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ANADOLU’DAN ÖRNEKLERLE DEMİR ÇAĞ’INDA CAM

Yıl 2004, Sayı: 9, 95 - 113, 01.05.2004

Emel Erten

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Akurgal 1995 Akurgal, E., Hatti ve Hitit Uygarl›klar›, ‹zmir. Atik 1998 Atik, fi., “‹stanbul Arkeoloji Müzelerinde Bulunan ‹.Ö. II. ve I. Biny›llara ait Mezopotamya Cam Eserleri”, XXXIV. Uluslararas› Assiriyoloji Kongresi- 6-10.VII.1987 ‹stanbul, Ankara, 365-376, 89-96, lev. 89-96.
  • AJA American Journal of Archaeology.
  • Barag 1984 Barag, D., “Glass Inlays and the Classification and Dating of Ivories from the Ninth-Eighth Centuries B.C.”, Anatolian Studies XXXIII (Special Number in Honour of the SeventyFifth Birthday of Dr. Richard Barnett, 163-167.
  • Barag 1985 Barag, D., Catalogue of Western Asiatic Glass in the British Museum, Vol. I, Londra.
  • Barag 1970 Barag, D., “Mesopotamian Core-Formed Glass Vessels (1500-500 B.C.)”, GGAM, s.129-199, fig.1-101
  • Barag 1988 Barag, D., “Glass Inlays and the Classification and Dating of Ivories from the Ninth -Eighth Centuries B.C.”, Anatolian Studies XXXII (Special Number in Honour of the Seventy-Fifth Birthday of Dr. Richard Barnett, 163-167.
  • Bass 1967 Bass, G.F., “Cape Gelidonya: A Bronze Age Shipwreck”, Transactions of the American Philisophical Society, Vol.57, Part 8.
  • Bass 1985 Bass, G.F., “The Uluburun Shipwreck, VII.Kaz› Sonuçlar› Toplant›s› (Cilt 2), 619-635.
  • Bass 1986 Bass, G.F., “Underwater Excavation of the Uluburun Shipwreck”, Kaz› Sonuçlar› Toplant›s›, VIII. 2, 291-302.
  • Bass 1987 Bass, G.F., “Oldest Known Shipwreck Reveals Splendors of the Bronze Age”, National Geographic, Vol. 172, No.6, 693- 732.
  • Becks 2002 Becks, R., “Yüksek Troia Kültürü: Troia VI/VIIa” Troya: Efsane ile Gerçek Aras› bir Kente Yolculuk,‹stanbul, 84-93.
  • Belli 2003 (a) Belli, O., “Urartu Krall›¤› ile ‹lgili Araflt›rmalar›n Tarihçesi”, Urartu: Savafl ve Estetik - Urartu: War and Aesthetics ‹stanbul, s.13-43.
  • Belli 2003 (b) Belli, O., “Katalog”, Urartu: Savafl ve Estetik - Urartu: War and Aesthetics, ‹stanbul, 134-279.
  • Bosanquet-Dawkins 1923 Bosanquet, R.C. - Dawkins, R.M., “The Unpublished Objects from the Palaikastro Excavations 1902-1906”, The British School at Athens Supplementary Paper, no. 1.
  • Boysal 1964 Boysal, Y., “Milli E¤itim Bakanl›¤› Müsgebi Kaz›s› 1963 Y›l› K›sa Raporu”, XIII. Türk Arkeoloji Dergisi, 81-85.
  • Brill-Cahill 1988 Brill, R.H. - Cahill, N., “A Red Opaque Glass from Sardis and Some Thoughts on Red Opaques in General”, JGS XXX, s.16-27.
  • Coflkun 1997 Coflkun, Y., “Cam Hamuru, Fayans”, Archivum AnatolicumAnadolu Arflivleri-Emin Bilgiç An› Kitab› 3, Ankara, 67-73.
  • Çambel 2001 Çambel, H., “Karatepe-Aslantafl Öyküsü”, Bo¤azköy’den Karatepe’ye Hititbilim ve Hitit Dünyas›n›n Keflfi, ‹stanbul, 122-143.
  • Ç›nardal› 1995 Ç›nardal›, N., “Panaztepe Kaz›s›nda Ele Geçen Bir Grup Cam Süs Eflyas›”, In Memoriam ‹. Metin Akyurt-Bahattin DevamAn› Kitab›-Eski Yak›n Do¤u Kültürleri Üzerinde ‹ncelemeler, Ankara, 67-73.
  • Dinçol 1982 Dinçol, A.M., “Geç Hititler”, Anadolu Uygarl›klar›- Görsel Adadolu Tarihi Ansiklopedisi, ‹stanbul, 121-131.
  • Erten Ya¤c› 1998 Erten Ya¤c›, E., “‹.Ö. ‹kinci Binde Anadolu’da Cam”, OLBA I, 29-44.
  • Fossing 1940 Fossing, P., Glass Vessels Before Glass Blowing, Kopenhag. Frankfort 1934 Frankfort, H., “Technical Achievements of the Third Millennium B.C. as Evidenced at Tell Asmar”, Iraq Excavations of the Oriental Institute 1932-1933 , Chicago- Illinois.
  • GGAM Oppenheim, A.L. - Brill, R.H. - Barag, D. - von Saldern, A., Glass and Glassmaking in Ancient Mesopotamia, Corning 1970.
