Östrojen hormonu ve menopoz

Year 2012, Volume: 29 Issue: 4, 252 - 256, 27.12.2012

B.zuhal Altunkaynak , Deniz Ünal Selina Aksak Bünyami Ünal

Abstract

Ronnekleİnsanoğlunun en önemli sağlık problemleri arasında olan over yaşlanması ve menopozla birlikte dişi hormon sisteminde düzensizlikler baş göstermektedir. Östrojen hormonu azalmakta ve buna bağlı olarak osteoporoz, kardiyovasküler rahatsızlıklar, Alzheimer hastalığı, artrit, katarakt, over ve kolon kanserleri, diyabet, diş ve çene bozuklukları gibi patolojilerin görülme sıklığında artış saptanmaktadır. Bu derlemede östrojen hormonununtemel etki mekanizmaları, hücresel düzeydeki yansımaları ve organizma üzerindeki etkileri hakkında detaylı bilgiyeulaşılması amaçlanmıştır.

Estrogen hormone and menopause

Overian aging and menopause, the most important health problems for human being, cause with these problems a lot of irregulations in female hormone system. The estrogen is decreased and parallel with this situation, some pathologies such as osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases, Alzheimer’s disease, arthritis, cataract, ovarian and colon cancers, diabetes, teeth and jaw disorders may be seen.This review paper presents detailed information about estrogen’s basic effect mechanisms, its reflection on cellular level and effects on organisms.

J. Exp. Clin. Med., 2012; 29:252-256

Keywords

Menopoz; over yaşlanması; östrojenenin etkileri (menopause; ovarian aging; the effects of estrogen)

