Conference Paper
BibTex RIS Cite
Year 2012, Volume: 29 Issue: 4, 304 - 310, 27.12.2012
https://doi.org/10.5835/jecm.omu.29.04.010

Abstract

References

  • Bagetta, G., Iannone, M., Palma, E., Rodinò, P., Granato, T., Nisticò, G., 1995. Lack of involvement of nitric oxide in the mechanisms of seizures and hippocampal damage produced by kainate and ouabain in rats. Neurodegeneration. 4, 43-49.
  • Bagri, A., Di Scala, G., Sandner, G., 1999. Myoclonic and tonic seizures elicited by microinjection of cholinergic drugs into the inferior col- liculus. Therapie. 54, 589-594.
  • Bernardo, L.S., Prince, D.A., 1982. Cholinergic excitation of mammalian hippocampal pyramidal cells. Brain Res. 249, 315-331.
  • Buisson, A., Lakhmeche, N., Verrecchia, C., Plotkine, M., Boulu, R.G., 1993. Nitric oxide: An endogenous anticonvulsant substance. Neurore- port. 4, 444-446.
  • Bymaster, F. P., Carter, P. A., Yamada, M., Gomeza, J., Wess, J., Hamilton, S. E., Nathanson, N. M., McKinzie, D. L., Felder, C.C., 2003. Role of specific muscarinic receptor subtypes in cholinergic parasympathomimetic responses, in vivo phosphoinositide hydrolysis, and pilocarpine- induced seizure activity. Eur. J. Neurosci. 17, 1403-1410.
  • De Sarro, G., Di Paola, E.D., De Sarro, A., Vidal, M.J., 1991. Role of nitric oxide in the genesis of excitatory amino acid-induced seizures from the deep prepiriform cortex. Fund. Clin. Pharmacol. 5, 503-511.
  • Echlin, F., 1974. Time course of development of supersensitivity to topical ACh in partially isolated cortex. EEG and Clin. Neurophysiol. 18, 225-233.
  • Eşkazan, E., Aker, R., Onat, F., Köseoğlu, S., Gören, M.Z., Hasanoğlu, A., 1999. Effect of pirenzepine, a muscarinic M1 receptor antagonist, on amygdala kindling in rat. Epilepsy Res. 37, 133-140.
  • Fisher, R.S., 1989. Animal models of the epilepsies. Brain Res. Rev. 14, 245-278.
  • Furchgott, R.F., Zawadzki, J.V., 1980. Obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Nature. 288, 373-376.
  • Grondahl, T.O. and Langmoen, I.A., 1993. Epileptogenic effect of antibiotic drugs. J. Neurosurg. 78, 938-943.
  • Gupta, R.C., Dettbarn, W.D., 2003. Prevention of kainic acid seizures-induced changes in levels of nitric oxide and high-energy phosphates by 7-nitroindazole in rat brain regions. Brain Res. 981,184-192.
  • Gutnick, M.J., Van Duijn, H., Citri, N., 1976. Relative convulsant potencies of structural analogues of penicillin. Brain Res. 114, 139-143.
  • Hamilton, S.E., Loose, M.D., Qi, M., Levey, A.I., Hille, B., McKnight, G.S., Idzerda, R.L., Nathanson, N.M., 1997. Disruption of the M1 recep- tor gene ablates muscarinic receptor-dependent M current regulation and seizure activity in mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 94, 13311- 13316.
  • Hrnčić, D., Rašić-Marković, A., Krstić, D., Macut, D., Djuric, D., Stanojlović, O., 2010. The role of nitric oxide in homocysteine thiolactone- induced seizures in adult rats. Cell Mol. Neurobiol. 30, 219-231.
  • Ignarro, L.J., Buga, G.M., Wood, K.S., Byrns, R.E., Chaudhuri, G., 1987. Endothelium derived relaxing factor produced and released from artery and vein is nitric oxide. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84, 9265-9269
  • Kaputlu, I., Uzbay, T., 1997. L-NAME inhibits pentylenetetrazole and strychnine-induced seizures in mice. Brain Res. 753, 98-101.
  • Kato, N., Sato, S., Yokoyama, H., Kayama, T., Yoshimura, T., 2005. Sequential changes of nitric oxide levels in the temporal lobes of kainic acid-treated mice following application of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors and phenobarbital. Epilepsy Res. 65, 81-91.
  • Krnjevic, K., Pumain, B., Renaud L., 1971. The mechanism of excitation by ACh in the cerebral cortex. J. Physiol. 215, 247-268.
  • Krnjevic, K., 2004. Synaptic mechanisms modulated by acetylcholine in cerebral cortex. Prog. Brain Res. 145, 81-93.
  • Liles, W.C., Taylor, S., Finnel, R., Lai, H., Nathanson, N.M. 1986. Decreased muscarinic acetylcholine receptor number in the central nervous system of the tottering Mouse. J. Neurochem. 46, 977-982.
  • Lösher, W., Schmidt, D., 1994. Strategies in antiepileptic drug development: Is rational drug design superior to random screening and structural variation? Epilepsy Res. 17, 95-134.
  • MacNamara, J.O., 1978. Muscarinic cholinergic receptors participate in the kindling model of epilepsy. Brain Res. 154,415-420
