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Yahudi Geleneğinin Dönüşüm Sürecinde Şabat’ın Şekillenmesi

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 161 - 180, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.51490/oksident.1687118

Abstract

Akademik literatürde genel kabul gören bir yaklaşım, Yahudi dinî geleneğinin uzun ve çok katmanlı tarihi boyunca kültürel, hukukî ve teolojik düzlemlerde önemli dönüşümler geçirdiğidir. Bu dönüşümler, çoğunlukla politik kırılmalar, sürgün deneyimleri ve toplumsal yeniden yapılanma süreçleriyle doğrudan ilişkilidir. Her yeni tarihsel evrede, Yahudi toplumu mevcut ritüel ve hukuk sistemlerini yeniden yorumlama ve kurumsallaştırma ihtiyacı hissetmiş; bu da dinî uygulamalarda belirgin yapısal değişimlere yol açmıştır. Bu tarihsel dinamizmin en belirgin şekilde gözlemlenebildiği ibadet biçimlerinden biri Şabat’tır (Shabbat). Geleneksel anlatıya göre Musa döneminde ilahî buyrukla tesis edilen Şabat, başlangıçta Tanrı ile İsrail arasındaki ahdin bir göstergesi olarak altı gün çalışmanın ardından yedinci gün dinlenmeye dayanan basit bir düzenleme olarak sunulmuştur. Ancak zamanla bu ritüel, yalnızca bireysel bir duraksama günü olmanın ötesine geçmiş; halahik sistem içerisinde detaylı yasaklara ve çok katmanlı yorum geleneklerine dayalı kurumsal bir forma dönüşmüştür. Bu bağlamda Musa’ya atfedilen Şabat modeli, durağan bir yapıdan çok, ileride inşa edilecek daha kapsamlı bir dinî-hukukî sistemin çekirdeğini temsil eder. Bu dönüşüm ani bir kırılmadan ziyade, çeşitli tarihsel katmanlar boyunca, farklı toplumsal ve kültürel bağlamlarda kademeli biçimde gerçekleşmiştir. Şabat’ın evriminin erken izleri, Tanah içerisinde farklı anlatı düzeylerinde gözlemlenebilir. Örneğin, Yaratılış kitabında Şabat kozmolojik bir model içinde Tanrı’nın yaratma eylemini tamamlamasıyla bağlantılı olarak sunulurken; Tesniye kitabında sosyal adalet ve kölelikten kurtuluş bağlamında anlamlandırılır. Bu erken metinler, ritüelin çok yönlü anlam katmanlarını yansıtsa da, henüz detaylı bir hukukî çerçeve sunmaz. Asıl detaylı halahik yapı ise, İkinci Tapınak’ın yıkılmasının ardından şekillenen rabbanî Yahudilik döneminde, özellikle Mişna ve Talmud metinleri aracılığıyla oluşturulmuştur. Bu dönemde, değişen siyasal ve toplumsal koşullara yanıt olarak Şabat, yalnızca bir ibadet günü değil, Yahudi kimliğini koruyan ve toplumsal dayanışmayı sağlayan bir normatif yapı haline gelmiştir. Böylece Şabat, bireysel dindarlığın yanı sıra kolektif hafızanın ve tarihsel bilincin de taşıyıcısı olmuştur. Bu süreçte, geçmişin kutsallığı ile geleceğin idealleri arasında bir köprü kuran Şabat, Yahudi kimliğinin sürekliliğini sağlayan temel ritüellerden biri olarak şekillenmiştir. Bu çalışma, Tanah’taki temellerden başlayarak Talmudik sisteme kadar uzanan süreçte Şabat’ın geçirdiği dönüşümü incelemekte ve bu ritüel üzerinden Yahudi dinî hukukunun tarihsel evrimini örneklemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Aynı zamanda, Şabat’ın dönüşümü bağlamında ortaya çıkan metinsel ve yorumsal stratejilerin, Yahudi düşüncesinin tarihsel dayanıklılığını nasıl mümkün kıldığı da sorgulanmaktadır.