References

• Ahmed, S.A., Hissong, B.D., Verthelyi, D., Donner, K., Becker, K., Karpuzoglu-Sahin, E., 1999. Gender and risk of autoimmune diseases: Pos- sible role of estrogenic compounds. Environ Health Perspect. 107, 681-686.
• Alfinito, P.D., Chen, X., Mastroeni, R., Pawlyk, A.C., Deecher, D.C., 2009. Estradiol increases catecholamine levels in the hypothalamus of ovariectomized rats during the dark-phase. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 616, 334-339.
• Arreguin-Arevalo, J.A., Nett, T.M., 2005. A nongenomic action of 17beta-estradiol as the mechanism underlying the acute suppression of secre- tion of luteinizing hormone. Biol. Reprod. 73, 115-122.
• Belcredito, S., Vegeto, E., Brusadelli, A., Ghisletti, S., Mussi, P., Ciana, P., Maggi, A., 2001. Estrogen neuroprotection: The involvement of the Bcl-2 binding protein BNIP2. Brain Res. 37, 335-342.
• Boulware, M.I., Mermelstein, P.G., 2009. Membrane estrogen receptors activate etabotropic glutamate receptors to influence nervous system physiology. Steroids. 74, 608-613.
• Borrás, C., Gambini, J., López-Grueso, R., Pallardó, F.V., Viña, J., 2010. Direct antioxidant and protective effect of estradiol on isolated mito- chondria. Biochim. Biophys Acta. 1802, 205-211.
• Brann, D.W., Dhandapani, K., Wakade, C., Mahesh, V.B., Khan, M.M., 2007. Neurotrophic and neuroprotective actions of estrogen: Basic mechanisms and clinical implications. Steroids. 72, 381-405.
• Brinton, R.D., 2008a. The healthy cell bias of estrogen action: Mitochondrial bioenergetics and neurological implications. Trends Neurosci. 31, 529-537.
• Brinton, R.D., 2008b. Estrogen regulation of glucose metabolism and mitochondrial function: Therapeutic implications for prevention of Al- zheimer’s disease. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 60, 1504-1511.
• Chang, E.C., Charn, T.H., Park, S.H., Helferich, W.G., Komm, B., Katzenellenbogen, J.A., Katzenellenbogen, B.S., 2008. Estrogen receptors alpha and beta as determinants of gene expression: Influence of ligand, dose, and chromatin binding. Mol. Endocrinol. 22, 1032-1043.
• Cheung, E., Schwabish, M.A., Kraus, W.L., 2003. Chromatin exposes intrinsic differences in the transcriptional activities of estrogen receptors alpha and beta. E.M.B.O. J. 22, 600-611.
• Chen, J., Adachi, N., Liu, K., Arai, T., 1998. The effects of 17 beta-estradiol on ischemia-induced neuronal damage in the gerbil hippocampus. Neuroscience. 87, 817-822.
• Chen, J.Q., Cammarata, P.R., Baines, CP., Yager, J.D., 2009. Regulation of mitochondrial respiratory chain biogenesis by estrogens/estrogen receptors and physiological, pathological and pharmacological implications. Biochim. Biophys Acta. 1793, 1540-1570.
• Choudhry, M.A., Ball, A., McEwan, I.J., 2006. The role of the general transcription factor IIF in androgen receptor-dependent transcription. Mol. Endocrinol. 20, 2052-2061.
• Choudhry, M.A., McEwan, I.J., 2004. In vitro regulation of reporter gene transcription by the androgen receptor AF1 domain. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 32, 1103-1106.
• d’Anglemont de Tassigny, X., Campagne, C., Steculorum, S., Prevot, V., 2009. Estradiol induces physical association of neuronal nitric oxide synthase with NMDA receptor and promotes nitric oxide formation via estrogen receptor activation in primary neuronal cultures. Neuro- chem. 109, 214-224.
• Ewton, D.Z., Coolican, S.A., Mohan, S., Chernausek, S.D., Florini, J.R., 1998. Modulation of insulin-like growth factor actions in L6A1 myo- blasts by insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-4 and IGFBP-5: A dual role for IGFBP-5. J Cell Physiol. 177, 47-57.
• Fadini, G.P., Albiero, M., Cignarella, A., Bolego, C., Pinna, C., Boscaro, E., Pagnin, E., De Toni, R., de Kreutzenberg, S., Agostini, C., Avogaro, A., 2009. Effects of androgens on endothelial progenitor cells in vitro and in vivo. Clin. Sci. (Lond).117, 355-364.
