Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Testimonia Koleksiyonları ve Hıristiyan Apolojetik-Polemik Eserlerdeki Şahit-Metinlerin Kullanımı

Year 2023, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 23 - 59, 27.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.51490/oksident.1297559

Abstract

İlk Hıristiyanlar, Yahudilerin kutsal metinlerinden seçili pasajları listeler halinde derleyip adeta birer kutsal kitap mahiyetinde muhafaza etmişlerdir. Bu koleksiyonların içeriği incelendiğinde Yahudi karşıtı apolojetik-polemik karakteristik göze çarpmaktadır. Bununla birlikte küçük koleksiyonlar olarak nakledilegelen bu metin listelerinin kateşist eğitimde kullanıldığı da yaygın kabuller arasındadır. Hıristiyanlar delil-metinler arasından öne çıkan belirli pasajlara zamanla testimonia yani şahit-metin statüsü atfetmiş, böylece dolaşımda olan diğer delil-metinlere nispetle testimonia pasajları teolojik hakikatin yoruma dahi ihtiyaç duymayan şahitleri olarak kabul edilmiştir. Testimonia koleksiyonlarını oluşturmak ve muhafaza etmek Hıristiyanlar için sadece teknik bir faaliyet olmamış, aynı zamanda erken dönem Hıristiyan teolojisini belirli merkezi pasajlar etrafında şekillendiren bir geleneğe dönüşmüştür. Bu geleneğin izleri ilk kilise babalarının eserlerinde görülmektedir. Nitekim sonraki Hıristiyanlar arasında da testimonia geleneğinin devam ettiğini söylemek mümkündür. Grekçe, Latince ve Süryanice eserlerdeki testimonia pasajları Arapçaya tercüme edilerek Müslümanlara karşı yapılan gerek sözlü münazaralarda gerekse apolojetik-polemik eserlerde kaynak olarak kullanılmıştır.
Bu çalışmadaki temel amaç farklı dönemlerde yaşamış Hıristiyan Arap yazarların eserlerinde öne çıkan Kitâb-ı Mukaddes alıntılarının testimonia geleneğiyle olan irtibatını incelemektir. İlk yüzyıllardan itibaren teolojik argümanlara eşlik eden bu şahit-metinlerin Hıristiyan yazarların Müslümanlara karşı kaleme aldıkları apolojileri ve polemiklerinde “kitaptan delil getirme” stratejisiyle birlikte nasıl kullanıldığı, yorumlandığı, önceki testimonia geleneğiyle kesişim noktaları ve farklılaşan hususları bu çalışmanın temel soruları olacaktır.