References

  • Andreasen, Niels-Erik Albinus. The Old Testament Sabbath: A Tradition-Historical Investigation. PhD Thesis, Nashville: Vanderbilt University, 1971.
  • Bacher, Wilhelm & Waldstein, A. S. “Nathan”, Jewish Encyclopedia. Erişim: 25.04.2025, https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11344-nathan.
  • Beyerlin, Walter. Origins and History of the Oldest Sinaitic Traditions. Oxford: Blackwell, 1965.
  • Bin-Nun, RabbiYoel. “The Textual Source for the 39 Melachot of Shabbat”. The Torah.com. Erişim: 25.04.2025, https://www.thetorah.com/article/the-textual-source-for-the-39-melachot-of-shabbat.
  • Blevins, Kent .“Observing Sabbath”. Review & Expositor 113/4 (2016): 478-487.
  • Bornstein, David Joseph & Wald, Stephen G. “Nathan Ha-Bavli”. Encyclopaedia Judaica, ed. Fred Skolnik, New York: Thompson Gale, 2007, 15: 15-16.
  • Brueggemann, Walter. Deuteronomy. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 2001.
  • Buber, Martin. Moses: The Revelation and The Covenant. New York: Harper, 1958.
  • Budge, Ernest Alfred Wallis. Egyptian Magic. Londra: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner, 1901.
  • Cassuto, Umberto. A Commentary on the Book of Exodus. Trans. Israel Abrahams, Jerusalem: Magnes, 1967.
  • Christie, W. M. “The Jamnia Period in Jewish History”. The Journal of Theological Studies 26/104, (1925): 347-364.
  • Cohen, Shaye J. D. From the Maccabees to the Mishnah. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1987.
  • Cooke, George Albert. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Ezekiel. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1937.
  • Dressler, Harold H. P. From Sabbath to Lord’s Day: A Biblical, Historical and Theological Investigation. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 1999.
  • Friedman, Richard Elliott. Who Wrote the Bible?. New York: Harper & Row, 1987.
  • Frey, Mathilde. The Sabbath in the Pentateuch: an Exegetical and Theological Study. PhD Thesis, Michigan: Andrews University, 2011.
  • Gabler, Johann & Eichhorn, Johannes. Urgeschichte I. Nürnberg: Ben Monath und Russler, 1790.
  • George, Mark K. “The Sabbath, Regimes of Truth, and the Subjectivity of Ancient Israel”. Journal of Religion & Society Supplement 13 (2016): 5-21.
  • Gürkan, Salime Leyla. Yahudilik'te Şabbat (Sebt) - Kökeni, ilgili inanç ve uygulamalar. Master’s Thesis, İstanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 1994.
  • Hoenig, Sidney B. “The Designated Number of Kinds of Labor Prohibited on the Sabbath”. The Jewish Quarterly Review 68/4 (1978): 193-208.
  • Hoffmeier, James K. Ancient Israel in Sinai. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
  • Hölscher, Gustav. Hesekiel, der Dichter und das Buch : eine literarkritische Untersuchung. Giessen: Alfred Töpelmann, 1924.
  • Ilgen, Karl David. Die Urkunden des Jerusalemischen Tempelarchivs in ihrer Urgestalt..: Theil I: Die Urkunden des ersten Buchs von Moses. Halle: Hemmerde und Schwetschke, 1798.
  • Kaplan, Zvi. “Hanina Bar Hama”. Encyclopaedia Judaica, ed. Fred Skolnik, New York: Thompson Gale, 2007, 8: 321.
  • Levin, Christoph. The Yahwist: A Historian of Israelite Origins. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 2005.
  • Milgrom, Jacob. Leviticus: A Continental Commentary. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2004.
  • Neusner, Jacob. “Formative Judaism: Religious, Historical and Literary Studies; Third Series; Torah. Pharisees, and Rabbis”. Brown Judaic Studies 46. Chicago: Scholars Press, 1983.
  • Noth, Martin. Exodus : A Commentary. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1962.
  • Robinson, Gnana.“The Prohibition of Strange Fire in Ancient Israel: A New Look at the Case of Gathering Wood and Kindling Fire on the Sabbath”. Vetus Testamentum 28/3 (1978): 301-317.
  • Robinson, Richard A. The Laws of Prohibited Labor on the Sabbath in Relation to the Book of Exodus: From Exodus Through the Mishnah. Westminster: Westminster Theological Seminary, 1998.
  • Römer, Thomas. The So-Called Deuteronomistic History: A Sociological, Historical and Literary Introduction. London: T&T Clark, 2005.
  • Rendtorff, Rolf. The Canonical Hebrew Bible: A Theology of the Old Testament. trans. David E. Orton. Leiden: Deo Publishing, 2005.
  • Saldarini, Anthony J. “Johanan Ben Zakkai’s Escape from Jerusalem Origin and Development of a Rabbinic Story”. Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman Period, 6/2, (1975): 189-204.
  • Schechter, Solomon & Seligsohn, M. “Jose Ben Halafta”. Jewish Encyclopedia. Erişim: 20.05. 2025, https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/8789-jose-ben-halafta.
  • Schmid, Konrad. Genesis and the Moses Story: Israel’s Dual Origins in the Hebrew Bible. Trans. James Nogalski. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 2010.
  • Schwartz, Baruch J. “The Priestly Torah: Narrative and Law in the Priestly Source”. The Strata of the Priestly Writings: Contemporary Views on the Priestly Strata, ed. Sarah Shectman and Joel S. Baden. Zürich: Theologischer Verlag Zürich, 2009, 103-134.
  • Seters, John Van. The Pentateuch: A Social-Science Commentary. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1999.
  • Seters, John Van. The Edited Bible: The Curious History of the "Editor" in Biblical Criticism. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 2006.
  • Sommer, Benjamin D. “The Babylonian Akitu Festival: Rectifying the King or Renewing the Cosmos”. Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society 27/1 (2000): 81-95.
  • Stackert, Jeffrey. Rewriting the Torah: Literary Revision in Deuteronomy and the Holiness Legislation. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2007.
  • Stackert, Jeffrey. A Prophet Like Moses: Prophecy, Law, and Israelite Religion. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014.
  • Timmer, Daniel C. Creation, Tabernacle and Sabbath: The Function of the Sabbath Frame in Exodus 31:12–17; 35:1–3. PhD Thesis, Illinois: Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, 2006.
  • Vernant, Jean-Pierre. The Universe, the Gods, and Mortals : Ancient Greek Myths. Londra: Profile, 2001.
  • Webster, Hutton. Rest Days : A Study in Early Law and Morality. New York: Macmillan, 1916.
  • Weiser, Deborah. Fire and the Sabbath : a look at Exodus 35:3 and the Jewish exegetical history of the biblical prohibition against using fire on the Sabbath day. PhD Thesis, Montreal: McGill University, 2002.
  • Wellhausen, Julius. Prolegomena to the History of Israel: With a Reprint of the Article “Israel” from the Encyclopaedia Britannica. Cambridge: University Press, 2013.
  • Wellhausen, Julius. Prolegomena to the History of Israel, trans. J. Sutherland Black and Allan Menzies. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1885.
  • Winder, Belinda. “Positive Aspects of Fire: Fire in Ritual and Religion”. The Irish Journal of Psychology 30/ 1 (2012): 5-19.
  • Zimmerli, Walther. Ezechiel. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag des Erziehungsvereins, 1955.

