Importance of spatial variability in management of saline and boron toxic soils

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 30 Sayı: 2, 189 - 198, 25.07.2015

Hikmet Günal , Nurullah Acır Atilla Polat , Elif Günal , Mesut Budak Nazife Erdem Zekeriya Malı Hüseyin Önen

https://doi.org/10.7161/anajas.2015.30.2.189-198

Cited By: 3

Öz

Salinity and high boron concentration soils are important problems constrain the agricultural production in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Considering the significant high spatial variation of salinity and boron concentration in the use of agricultural production and improvement of the problems is required in terms of time, labor and cost efficiency. This study was conducted to model and map the spatial variation of soil properties, and to identify the variables affecting the variation of salt and boron concentrations of soils located under two center pivots. Soils have salinity and alkalinity problems along with the boron toxicity. Each 62 ha pivot area in Central Anatolia has been divided into 100m x 100m square grids and 60 main sampling locations were created in each pivot area. Five transects in each pivot were created to model the shorter distances than the distance between main sampling points and soil samples were collected from 0-20cm depths (total of 150 samples). Texture, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter, lime content and plant available boron concentrations of soils were analyzed. Semivariogram models were obtained to define the spatial variations and kriging maps were created for each of soil properties. EC reached up to 17.35 dS m-1 within the pivot and average EC of pivots was measured as 2.6 ve 3.52 dS m-1, respectively. The average boron concentrations of soils were higher than the 5 mg kg-1 that is the critical level accepted for plant growth. Boron had significant positive correlations (P<0.01) with pH and clay content, and significant negative relationship with silt and organic matter contents. The relationship obtained in correlation analyses was also clearly observed in the distribution maps of the same soil properties. Negative correlation between organic matter and boron concentration reveals the importance of increasing the organic matter content of soils in the management of boron toxic soils.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Boron toxicity, precision agriculture, geostatistics, site specific management, salinity

Tuzlu ve bor toksikliği bulunan arazilerin idaresinde mesafeye bağlı değişkenliğin önemi

Öz

Dünyanın özellikle kurak ve yarı-kurak bölgelerinde tuzluluk ve yüksek bor içeriği tarımsal üretimi sınırlandıran önemli sorunlardır. Her iki sorunda arazi içerisinde önemli düzeyde yüksek değişkenliğe sahip olduğundan, toprakların üretimde kullanımları ve iyileştirilmelerinde bu değişkenliğin dikkate alınması zaman, iş gücü ve maliyet açısından zorunluluktur. Bu çalışma, tuzluluk ve alkalilik sorunlarının yanında şiddetli bor toksikliği bulunan iki ayrı pivot içerisindeki toprak özelliklerinin mesafeye bağlı değişkenliğinin modellenmesi, haritalanması ve tuz ve bor konsantrasyonuna etki eden değişkenlerin belirlenmesi amacı ile yapılmıştır. Orta Anadolu'da her biri 62 ha olan iki ayrı pivot 100 m * 100 m’lik kare gridlere ayrılmış ve her pivotta 60 adet ana örnekleme noktası oluşturulmuştur. Ana örnekleme noktaları arasındaki mesafeden daha kısa mesafelerdeki değişkenliklerin modellenebilmesi amacı ile beş adet ara transekt oluşturularak (toplam 150 örnek) 0-20 cm derinlikten toprak örnekleri alınmıştır. Toprak örneklerinin tekstür, pH, elektriksel iletkenlik (EC), organik madde, kireç içeriği ve bitkiye yarayışlı bor konsantrasyonu analiz edilmiştir. Mesafeye bağlı değişkenlikler için semivaryogram modellemesi yapılmış ve krigleme haritaları oluşturulmuştur. Pivot içerisinde 17.35 dS m-1 gibi yüksek değerlere ulaşan EC, pivotlarda ortalama 2.6 ve 3.52 dS m-1 olarak ölçülmüştür. Her iki pivotda da ortalama bor konsantrasyonları bitkiler için toksik sınır kabul edilen 5 mg kg-1 dan oldukça yüksektir. Bor ile pH ve kil arasında istatistiksel olarak önemli (P < 0.01) düzeyde pozitif bir korelasyon bulunurken, silt ve organik madde ile negatif korelasyon görülmüştür. Korelasyonda elde edilen bu ilişki, aynı özelliklerin dağılım haritalarında da açık bir şekilde görülebilmektedir. Çalışma alanında, organik madde içeriği ile bor konsantrasyonu arasında görülen negatif korelasyon, yüksek bor konsantrasyonu ile mücadele ederken, toprağın organik madde içeriğinin arttırılmasının nedenli önemli olduğunu vurgulamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bor toksikliği, hassas tarım, jeoistatistik, yere özgü amenajman, tuzluluk

Kaynakça

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