone Doesn’t Make You Anne Frank, Foreign Policy. Retrieved Jun 1, 2020, from Foreign Policy: https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/05/15/writing-from-a-war-zone-doesnt-make-you-anne-frank-girl-emulated-farah-baker-zlata-filipovic/ , (Erişim: 02.11.2020).
  • Qutb, H. (2016), Beyond the Curtain: The Palestine Private Army ..." Hacked "Tel Aviv". Retrieved May 1, 2020, from Sasa Post: https://www.sasapost.com/tel-aviv-hackers-gaza/, (Erişim: 02.11.2020).
  • Salah, H. (2014), Israeli websites hacking, a second raging front. Retrieved May 1, 2020, from Al-Monitor: https://bit.ly/3fqnWZ5, (Erişim: 02.11.2020).
  • Saleh, M. (2015), The Palestinian National Authority - Studies in Experience and Performance 1994-2013 (Vol. 1), Beirut: Al-Zaytouna Center for Studies and Consultations.
  • Saleh, M. (2016), The Palestinian Strategic Report 2014-2015. Beirut: Al-Zaytouna Center for Studies and Consultations.
  • Security alliance. (2018), Spies in the Middle East: Israeli Cyber Operations. Retrieved May 17, 2020, from Security alliance: https://www.secalliance.com/blog/spies-in-the-middle-east/, (Erişim: 02.11.2020).
  • Shahaf, T. (2018), Hamas preparing for cyber war. Retrieved Feb 7, 2020, from Globes: https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-hamas-preparing-for-cyber-war-1001246720, (Erişim: 02.11.2020).
  • Skare, E. (2018), Digital Jihad; Palestinian Resistance in the Digital Era”, translated by Mansour Al-Omari. (M. Al-Omari, Trans.) Baghdad: Mediterranean Publications.
  • The Guardian. (2013), Net security firm Metasploit's DNS registrar hacked – by fax. Retrieved March 3, 2020, from The Guardian: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/oct/15/metasploit-kdms-dns-hacked-fax, (Erişim: 02.11.2020).
  • The Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics. (2020), A joint press release by the Palestinian Statistics and the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology. Retrieved sep 5, 2020, from The Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics: http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/postar.aspx?lang=ar&ItemID=3737#, (Erişim: 02.11.2020).
  • Tor, U. (2015), Cumulative Deterrence as a New Paradigm for Cyber Deterrence. THE JOURNAL OF STRATEGIC STUDIES, pp. 92-117. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2015.1115975, (Erişim: 02.11.2020).
  • Yassin, H. (2019), Cyber Warfare is a New Palestinian Weapon terrorizing Israel. Retrieved April 1, 2020, from Al-Jazeera website: https://bit.ly/307CMwX, (Erişim: 02.11.2020).
  • Zaytouna Translations Series 82. (2019), Innovation and the Artificial Blocks Series in Israel. Beirut: Zaytouna Center for Studies and Consultations.
  • Zilber, N. (2020), Inside the Cyber Honey Traps of Hamas. Retrieved May 5, 2020, from Daily Beast: https://www.thedailybeast.com/inside-the-cyber-honey-traps-of-hamas, (Erişim: 02.10.2020).
There are 53 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mohammed Abu Saada 0000-0003-4446-4678

Yıldırım Turan 0000-0001-7440-9237

Publication Date April 1, 2021
Submission Date January 27, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 16 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Abu Saada, M., & Turan, Y. (2021). Israeli-Palestinian Cyber Conflict. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 16(1), 186-204. https://doi.org/10.17153/oguiibf.869178