  • Greenewalt 1987 Greenewalt Jr., C.H., “Sardis : Archaeological Research in 1986”, IX. Kaz› Sonuçlar› Toplant›s› (Cilt 2) , s.41-58.
  • Grose 1989 Grose, D.F., The Toledo Museum of Art - Early Ancient Glass, New York.
  • Hall 1930 Hall, H.R., A Season’s Work at Ur, Londra.
  • Harden 1968 Harden, D.B., “Ancient Glass, I: Pre-Roman”, The Archaeological Journal , Vol. CXXV, 46-72
  • JGS Journal of Glass Studies
  • JRS Journal of Roman Archaeology Layard 2000 Layard, A.H., Ninova ve Kal›nt›lar› (Niniveh and its Remains’den - 1849- çeviri: Zafer Avflar), ‹stanbul.
  • Lightfoot 1991 Lightfoot, C.S., “Glass in the Iron Age”, Anatolian Iron AgesIron Age Colloquium held in ‹zmir 4-8.May.1987- British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara Monograph 13, 67-73.
  • Mitchell 1984 Mitchell, T.C., “An Urartian Lead Figurine from Toprak Kale”, Anatolian Studies XXXIII (Special Number in Honour of the Seventy-Fifth Birthday of Dr. Richard Barnett, 157-162.
  • Oates 2001 Oates, J. - Oates, D., Nimrud- An Assyrian Imperial City Revealed, London.
  • Oppenheim 1970 Oppenheim, A.L., The Cuneiform Texts, GGAM, s.1-102, 230-231.
  • Oppenheim 1973 Oppenheim, A.L., “A Note on Research in Mesopotamian Glass”, JGS XV, 9-11.
  • Özet 1998 Özet, A., Dipten Gelen Par›lt›-Bodrum Sualt› Arkeoloji Müzesi Eserleri, Ankara.
  • Özgen-Öztürk 1996 Özgen, ‹. - Öztürk, J., Heritage Recovered- The Lydian Treasure, ‹stanbul.
  • Petrie 1894 Petrie, W.M.F., Tell el Amarna, London.
  • Polvani 2001 Polvani, A.M., “KBo XXXI 55 e il Problema della Fabbricazione del Vetro in Anatolia”, Poikilma- Studi in onore di Michele R. Cataudella in Occasione del 60. Compleanno, Vol. 2, 1045-1048.
  • Ramage 1978 Ramage, A., “Gold Refining at the Time of the Lydian Kings of Sardis”, The Proceedings of the X th International Congress of Classical Archaeology, Ankara-‹zmir 23- 30.Sept.1973,Ankara, 729-735.
  • Ramage 1987 Ramage, N.H., “The Arts in Sardis”, Sardis, Twenty Seven Years of Discovery, Chicago, 26-35.
  • Rimschneider 1974 Riemschneider, K.K., “Die Glasherstellung in Anatolien nach Hethitischen Quellen”, Anatolian Studies Presented to Hans Gustav Gütterbock on the occasion of his 65th Birthday, ‹stanbul, 263-278.
  • von Saldern 1966 von Saldern, A., “Mosaic Glass from Hasanlu, Marlik and Tell al Rimah”, JGS VIII, 9-25.
  • von Saldern 1970 von Saldern, A., “Other Mesopotamian Glass Vessels 1500- 600 B.C.”, GGAM, s.203-228.
  • Sardis 1990 Greenewalt Jr., C.H. - Cahill, N.D. - Dedeo¤lu, H. - Herrmann, P., “The Sardis Campaign of 1986”, Preliminary Reports of Asor-Sponsored Excavations 1983-1987 (ed. W.E. Rast), Baltimore, 137-177.
  • Sevin-Kavakl› 1995 Sevin, V. - Kavakl›, E., “Van Karagündüz Erken Demir Ça¤› Nekropolü Kurtarma Kaz›lar›”, XVI. Kaz› Sonuçlar› Toplant›s› (Cilt I), 331-350.
  • Sevin-Kavakl› 1996 Sevin, V. - Kavakl›, E., Bir Erken Demir Ça¤› Nekropolü: Van - Karagündüz , ‹stanbul.
  • Stern 1997 Stern, E.M., “Glass and rock crystal: a multifaceted relationship”, JRS 10, 192-206. Stern/Schlick-Nolte 1994 Stern, E.M. - Schlick Nolte, B., Early Glass of the Ancient World 1600-A.D 50 - Ernesto Wolf Collection, Stuttgart.
  • Sümer 1960 Sümer, O., “Asur Hafriyat› ve Küçük Buluntular›”, ‹stanbul Arkeoloji Müzeleri Y›ll›¤›, XXII, 29-30.
  • Trowbridge 1930 Trowbridge, M.L., Philological Studies in Ancient Glass, Illinois.
  • Vermeule 1967 Vermeule, E.T., “A”Mycenaean Jeweller’s Mould”, Bulletin: Museum of Fine Arts-Boston, LXV 339, 19-32.
  • Weinberg 1992 Weinberg, G.D., Glass Vessels in Ancient Greece, Atina. Young 1957 Young, R.S., “Discoveries at Gordion”, Archaeology IX, 263-267.