• Fávaro, W.J., Cagnon, V.H., 2008. Immunolocalization of androgen and oestrogen receptors in the ventral lobe of rat (Rattus norvegicus) prostate after long-term treatment with ethanol and nicotine. Int. J. Androl. 31, 609-618.
• Florian, M., Magder, S., Estrogen decreases TNF-alpha and oxidized LDL induced apoptosis in endothelial cells. Steroids. 73, 47-58.
• Galea, L.A., 2008. Gonadal hormone modulation of neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of adult male and female rodents. Brain Res. Rev. 57, 332-341.
• Galea, L.A., Spritzer, M.D., Barker, J.M., Pawluski, J.L., 2006. Gonadal hormone modulation of hippocampal neurogenesis in the adult. Hip- pocampus. 16, 225-232.
• Harms, C., Lautenschlager, M., Bergk, A., Katchanov, J., Freyer, D., Kapinya, K., Herwig, U., Megow, D., Dirnagl, U., Weber, J.R., Hörtnagl, H., 2001. Differential mechanisms of neuroprotection by 17 beta-estradiol in apoptotic versus necrotic neurodegeneration. J. Neurosci. 21, 2600-2609.
• Hansen, M., Koskinen, S.O., Petersen, S.G., Doessing ,S., Frystyk, J., Flyvbjerg, A., Westh, E., Magnusson, S.P., Kjaer, M., Langberg, H., 2008. Ethinyl oestradiol administration in women suppresses synthesis of collagen in tendon in response to exercise. J. Physiol. 586, 3005-3016.
• He, Z., He, Y.J., Day, A.L., Simpkins, J.W., 2002. Proestrus levels of estradiol during transient global cerebral ischemia improves the histological outcome of the hippocampal CA1 region: Perfusion-dependent and-independent mechanisms. J. Neurol. Sci. 193, 79-87.
• Henic, E., Noskova, V., Hİyer-Hansen, G., Hansson, S., Casslén, B., 2009. Estradiol attenuates EGF-induced rapid uPAR mobilization and cell migration via the G-protein-coupled receptor 30 in ovarian cancer cells. Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer. 19, 214-222.
• Hirahara, Y., Matsuda, K., Gao, W., Arvanitis, D.N., Kawata, M., Boggs, J.M., 2009. The localization and non-genomic function of the mem- brane-associated estrogen receptor in oligodendrocytes. Glia. 57, 153-165.
• Hill, R.A., Chua, H.K., Jones, M.E., Simpson, E.R., Boon, W.C., 2009. Estrogen deficiency results in apoptosis in the frontal cortex of adult female aromatase knockout mice. Mol. Cell Neurosci. 41, 1-7.
• Inoue, A., Takeuchi, S., Takahashi, S., 2005. Insulin-like growth factor-I stimulated DNA replication in mouse endometrial stromal cells. J. Reprod. Dev. 51, 305-313.
• Isgor, C., Watson, S.J., 2005. Estrogen receptor alpha and beta mRNA expressions by proliferating and differentiating cells in the adult rat dentate gyrus and subventricular zone. Neuroscience. 134, 847-856.
• Jover, T., Tanaka, H., Calderone, A., Oguro, K., Bennett, M.V., Etgen, A.M., Zukin, R.S., 2002. Estrogen protects against global ischemia- induced neuronal death and prevents activation of apoptotic signaling cascades in the hippocampal CA1. J.Neurosci. 22, 2115-2124.
• Katzenellenbogen, B.S., Choi, I., Delage-Mourroux, R., Ediger, T.R., Martini, P.G., Montano, M., Sun, J., Weis, K., Katzenellenbogen, J.A., 2000. Molecular mechanisms of estrogen action: selective ligands and receptor pharmacology. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 74, 279-285.
• Kelly, M.J., Rİnnekleiv, O.K., 2009. Control of CNS neuronal excitability by estrogens via membrane-initiated signaling. Mol. Cell Endocrinol. 308, 17-25.
• Klinge, C.M., 2008. Estrogenic control of mitochondrial function and biogenesis. J. Cell Biochem. 105, 1342-1351.
• Knapczyk-Stwora, K., Durlej, M., Duda, M., Czernichowska-Ferreira, K., Tabecka-Lonczynska, A., Slomczynska, M., 2009. Expression of oestrogen receptor alpha and oestrogen receptor beta in the uterus of the pregnant swine. Reprod. Domest. Anim, in press.