References

  • Albl, Martin C. And Scripture Cannot Be Broken: The Form and Function of the Early Christian Testimonia Collections. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 1999.
  • Albl, Martin C. Pseudo-Gregory of Nyssa: Testimonies against the Jews. Leiden: Brill, 2004.
  • Ayğan, Fadıl. Son Peygamberi Müjdelemek: Beşâirün-nübüvve. İstanbul: İSAM Yayınları, 2017.
  • Bertaina, David. “The Development of Testimony Collections in Early Christian Apologetics with Islam”. The Bible in Arab Christianity. ed. David Thomas, Leiden: Brill, 2007,151-173.
  • Brooke, George J. & Charlotte Hempel (ed.) T&T Clark Companion to the Dead Sea Scrolls. Londra: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2019.
  • Dick, Ignace (ed.). Mujadalat Abi Qurra ma’a al-mutakallimin fi majlis al-khalifa al-Ma’mun (La discussion d’Abu Qurra avec les ulémas musulmans devant le calife al-ma’mun). Aleppo, 2007.
  • Ebied, Rifaat & David Thomas (ed.). Muslim-Christian Polemic during the Crusades the Letter from the People of Cyprus and Ibn Abi Talib al-Dimashqi’s Response. Leiden: Brill, 2005.
  • Gibson, Margaret Dunlop. An Arabic Version of the Acts of the Apostles and the Seven Catholic Epistles from an Eighth or Ninth Century Ms. in the Convent of St. Catharine on Mount Sinai. with a Treatise on the Triune Nature of God with Translation, from the Same Codex. Londra; Cambridge: C.J. Clay; University press, 1899.
  • Griffith, Sidney H. “Arguing from Scripture: The Bible in the Christian/Muslim Encounter in the Middle Ages”. Scripture and Pluralism: Reading the Bible in the Religiously Plural Worlds of the Middle Ages and Renaissance, Leiden: Brill, 2005, 29-58.
  • Griffith, Sidney H. “Christians and the Arabic Qurʾān: Prooftexting, Polemics, and Intertwined Scriptures”. Intellectual History of the Islamicate World 2/1-2 (01 Ocak 2014): 243-266.
  • Griffith, Sidney H. “Disputing with Islam in Syriac: The Case of the Monk of Bêt Halê and a Muslim Emir”. Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies 3/1 (2000): 29-54.
  • Griffith, Sidney H. “The Monk in the Emir’s Majlis: Reflections on a Popular Genre of Christian Literary Apologetics in Arabic in the Early Islamic Period”. The Majlis: Interreligious Encounters in Medieval Islam, ed. Hava Lazarus-Yafeh, Germany: Harrassowitz Verlag, 1999, 13-65.
  • Griffith, Sidney H. “The Qur’ān in Arab Christian Texts; The Development of an Apologetical Argument: Abū Qurrah in the Maǧlis of Al-Ma’mūn”. Parole de lʿOrient 24 (1999): 203-233.
  • Griffith, Sidney Harrison. The Church in the Shadow of the Mosque: Christians and Muslims in the World of Islam. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2008.
  • Harris, James Rendel. “A Tract on the Triune Nature of God”. The American Journal of Theology 5/1 (1901): 75-86.
  • Harris, James Rendel. Testimonies I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1916.
  • Husseini, Sara Leila. Early Christian-Muslim Debate on the Unity of God: Three Christian Scholars and Their Engagement with Islamic Thought (9th Century c.e.). Leiden: Brill, 2014.
  • İbn Teymiyye. El-Cevâbu’s-Sahîh. Ed. Hakan Olgun & Zeynep Yücedoğru, çev. Harun Ünal, İstanbul: MilelNihal Yayınları, 2023.
  • İbn Teymiyye. el-Cevâbü’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ li-men beddele dîne’l-Mesîḥ. ed. ʿAli b. Hasan ibn Nâsir and ʿAbdülaziz b. Ibrahim el-ʿEskar and Hemdân b. Muhammed al-Hemdân, Riyad: Dâr’ül-ʿAsimâ, 1999.
  • Keating, Sandra Toenies. Defending the “People of Truth” in the Early Islamic Period: the Christian Apologies of Abū Rāʾiṭa. Leiden: Brill, 2006.
  • Michel, Thomas. A Muslim Theologian’s Response to Christianity: Ibn Taymiyya’s al-Jawāb al-Ṣaḥīḥ. Delmar. NewYork: Caravan Books, 1999.
  • Mingana, Alphonse. “Woodbrooke Studies: Christian Documents in Syriac, Arabic, and Garshūni, Edited and Translated with a Critical Apparatus Fasciculus 3: The Apology of Timothy the Patriarch before the Caliph Mahdi”. Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, Manchester 12/1 (1928): 137-298.
  • Minov, Sergey. “An Unpublished Syriac Collection of the Old Testament Testimonia against the Jews from the Early Islamic Period”. Florilegia Syriaca: Mapping a Knowledge-Organizing Practice in the Syriac World, Leiden: Brill, 2023.
  • Samir, S. Khalil. “The Earliest Arab Apology for Christianity (c. 750)”. Christian Arabic Apologetics during the Abbasid Period (750-1258). Ed. S. Khalil Samir & J.S. Nielsen, Leiden: Brill, 1994, 57-114.
  • Samir, S. Khalil. “The Prophet Muhammad As Seen by Timothy I and Some Other Arab Christian Authors”. Syrian Christians under Islam: The First Thousand Years. Ed. David Thomas. Leiden: Brill, 2001, 75-106.
  • Shupak, Nili. “The God from Teman and the Egyptian Sun God: A Reconsideration of Habakkuk 3:3-7”. Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society 28/1 (2001): 97-116.
  • Swanson, Mark N. “Beyond Prooftexting (2): The Use of the Bible in Some Early Arabic Christian Apologies”. The Bible in Arab Christianity. Ed. David Thomas, Leiden: Brill, 2007, 91-112.
  • Swanson, Mark N. “Beyond Prooftexting: Approaches to the Qur’ān in Some Early Arabic Christian Apologies”. The Muslim World 88/3-4 (1998): 297-319.
  • Swanson, Mark N. “Christians, Muslims and the True Religion”. Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History Volume 15 Thematic Essays (600-1600). Leiden, Brill, 2020, 73-97.
  • Tarakçı, Muhammet. “Hıristiyan Düşüncesinde Apoloji ve St. Thomas Aquinas”. Uludağ Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 14/2 (2005):135-146.
  • Taşpınar, İsmail. “Theodore Ebû Kurre”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi, İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 2012, 41: 83-84.
  • Yücedoğru, Zeynep. “Kitâb-ı Mukaddes’in Şahit-Metinleri Olarak Testimonia Collections: Tanıtım ve Değerlendirme”. Sakarya Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi (SAUIFD) 22/41 (2020): 1-27.