Yıl 2004, Sayı: 9, 95 - 113, 01.05.2004

Emel Erten

Öz

Almost one hundred years after the invention of glass as a “material” inMesopotamia the earliest glass vessels were produced in the mid 2ndmillenniumB.C. The major production centers for these earliest glass vessels were in Mitanniand Egypt. There was also several archaeological and linguistic evidence concerning with the glass production in the Aegean region by Mycenaeans and in Anatoliaby Hittites. After the fall of the great civilizations of the Bronze Age by the end ofthe 2ndmillennium B.C. and following the Dark Age, the Iron Age witnessed therevival of the glass production in the ancient world, particularly in Assyria andPhoenicia.The aim of our study is to trace the evolution of glass production in ancientcontemporary Anatolian centers. There are recorded glass finds belonging to theIron Age from Phrygian, Lydian and Urartian findspots. For instance, the phialemesomphalos from Gordion which is an import from Assyria or the glass workshop discovered in Sardis both revealing the importance of glass in Anatolianculture. In addition to these, glass finds are recorded from many Urartian sites inthe Eastern Anatolia. These were either glass inlays or beads, but not vessels.At present, there is no evidence for glass from Late Hittite centers in southeastern Anatolia, but the region’s geographical location near the important glassproduction sites in Assyria and Phoenicia suggests the use/production of glass