• Kumar, D.M., Simpkins, J.W., Agarwal, N., 2008. Estrogens and neuroprotection in retinal diseases. Mol. Vis. 14, 1480-1486.
• Kuiper, G.G., Shughrue, P.J., Merchenthaler, I., Gustafsson, J.A., 1998. The estrogen receptor beta subtype: a novel mediator of estrogen action in neuroendocrine systems. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 19, 253-286.
• Lavery, D.N., McEwan, I.J., 2006. The human androgen receptor AF1 transactivation domain: interactions with transcription factor IIF and molten-globule-like structural characteristics. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 34, 1054-1457.
• Lavery, D.N., McEwan, IJ., 2005. Structure and function of steroid receptor AF1 transactivation domains: Induction of active conformations. Biochem. J. 391, 449-464.
• Lim, K.B., Ng, C.Y., Ong, C.K., Ong, C.S., Tran, E., Nguyen, T.T., Chan, G.M., Huynh, H., 2001. Induction of apoptosis in mammary gland by a pure anti-estrogen ICI 182780. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 68, 127-138.
• Lindberg, M.K., Movérare, S., Skrtic, S., Gao, H., Dahlman-Wright, K., Gustafsson, JA., Ohlsson, C., 2003. Estrogen receptor (ER)-beta reduces ERalpha-regulated gene transcription, supporting a “ying yang” relationship between ERalpha and ERbeta in mice. Mol. Endocrinol. 17, 203-208.
• Lizotte, E., Grandy, S.A., 2009. Tremblay A, Allen B.G, Fiset C. Expression, distribution and regulation of sex steroid hormone receptors in Mouse heart. Cell Physiol. Biochem. 23, 75-86.
• Matthews, J., Gustafsson, J.A., 2003. Estrogen signaling: A subtle balance between ER alpha and ER beta. Mol Interv. 3, 281-292.
• Matsuzaki, J., Tsuji, T., Imazeki, I., Ikeda, H., Nishimura, T., 2005. Immunosteroid as a regulator for Th1/Th2 balance: Its possible role in auto- immune diseases. Autoimmunity. 38, 369-375.
• McMillan, J., Fatehi-Sedeh, S., Sylvia, V.L., Bingham, V., Zhong, M., Boyan, B.D., Schwartz, Z., 2006. Sex-specific regulation of growth plate chondrocytes by estrogen is via multiple MAP kinase signaling pathways. Biochim. Biophys Acta. 1763, 381-392.
• Meyer, M.R., Haas, E., Prossnitz, E.R., Barton, M., 2009. Non-genomic regulation of vascular cell function and growth by estrogen. Mol. Cell Endocrinol. 308, 9-16.
• Mermelstein, P.G., 2009. Membrane-localised oestrogen receptor alpha and beta influence neuronal activity through activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors. J, Neuroendocrinol. 21, 257-262.
• Monroe, D.G., Getz, B.J., Johnsen, S.A., Riggs, B.L., Khosla, S., Spelsberg, T.C., 2003. Estrogen receptor isoform-specific regulation of endog- enous gene expression in human osteoblastic cell lines expressing either ERalpha or ERbeta. J. Cell Biochem. 90, 315-326.
• Nar, A., Demirtas, E., Ayhan, A., Gurlek, A., 2009. Effects of bilateral ovariectomy and estrogen replacement therapy on serum leptin, sex hor- mone binding globulin and insulin like growth factor-I levels. Gynecol. Endocrinol. 24, 1-6.
• Offner, H., Polanczyk, M., 2006. A potential role for estrogen in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1089, 343-372.
• Parborell, F., Irusta, G., Vitale, A., Gonzalez, O., Pecci, A., Tesone, M., 2005. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist antide inhibits apop- tosis of preovulatory follicle cells in rat ovary. Biol. Reprod. 72, 659-666.
• Panay, N., Studd, J., 1997. Progestogen intolerance and compliance with hormone replacement therapy in menopausal women. Hum. Reprod. Update. 3, 159-171.
• Pernow, Y., Hauge, EM., Linder, K., Dahl, E., Sääf, M., 2009. Bone histomorphometry in male idiopathic osteoporosis. Calcif. Tissue Int. 84, 430-438.
• Plamondon, H., Morin, A., Charron, C., 2006. Chronic 17beta-estradiol pretreatment and ischemia-induced hippocampal degeneration and memory impairments: A 6-month survival study. Horm. Behav. 50, 361-369.
