ojomus Online Journal of Music Sciences 2536-4421 Nilgün SAZAK 10.31811/ojomus.1569505 Musicology and Ethnomusicology Müzikoloji ve Etnomüzikoloji Gioachino Rossini, Gaetano Donizetti ve Vincezo Bellini: Libretto temalarının karşılaştırmalı bir çalışması Gioachino Rossini, Gaetano Donizetti and Vincenzo Bellini: A comparative study of their libretto themes https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6504-9919 Tziboula Areti University of Macedonia https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1795-8549 Rentzeperi Tsonou Anna Maria University of Macedonia 01 31 2025 10 1 1 15 10 18 2024 01 02 2025 Copyright © 2016, Online Journal of Music Sciences 2016 Online Journal of Music Sciences

Bu araştırma, 19. yüzyılın başlarındaki İtalyan operası Rossini, Donizetti ve Bellini’nin öncü bestecilerinin libretto seçimlerini incelemektedir. Tarihsel, kültürel ve sosyal faktörlerin çalışmalarını nasıl etkilediğine ve İtalyan operasını nasıl şekillendirdiğine odaklanmaktadır. Karşılaştırmalı bir yaklaşım kullanan çalışma, bu bestecilerin çeşitli operalarını analiz ederek temaların, uyarlamaların ve karakterizasyonların librettoları arasında nasıl farklılık gösterdiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Tarihsel ve edebi analiz, üslup incelemesinin yanı sıra ortak temaları ve yenilikleri vurgulamaktadır. Librettolar büyük ölçüde Belloy, Voltaire ve Scott gibi Fransız ve İngiliz yazarların ve Alman şair Schiller’in klasik edebiyatından esinlenmiştir. Genellikle operatik formata uyacak şekilde uyarlanmış veya dramatize edilmişlerdir. Tekrar eden temalar, sıklıkla tarihsel arka planlara yerleştirilmiş veya dini bağlamlara aşılanmış aşk ve nefrete odaklanmıştır. Rossini’nin operaları Truva Savaşı’ndan Haçlı Seferleri’ne kadar uzanır, Donizetti’nin operaları Avrupa tarihinin neredeyse tamamını kapsarken, Bellini’nin operaları öncelikle Orta Çağ döneminde geçmektedir. Konum ve izleyici beklentileri gibi sunum faktörleri hem operaların türünü hem de stilini etkiledi. Rossini ve Donizetti sıklıkla eserlerini farklı tiyatrolar ve bölgeler için uyarladılar. Buna karşılık Bellini eserlerini uyarlamadı ve yalnızca kendisini kişisel olarak etkileyen konulara odaklandı. Sansür ayrıca hikaye örgülerini ve sonları da etkiledi. Üç besteci de zaman zaman mitolojik temaları Romantik veya doğaüstü unsurlarla yeniden yorumladı. Karakter gelişimi açısından, her besteci kadın kahramanlara farklı şekilde yaklaştı. Rossini’nin ilk kadın kahramanları naziktir ve daha karmaşık femme fatale figürlerine dönüşürler. Donizetti, kraliçeler gibi karmaşık kadınları zıt rollerle sunar. Bellini’nin kadın karakterleri genellikle erkeklerin şiddet içeren veya dengesiz davranışlarından dolayı acı çekerler. Hepsinin ortak özelliği, yoğun duygusal gerginliği yansıtan “çılgın sahne”dir. Milliyetçilik, genellikle doğrudan referanslardan kaçınılarak incelikle ele alınır. Opera buffa ile ilgili olarak, Rossini ve Donizetti türü çağdaş ortamlar ve mizahla yeniden canlandırdı. Aksine, Bellini bununla ilgilenmedi.

This research examines the libretto choices of the pioneer composers of early 19th century Italian opera Rossini, Donizetti, and Bellini. It focuses on how historical, cultural, and social factors influenced their work and helped shape Italian opera. Employing a comparative approach, the study analyzes various operas by these composers to reveal how themes, adaptations, and characterizations differ across their librettos. Historical and literary analysis alongside stylistic exploration highlights common themes and innovations. The librettos were largely inspired by classical literature from French and English authors as Belloy, Voltaire and Scott and the German poet Schiller. They were often adapted or dramatized to fit the operatic format. The recurring themes centered on love and hatred, frequently set against historical backdrops or infused into religious contexts. Rossini’s operas range from the Trojan War to the Crusades, Donizetti’s cover nearly all of European history, whereas Bellini’s are primarily set in the Medieval period. Presentation factors like location and audience expectations influenced both the genre and style of operas. Rossini and Donizetti often adapting their works for different theaters and regions. In contrast, Bellini did not adapt his works, focusing only on subjects that inspired him personally. Censorship also impacted storylines and endings. All three composers occasionally engaged with mythological themes reinterpreted with Romantic or supernatural elements. In terms of character development, each composer approached heroines differently. Rossini’s early heroines are gentle, evolving into more complex femme fatale figures. Donizetti presents complex women, such as queens with contrasting roles. Bellini’s female characters often suffer due to the violent or unstable behavior of men. A common feature among all is the “mad scene” reflecting intense emotional strain. Nationalism is subtly addressed, with direct references usually avoided. Regarding opera buffa, Rossini and Donizetti revitalized the genre with contemporary settings and humor. On the contrary Bellini did not engage with it.

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