Kaynakça

  • Akurgal 1995 Akurgal, E., Hatti ve Hitit Uygarl›klar›, ‹zmir. Atik 1998 Atik, fi., “‹stanbul Arkeoloji Müzelerinde Bulunan ‹.Ö. II. ve I. Biny›llara ait Mezopotamya Cam Eserleri”, XXXIV. Uluslararas› Assiriyoloji Kongresi- 6-10.VII.1987 ‹stanbul, Ankara, 365-376, 89-96, lev. 89-96.
  • AJA American Journal of Archaeology.
  • Barag 1984 Barag, D., “Glass Inlays and the Classification and Dating of Ivories from the Ninth-Eighth Centuries B.C.”, Anatolian Studies XXXIII (Special Number in Honour of the SeventyFifth Birthday of Dr. Richard Barnett, 163-167.
  • Barag 1985 Barag, D., Catalogue of Western Asiatic Glass in the British Museum, Vol. I, Londra.
  • Barag 1970 Barag, D., “Mesopotamian Core-Formed Glass Vessels (1500-500 B.C.)”, GGAM, s.129-199, fig.1-101
  • Barag 1988 Barag, D., “Glass Inlays and the Classification and Dating of Ivories from the Ninth -Eighth Centuries B.C.”, Anatolian Studies XXXII (Special Number in Honour of the Seventy-Fifth Birthday of Dr. Richard Barnett, 163-167.
  • Bass 1967 Bass, G.F., “Cape Gelidonya: A Bronze Age Shipwreck”, Transactions of the American Philisophical Society, Vol.57, Part 8.
  • Bass 1985 Bass, G.F., “The Uluburun Shipwreck, VII.Kaz› Sonuçlar› Toplant›s› (Cilt 2), 619-635.
  • Bass 1986 Bass, G.F., “Underwater Excavation of the Uluburun Shipwreck”, Kaz› Sonuçlar› Toplant›s›, VIII. 2, 291-302.
  • Bass 1987 Bass, G.F., “Oldest Known Shipwreck Reveals Splendors of the Bronze Age”, National Geographic, Vol. 172, No.6, 693- 732.
  • Becks 2002 Becks, R., “Yüksek Troia Kültürü: Troia VI/VIIa” Troya: Efsane ile Gerçek Aras› bir Kente Yolculuk,‹stanbul, 84-93.
  • Belli 2003 (a) Belli, O., “Urartu Krall›¤› ile ‹lgili Araflt›rmalar›n Tarihçesi”, Urartu: Savafl ve Estetik - Urartu: War and Aesthetics ‹stanbul, s.13-43.
  • Belli 2003 (b) Belli, O., “Katalog”, Urartu: Savafl ve Estetik - Urartu: War and Aesthetics, ‹stanbul, 134-279.
  • Bosanquet-Dawkins 1923 Bosanquet, R.C. - Dawkins, R.M., “The Unpublished Objects from the Palaikastro Excavations 1902-1906”, The British School at Athens Supplementary Paper, no. 1.
  • Boysal 1964 Boysal, Y., “Milli E¤itim Bakanl›¤› Müsgebi Kaz›s› 1963 Y›l› K›sa Raporu”, XIII. Türk Arkeoloji Dergisi, 81-85.
  • Brill-Cahill 1988 Brill, R.H. - Cahill, N., “A Red Opaque Glass from Sardis and Some Thoughts on Red Opaques in General”, JGS XXX, s.16-27.
  • Coflkun 1997 Coflkun, Y., “Cam Hamuru, Fayans”, Archivum AnatolicumAnadolu Arflivleri-Emin Bilgiç An› Kitab› 3, Ankara, 67-73.
  • Çambel 2001 Çambel, H., “Karatepe-Aslantafl Öyküsü”, Bo¤azköy’den Karatepe’ye Hititbilim ve Hitit Dünyas›n›n Keflfi, ‹stanbul, 122-143.
  • Ç›nardal› 1995 Ç›nardal›, N., “Panaztepe Kaz›s›nda Ele Geçen Bir Grup Cam Süs Eflyas›”, In Memoriam ‹. Metin Akyurt-Bahattin DevamAn› Kitab›-Eski Yak›n Do¤u Kültürleri Üzerinde ‹ncelemeler, Ankara, 67-73.
  • Dinçol 1982 Dinçol, A.M., “Geç Hititler”, Anadolu Uygarl›klar›- Görsel Adadolu Tarihi Ansiklopedisi, ‹stanbul, 121-131.
  • Erten Ya¤c› 1998 Erten Ya¤c›, E., “‹.Ö. ‹kinci Binde Anadolu’da Cam”, OLBA I, 29-44.
  • Fossing 1940 Fossing, P., Glass Vessels Before Glass Blowing, Kopenhag. Frankfort 1934 Frankfort, H., “Technical Achievements of the Third Millennium B.C. as Evidenced at Tell Asmar”, Iraq Excavations of the Oriental Institute 1932-1933 , Chicago- Illinois.
  • GGAM Oppenheim, A.L. - Brill, R.H. - Barag, D. - von Saldern, A., Glass and Glassmaking in Ancient Mesopotamia, Corning 1970.
  • Greenewalt 1987 Greenewalt Jr., C.H., “Sardis : Archaeological Research in 1986”, IX. Kaz› Sonuçlar› Toplant›s› (Cilt 2) , s.41-58.
  • Grose 1989 Grose, D.F., The Toledo Museum of Art - Early Ancient Glass, New York.