The Shaping of the Sabbath: The Transformative Journey of Jewish Tradition

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 161 - 180, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.51490/oksident.1687118

Abstract

It is widely acknowledged in academic scholarship that the Jewish religious tradition has undergone significant cultural, legal, and theological transformations across its long and complex history. These shifts are often tied to moments of political disruption, exile, and reinvention, which necessitated new religious articulations and structures of authority. One of the clearest reflections of this historical dynamism is the institution of the Sabbath (Shabbat), whose evolving function and meaning serve as a valuable lens through which broader patterns of change in Judaism can be traced and analyzed. Originally instituted—at least according to tradition—during the Mosaic period as a divinely ordained day of rest marked by the cessation of labor, the Sabbath began as a simple ritual of pause embedded within a covenantal relationship between God and Israel. However, over time, this day of rest evolved into a highly codified legal framework governed by intricate halakhic rulings and interpretive traditions. The Shabbat attributed to Moses can thus be viewed not as a static institution but as the foundational model upon which later, more detailed ritual and legal systems were constructed. Importantly, this transformation did not occur in a single moment or under a unified authority; rather, it unfolded gradually across multiple historical stages and sociocultural contexts. The early textual traces of this evolution are partially preserved in the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh), where Sabbath is presented in various registers—from a creation-oriented cosmological pattern in Genesis to a socially ethical commandment in Deuteronomy. Yet these texts lack the complex legal infrastructure that would later characterize rabbinic Sabbath observance. It was during the Talmudic period that the Sabbath attained its fully developed halakhic form, shaped through the interpretive efforts of rabbinic sages responding to shifting communal needs, theological concerns, and the realities of post-Temple Jewish life. This study explores the historical transformation of the Sabbath by examining its scriptural origins and tracking its gradual legal and theological elaboration through the rabbinic corpus. In doing so, it positions the Sabbath as a paradigmatic case through which to understand how Jewish law, ritual, and identity were renegotiated and redefined in response to the evolving historical conditions of the Jewish people.