Testimonia Collections and Using Proof-text in Christian Apological Literature

Year 2023, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 23 - 59, 27.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.51490/oksident.1297559

Abstract

The early Christians compiled lists of selected passages from the Jewish scriptures and preserved them as sacred writings. When the content of these extract collections is analysed, the anti-Jewish apologetic-polemic characteristic stands out. These extract collections were also used in catechist education. Over time, early Christians attributed the status of testimonia to certain passages that became prominent among other proof-texts, so that, compared to other circulating proof-texts, the testimonia passages were regarded as testimonials to the theological truth that did not even require interpretation. The creation and preservation of testimonia collections became not only a technical activity for Christians but also a tradition that shaped early Christian theology around certain central passages. Traces of this tradition can be seen in the works of the early church fathers and among later Christians. Greek, Latin and Syriac testimonia collections were translated into Arabic and used as sources of biblical proof-texts in both oral debates against Muslims and apologetic-polemical works.
The primary purpose of this study is to examine the connection between the biblical quotations in the works of Christian Arab writers of different periods and the testimonia tradition. This study focuses on how biblical testimonia, which accompanied theological arguments from the first centuries onwards, were used and interpreted in Christian authors' apologetics and polemics against Muslims together with the strategy of "arguing from the book" and what are the similarities and differences in scriptural argumentation of Arab Christian authors compared to the previous testimonia tradition.