• Prange-Kiel, J., Rune, G.M., 2006. Direct and indirect effects of estrogen on rat hippocampus. Neuroscience. 138, 765-772.
• Salvatori, L., Caporuscio, F., Coroniti, G., Starace, G., Frati, L., Russo, M.A., Petrangeli, E., 2009. Down-regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor induced by estrogens and phytoestrogens promotes the differentiation of U2OS human osteosarcoma cells. J. Cell Physiol. 220, 35-44.
• Seidlova-Wuttke, D., Jarry, H., Wuttke, W., 2009. Effects of estradiol benzoate, raloxifen and an ethanolic extract of Cimicifuga racemosa in nonclassical estrogen regulated organs of ovariectomized rats. Planta Med. 75, 1279-1285.
• Seyisoğlu, H., Postmenopozal osteoporoz ve östrojen replasman tedavisi. I.U. Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fakültesi Sürekli Tıp Eğitimi Etkinlikleri Osteo- poroz Sempozyumu 26 Şubat 1999, Istanbul,. 73-81.
• Sica, M., Martini, M., Viglietti-Panzica, C., Panzica, G., 2009. Estrous cycle influences the expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the hypothalamus and limbic system of female mice. B.M.C. Neurosci. 10.78.
• Sieck, GC., 2001. Genome and hormones: An integrated approach to gender differences in physiology. J. Appl Physiol. 91, 1485-1486.
• Simpkins, J.W., Yang, S.H., Sarkar, S.N., Pearce, V., 2008. Estrogen actions on mitochondria-physiological and pathological implications. Mol. Cell Endocrinol. 290, 51-59.
• Sobolewska, A., Gajewska, M., Zarzyńska, J., Gajkowska, B., Motyl, T., 2009. IGF-I, EGF, and sex steroids regulate autophagy in bovine mam- mary epithelial cells via the mTOR pathway. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 88, 117-130.
• Teng, J., Wang, Z.Y., Jarrard, D.F., Bjorling, D.E., 2008. Roles of estrogen receptor alpha and beta in modulating urothelial cell proliferation. Endocr. Relat. Cancer. 15, 351-364.
• Tomikawa, J., Homma, T., Tajima, S., Shibata, T., Inamoto, Y., Takase, K., Inoue, N., Ohkura, S., Uenoyama, Y., Maeda, KI., Tsukamura, H., 2009. Molecular Characterization and Estrogen Regulation of Hypothalamic KISS1 Gene in the Pig.. Biol. Reprod.
• Toran-Allerand, C.D., 2005. Estrogen and the brain: Beyond ER-alpha, ER-beta, and 17beta-estradiol. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1052, 136-144.
• Toran-Allerand, C.D., Tinnikov, A.A., Singh, R.J., Nethrapalli, I.S., 2005. 17alpha-estradiol: A brain-active estrogen? Endocrinology. 146, 3843- 3850.
• Toran-Allerand, C.D., 2004. Estrogen and the brain: Beyond ER-alpha and ER-beta. Exp. Gerontol. 39, 1579-1586.
• Ulukaya, E., 2003. Apoptozis ders notları. Uludağ Üniversitesi, Tıp Fakültesi, Biyokimya Anabilim Dalı
• Vasudevan, N., Pfaff, DW., 2008. Non-genomic actions of estrogens and their interaction with genomic actions in the brain. Front Neuroendo- crinol. 29, 238-257.
• Valdés, J.J., Weeks, O.I., 2009. Estradiol and lithium chloride specifically alter NMDA receptor subunit NR1 mRNA and excitotoxicity in pri- mary cultures. Brain Res. 1268, 1-12.
• Yu, Y., Shen, Z., Zhou, X., Chen, S., 2009. Effects of steroid hormones on morphology and vascular endothelial growth factor expression in female bladder. Urology. 73, 1210-1217.
• Wang, F., Sobel, E.S., Butfiloski, E.J., Roberts, S.M., 2008. Comparison of chlordecone and estradiol effects on splenic T-cells in (NZBxNZW) F(1) mice. Toxicol. Lett. 183, 1-9.
• Wen, L., Chen, LH., Li, H.Y., Chang, S.P., Liao, C.Y., Tsui, KH., Sung, Y.J., Chao, K.C., 2009. Roles of estrogen and progesterone in endometrial hemodynamics and vascular endothelial growth factor production. J. Chin. Med. Assoc. 72, 188-193.
• Zhao, C., Dahlman-Wright, K., Gustafsson, J.A., 2008. Estrogen receptor beta: An overview and update. Nucl. Recept. Signal. 6:e003.