References

  • Andreasen, Niels-Erik Albinus. The Old Testament Sabbath: A Tradition-Historical Investigation. PhD Thesis, Nashville: Vanderbilt University, 1971.
  • Bacher, Wilhelm & Waldstein, A. S. “Nathan”, Jewish Encyclopedia. Erişim: 25.04.2025, https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11344-nathan.
  • Beyerlin, Walter. Origins and History of the Oldest Sinaitic Traditions. Oxford: Blackwell, 1965.
  • Bin-Nun, RabbiYoel. “The Textual Source for the 39 Melachot of Shabbat”. The Torah.com. Erişim: 25.04.2025, https://www.thetorah.com/article/the-textual-source-for-the-39-melachot-of-shabbat.
  • Blevins, Kent .“Observing Sabbath”. Review & Expositor 113/4 (2016): 478-487.
  • Bornstein, David Joseph & Wald, Stephen G. “Nathan Ha-Bavli”. Encyclopaedia Judaica, ed. Fred Skolnik, New York: Thompson Gale, 2007, 15: 15-16.
  • Brueggemann, Walter. Deuteronomy. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 2001.
  • Buber, Martin. Moses: The Revelation and The Covenant. New York: Harper, 1958.
  • Budge, Ernest Alfred Wallis. Egyptian Magic. Londra: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner, 1901.
  • Cassuto, Umberto. A Commentary on the Book of Exodus. Trans. Israel Abrahams, Jerusalem: Magnes, 1967.
  • Christie, W. M. “The Jamnia Period in Jewish History”. The Journal of Theological Studies 26/104, (1925): 347-364.
  • Cohen, Shaye J. D. From the Maccabees to the Mishnah. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1987.
  • Cooke, George Albert. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Ezekiel. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1937.
  • Dressler, Harold H. P. From Sabbath to Lord’s Day: A Biblical, Historical and Theological Investigation. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 1999.
  • Friedman, Richard Elliott. Who Wrote the Bible?. New York: Harper & Row, 1987.
  • Frey, Mathilde. The Sabbath in the Pentateuch: an Exegetical and Theological Study. PhD Thesis, Michigan: Andrews University, 2011.
  • Gabler, Johann & Eichhorn, Johannes. Urgeschichte I. Nürnberg: Ben Monath und Russler, 1790.
  • George, Mark K. “The Sabbath, Regimes of Truth, and the Subjectivity of Ancient Israel”. Journal of Religion & Society Supplement 13 (2016): 5-21.
  • Gürkan, Salime Leyla. Yahudilik'te Şabbat (Sebt) - Kökeni, ilgili inanç ve uygulamalar. Master’s Thesis, İstanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 1994.
  • Hoenig, Sidney B. “The Designated Number of Kinds of Labor Prohibited on the Sabbath”. The Jewish Quarterly Review 68/4 (1978): 193-208.
  • Hoffmeier, James K. Ancient Israel in Sinai. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
  • Hölscher, Gustav. Hesekiel, der Dichter und das Buch : eine literarkritische Untersuchung. Giessen: Alfred Töpelmann, 1924.
  • Ilgen, Karl David. Die Urkunden des Jerusalemischen Tempelarchivs in ihrer Urgestalt..: Theil I: Die Urkunden des ersten Buchs von Moses. Halle: Hemmerde und Schwetschke, 1798.
  • Kaplan, Zvi. “Hanina Bar Hama”. Encyclopaedia Judaica, ed. Fred Skolnik, New York: Thompson Gale, 2007, 8: 321.
  • Levin, Christoph. The Yahwist: A Historian of Israelite Origins. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 2005.
  • Milgrom, Jacob. Leviticus: A Continental Commentary. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2004.
  • Neusner, Jacob. “Formative Judaism: Religious, Historical and Literary Studies; Third Series; Torah. Pharisees, and Rabbis”. Brown Judaic Studies 46. Chicago: Scholars Press, 1983.
  • Noth, Martin. Exodus : A Commentary. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1962.
  • Robinson, Gnana.“The Prohibition of Strange Fire in Ancient Israel: A New Look at the Case of Gathering Wood and Kindling Fire on the Sabbath”. Vetus Testamentum 28/3 (1978): 301-317.