References

  • Albl, Martin C. And Scripture Cannot Be Broken: The Form and Function of the Early Christian Testimonia Collections. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 1999.
  • Albl, Martin C. Pseudo-Gregory of Nyssa: Testimonies against the Jews. Leiden: Brill, 2004.
  • Ayğan, Fadıl. Son Peygamberi Müjdelemek: Beşâirün-nübüvve. İstanbul: İSAM Yayınları, 2017.
  • Bertaina, David. “The Development of Testimony Collections in Early Christian Apologetics with Islam”. The Bible in Arab Christianity. ed. David Thomas, Leiden: Brill, 2007,151-173.
  • Brooke, George J. & Charlotte Hempel (ed.) T&T Clark Companion to the Dead Sea Scrolls. Londra: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2019.
  • Dick, Ignace (ed.). Mujadalat Abi Qurra ma’a al-mutakallimin fi majlis al-khalifa al-Ma’mun (La discussion d’Abu Qurra avec les ulémas musulmans devant le calife al-ma’mun). Aleppo, 2007.
  • Ebied, Rifaat & David Thomas (ed.). Muslim-Christian Polemic during the Crusades the Letter from the People of Cyprus and Ibn Abi Talib al-Dimashqi’s Response. Leiden: Brill, 2005.
  • Gibson, Margaret Dunlop. An Arabic Version of the Acts of the Apostles and the Seven Catholic Epistles from an Eighth or Ninth Century Ms. in the Convent of St. Catharine on Mount Sinai. with a Treatise on the Triune Nature of God with Translation, from the Same Codex. Londra; Cambridge: C.J. Clay; University press, 1899.
  • Griffith, Sidney H. “Arguing from Scripture: The Bible in the Christian/Muslim Encounter in the Middle Ages”. Scripture and Pluralism: Reading the Bible in the Religiously Plural Worlds of the Middle Ages and Renaissance, Leiden: Brill, 2005, 29-58.
  • Griffith, Sidney H. “Christians and the Arabic Qurʾān: Prooftexting, Polemics, and Intertwined Scriptures”. Intellectual History of the Islamicate World 2/1-2 (01 Ocak 2014): 243-266.
  • Griffith, Sidney H. “Disputing with Islam in Syriac: The Case of the Monk of Bêt Halê and a Muslim Emir”. Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies 3/1 (2000): 29-54.
  • Griffith, Sidney H. “The Monk in the Emir’s Majlis: Reflections on a Popular Genre of Christian Literary Apologetics in Arabic in the Early Islamic Period”. The Majlis: Interreligious Encounters in Medieval Islam, ed. Hava Lazarus-Yafeh, Germany: Harrassowitz Verlag, 1999, 13-65.
  • Griffith, Sidney H. “The Qur’ān in Arab Christian Texts; The Development of an Apologetical Argument: Abū Qurrah in the Maǧlis of Al-Ma’mūn”. Parole de lʿOrient 24 (1999): 203-233.
  • Griffith, Sidney Harrison. The Church in the Shadow of the Mosque: Christians and Muslims in the World of Islam. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2008.
  • Harris, James Rendel. “A Tract on the Triune Nature of God”. The American Journal of Theology 5/1 (1901): 75-86.
  • Harris, James Rendel. Testimonies I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1916.
  • Husseini, Sara Leila. Early Christian-Muslim Debate on the Unity of God: Three Christian Scholars and Their Engagement with Islamic Thought (9th Century c.e.). Leiden: Brill, 2014.
  • İbn Teymiyye. El-Cevâbu’s-Sahîh. Ed. Hakan Olgun & Zeynep Yücedoğru, çev. Harun Ünal, İstanbul: MilelNihal Yayınları, 2023.
  • İbn Teymiyye. el-Cevâbü’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ li-men beddele dîne’l-Mesîḥ. ed. ʿAli b. Hasan ibn Nâsir and ʿAbdülaziz b. Ibrahim el-ʿEskar and Hemdân b. Muhammed al-Hemdân, Riyad: Dâr’ül-ʿAsimâ, 1999.
  • Keating, Sandra Toenies. Defending the “People of Truth” in the Early Islamic Period: the Christian Apologies of Abū Rāʾiṭa. Leiden: Brill, 2006.
  • Michel, Thomas. A Muslim Theologian’s Response to Christianity: Ibn Taymiyya’s al-Jawāb al-Ṣaḥīḥ. Delmar. NewYork: Caravan Books, 1999.
  • Mingana, Alphonse. “Woodbrooke Studies: Christian Documents in Syriac, Arabic, and Garshūni, Edited and Translated with a Critical Apparatus Fasciculus 3: The Apology of Timothy the Patriarch before the Caliph Mahdi”. Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, Manchester 12/1 (1928): 137-298.
  • Minov, Sergey. “An Unpublished Syriac Collection of the Old Testament Testimonia against the Jews from the Early Islamic Period”. Florilegia Syriaca: Mapping a Knowledge-Organizing Practice in the Syriac World, Leiden: Brill, 2023.
  • Samir, S. Khalil. “The Earliest Arab Apology for Christianity (c. 750)”. Christian Arabic Apologetics during the Abbasid Period (750-1258). Ed. S. Khalil Samir & J.S. Nielsen, Leiden: Brill, 1994, 57-114.
  • Samir, S. Khalil. “The Prophet Muhammad As Seen by Timothy I and Some Other Arab Christian Authors”. Syrian Christians under Islam: The First Thousand Years. Ed. David Thomas. Leiden: Brill, 2001, 75-106.
  • Shupak, Nili. “The God from Teman and the Egyptian Sun God: A Reconsideration of Habakkuk 3:3-7”. Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society 28/1 (2001): 97-116.
  • Swanson, Mark N. “Beyond Prooftexting (2): The Use of the Bible in Some Early Arabic Christian Apologies”. The Bible in Arab Christianity. Ed. David Thomas, Leiden: Brill, 2007, 91-112.
  • Swanson, Mark N. “Beyond Prooftexting: Approaches to the Qur’ān in Some Early Arabic Christian Apologies”. The Muslim World 88/3-4 (1998): 297-319.
  • Swanson, Mark N. “Christians, Muslims and the True Religion”. Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History Volume 15 Thematic Essays (600-1600). Leiden, Brill, 2020, 73-97.
  • Tarakçı, Muhammet. “Hıristiyan Düşüncesinde Apoloji ve St. Thomas Aquinas”. Uludağ Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 14/2 (2005):135-146.
  • Taşpınar, İsmail. “Theodore Ebû Kurre”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi, İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 2012, 41: 83-84.
  • Yücedoğru, Zeynep. “Kitâb-ı Mukaddes’in Şahit-Metinleri Olarak Testimonia Collections: Tanıtım ve Değerlendirme”. Sakarya Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi (SAUIFD) 22/41 (2020): 1-27.
There are 32 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Religious Studies
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Zeynep Yücedoğru 0000-0003-4931-6148

Publication Date July 27, 2023
Submission Date May 15, 2023
Acceptance Date June 20, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 5 Issue: 1

Cite

ISNAD Yücedoğru, Zeynep. “Testimonia Koleksiyonları Ve Hıristiyan Apolojetik-Polemik Eserlerdeki Şahit-Metinlerin Kullanımı”. Oksident 5/1 (July 2023), 23-59. https://doi.org/10.51490/oksident.1297559.