  • Hall 1930 Hall, H.R., A Season’s Work at Ur, Londra.
  • Harden 1968 Harden, D.B., “Ancient Glass, I: Pre-Roman”, The Archaeological Journal , Vol. CXXV, 46-72
  • JGS Journal of Glass Studies
  • JRS Journal of Roman Archaeology Layard 2000 Layard, A.H., Ninova ve Kal›nt›lar› (Niniveh and its Remains’den - 1849- çeviri: Zafer Avflar), ‹stanbul.
  • Lightfoot 1991 Lightfoot, C.S., “Glass in the Iron Age”, Anatolian Iron AgesIron Age Colloquium held in ‹zmir 4-8.May.1987- British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara Monograph 13, 67-73.
  • Mitchell 1984 Mitchell, T.C., “An Urartian Lead Figurine from Toprak Kale”, Anatolian Studies XXXIII (Special Number in Honour of the Seventy-Fifth Birthday of Dr. Richard Barnett, 157-162.
  • Oates 2001 Oates, J. - Oates, D., Nimrud- An Assyrian Imperial City Revealed, London.
  • Oppenheim 1970 Oppenheim, A.L., The Cuneiform Texts, GGAM, s.1-102, 230-231.
  • Oppenheim 1973 Oppenheim, A.L., “A Note on Research in Mesopotamian Glass”, JGS XV, 9-11.
  • Özet 1998 Özet, A., Dipten Gelen Par›lt›-Bodrum Sualt› Arkeoloji Müzesi Eserleri, Ankara.
  • Özgen-Öztürk 1996 Özgen, ‹. - Öztürk, J., Heritage Recovered- The Lydian Treasure, ‹stanbul.
  • Petrie 1894 Petrie, W.M.F., Tell el Amarna, London.
  • Polvani 2001 Polvani, A.M., “KBo XXXI 55 e il Problema della Fabbricazione del Vetro in Anatolia”, Poikilma- Studi in onore di Michele R. Cataudella in Occasione del 60. Compleanno, Vol. 2, 1045-1048.
  • Ramage 1978 Ramage, A., “Gold Refining at the Time of the Lydian Kings of Sardis”, The Proceedings of the X th International Congress of Classical Archaeology, Ankara-‹zmir 23- 30.Sept.1973,Ankara, 729-735.
  • Ramage 1987 Ramage, N.H., “The Arts in Sardis”, Sardis, Twenty Seven Years of Discovery, Chicago, 26-35.
  • Rimschneider 1974 Riemschneider, K.K., “Die Glasherstellung in Anatolien nach Hethitischen Quellen”, Anatolian Studies Presented to Hans Gustav Gütterbock on the occasion of his 65th Birthday, ‹stanbul, 263-278.
  • von Saldern 1966 von Saldern, A., “Mosaic Glass from Hasanlu, Marlik and Tell al Rimah”, JGS VIII, 9-25.
  • von Saldern 1970 von Saldern, A., “Other Mesopotamian Glass Vessels 1500- 600 B.C.”, GGAM, s.203-228.
  • Sardis 1990 Greenewalt Jr., C.H. - Cahill, N.D. - Dedeo¤lu, H. - Herrmann, P., “The Sardis Campaign of 1986”, Preliminary Reports of Asor-Sponsored Excavations 1983-1987 (ed. W.E. Rast), Baltimore, 137-177.
  • Sevin-Kavakl› 1995 Sevin, V. - Kavakl›, E., “Van Karagündüz Erken Demir Ça¤› Nekropolü Kurtarma Kaz›lar›”, XVI. Kaz› Sonuçlar› Toplant›s› (Cilt I), 331-350.
  • Sevin-Kavakl› 1996 Sevin, V. - Kavakl›, E., Bir Erken Demir Ça¤› Nekropolü: Van - Karagündüz , ‹stanbul.
  • Stern 1997 Stern, E.M., “Glass and rock crystal: a multifaceted relationship”, JRS 10, 192-206. Stern/Schlick-Nolte 1994 Stern, E.M. - Schlick Nolte, B., Early Glass of the Ancient World 1600-A.D 50 - Ernesto Wolf Collection, Stuttgart.
  • Sümer 1960 Sümer, O., “Asur Hafriyat› ve Küçük Buluntular›”, ‹stanbul Arkeoloji Müzeleri Y›ll›¤›, XXII, 29-30.
  • Trowbridge 1930 Trowbridge, M.L., Philological Studies in Ancient Glass, Illinois.
  • Vermeule 1967 Vermeule, E.T., “A”Mycenaean Jeweller’s Mould”, Bulletin: Museum of Fine Arts-Boston, LXV 339, 19-32.
  • Weinberg 1992 Weinberg, G.D., Glass Vessels in Ancient Greece, Atina. Young 1957 Young, R.S., “Discoveries at Gordion”, Archaeology IX, 263-267.
Toplam 51 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Emel Erten Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Mayıs 2004
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2004 Sayı: 9

Kaynak Göster

APA Erten, E. (2004). ANADOLU’DAN ÖRNEKLERLE DEMİR ÇAĞ’INDA CAM. OLBA(9), 95-113.