  • Robinson, Richard A. The Laws of Prohibited Labor on the Sabbath in Relation to the Book of Exodus: From Exodus Through the Mishnah. Westminster: Westminster Theological Seminary, 1998.
  • Römer, Thomas. The So-Called Deuteronomistic History: A Sociological, Historical and Literary Introduction. London: T&T Clark, 2005.
  • Rendtorff, Rolf. The Canonical Hebrew Bible: A Theology of the Old Testament. trans. David E. Orton. Leiden: Deo Publishing, 2005.
  • Saldarini, Anthony J. “Johanan Ben Zakkai’s Escape from Jerusalem Origin and Development of a Rabbinic Story”. Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman Period, 6/2, (1975): 189-204.
  • Schechter, Solomon & Seligsohn, M. “Jose Ben Halafta”. Jewish Encyclopedia. Erişim: 20.05. 2025, https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/8789-jose-ben-halafta.
  • Schmid, Konrad. Genesis and the Moses Story: Israel’s Dual Origins in the Hebrew Bible. Trans. James Nogalski. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 2010.
  • Schwartz, Baruch J. “The Priestly Torah: Narrative and Law in the Priestly Source”. The Strata of the Priestly Writings: Contemporary Views on the Priestly Strata, ed. Sarah Shectman and Joel S. Baden. Zürich: Theologischer Verlag Zürich, 2009, 103-134.
  • Seters, John Van. The Pentateuch: A Social-Science Commentary. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1999.
  • Seters, John Van. The Edited Bible: The Curious History of the "Editor" in Biblical Criticism. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 2006.
  • Sommer, Benjamin D. “The Babylonian Akitu Festival: Rectifying the King or Renewing the Cosmos”. Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society 27/1 (2000): 81-95.
  • Stackert, Jeffrey. Rewriting the Torah: Literary Revision in Deuteronomy and the Holiness Legislation. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2007.
  • Stackert, Jeffrey. A Prophet Like Moses: Prophecy, Law, and Israelite Religion. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014.
  • Timmer, Daniel C. Creation, Tabernacle and Sabbath: The Function of the Sabbath Frame in Exodus 31:12–17; 35:1–3. PhD Thesis, Illinois: Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, 2006.
  • Vernant, Jean-Pierre. The Universe, the Gods, and Mortals : Ancient Greek Myths. Londra: Profile, 2001.
  • Webster, Hutton. Rest Days : A Study in Early Law and Morality. New York: Macmillan, 1916.
  • Weiser, Deborah. Fire and the Sabbath : a look at Exodus 35:3 and the Jewish exegetical history of the biblical prohibition against using fire on the Sabbath day. PhD Thesis, Montreal: McGill University, 2002.
  • Wellhausen, Julius. Prolegomena to the History of Israel: With a Reprint of the Article “Israel” from the Encyclopaedia Britannica. Cambridge: University Press, 2013.
  • Wellhausen, Julius. Prolegomena to the History of Israel, trans. J. Sutherland Black and Allan Menzies. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1885.
  • Winder, Belinda. “Positive Aspects of Fire: Fire in Ritual and Religion”. The Irish Journal of Psychology 30/ 1 (2012): 5-19.
  • Zimmerli, Walther. Ezechiel. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag des Erziehungsvereins, 1955.
There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects History of Religion, Jewish Studies
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Merve Yetim 0000-0002-3605-7602

Dursun Ali Aykıt 0000-0002-0109-2141

Publication Date June 30, 2025
Submission Date April 29, 2025
Acceptance Date June 29, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 7 Issue: 1

Cite

ISNAD Yetim, Merve - Aykıt, Dursun Ali. “The Shaping of the Sabbath: The Transformative Journey of Jewish Tradition”. Oksident 7/1 (June2025), 161-180. https://doi.org/10.51490/oksident.1687118.