  • Maggio, R., Fumagalli, F., Donati, E., Barbier, P., Racagni, G., Corsini, G.U., Riva, M., 1995. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase dramatically potentiates seizures induced by kainic acid and pilocarpine in rats. Brain Res. 679, 184-187.
  • Marangoz, A.H., 2010. Deneysel epilepside kolinerjik ve nitrerjik maddelerin etkileşimi. Doktora Tezi, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Samsun
  • Marangoz, A.H., Yıldırım, M., Ayyıldız, M., Marangoz, C., 2012. The interactions of nitric oxide and acetylcholine on penicilin-induced epilepsy in rats. Neurochem. Res. 37, 1465-1474.
  • Marangoz, C., 1997. Deneysel epilepsi modelleri. O.M.Ü. Tıp Dergisi. 14, 147-186.
  • Marangoz, C., 1996. Nitrik oksit ve deneysel epilepsi. O.M.Ü. Tıp Dergisi. 13, 165-183.
  • Marangoz, C., Ayyıldız, M., Ağar, E., 1994. Evidence that sodium nitroprusside possesses anticonvulsant effects mediated through nitric oxide. Neuroreport. 5, 2454-2456.
  • Marangoz, C., Bagirici, F., 2001. Effects of L-arginine on penicillin-induced epileptiform activity in rats. Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 86, 297-301.
  • Martin, E.D., Cena, V., Pozo, M.A., 2005. Cholinergic modulation of status epilepticus in the rat barrel field region of primary somatosensory cortex. Exp. Neurol. 196, 120-125
  • McCormick, D.A., Prince, D.A., 1985. Two types of muscarinic response to acetylcholine in mammalian cortical neurons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82, 6344-6348.
  • McKinney, M., Coyle, J.T., 1991. The Potential for muscarinic receptor subtype-specific pharmacoterapy for Alzheimer’s disease. Mayo Clin. Proc. 66,1225-1237.
  • Minvielle, J., Cadilhac, J., Passouant, P., 1953. The effect of atropine in epileptics. Rev. Neurol. (Paris) 89, 430-433.
  • Mollace, V., Bagetta, G., Nistico, G., 1991. Evidence that L-arginine possesses proconvulsant effects mediated through nitric oxide. Neurore- port. 2, 269-272.
  • Mülsch, A., Busse, R., Mordvintcev, P.I., Vanin, A.F., Nielsen, E.O., Scheel-Krüger, J., Olesen, S.P., 1994. Nitric oxide promotesseizure activity in kainate-treated rats. Neuroreport. 5, 2325-2328.
  • Palmer, R.M., Ferrige, A.G., and Moncada, S., 1987. Nitric oxide release accounts for the biological activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Nature. 327, 524-526.
  • Peterson, S.L., Armstrong, J.J., Walker, M.K., 2000. Focal microinjection of carbacholinto the periaqueductal gray induces seizures in the fore- brain of the rat. Epilepsy Res. 42, 169-181.
  • Potier, S., Psarropoulou, C., 2001. Endogenous acetylcholine facilitates epileptogenesis in immature rat neocortex. Neurosci. Lett. 302, 25-28.
  • Przegalinski, E., Baran, L., Siwanowicz, J., 1994. The role of nitric oxide in the kainate-induced seizures in mice. Neurosci. Lett. 170, 74-76.
  • Rigaud-Monnet, A.S., Heron, A., Seylaz, J., Pinard, E., 1995. Effect of inhibiting NO synthesis on hippocampal extracellular glutamate concen- tration in seizures induced by kainic acid. Brain Res. 673, 297-303.
  • Tan. Ü., Şenyuva, F., Marangoz, C., 1978. Electrocorticographic effects of topically aplied scopolamine. Epilepsia. 19, 223-232.
  • Walker, A.E., Johnson, H.C., 1945. Convulsive factor in commercial penicillin. Arch. Surg. 50, 69-73.
  • Xu, Z., Yong, C., Eisenach, J.C., 1996. Acetylcholine stimulates the release of nitric oxide from rat spinal cord. Anesthesiology. 85, 107-111.
  • Yang, S., Cox, C., 2007. Modulation of inhibitory activity by nitric oxide in the thalamus. J. Nerophysiol. 97, 3386-3395.
  • Yıldırım , M., Marangoz, C, 2006. Anticonvulsant effects of melatonin on penicillin-induced epileptiform activity in rats. Brain Research. 1099, 183-188.
  • Yıldırım , M., Marangoz, A.H., Ayyıldız, M., Ankaralı A., Marangoz., C., 2011. The interactions of nitric oxide and adenosine on penicillin induced epileptiform activity in rats. Acta. Neurobiol. Exp. 71, 208–219.

Penisilinle oluşturulan epilepside kolinerjik ve nitrerjik maddelerin diken amplitüdüne etkisi The effects of cholinergic and nitrergic substances on spike amplitude in penicillin induced epilepsy

Year 2012, Volume: 29 Issue: 4, 304 - 310, 27.12.2012
https://doi.org/10.5835/jecm.omu.29.04.010

Abstract

Literatürde asetilkolinin (ACh) ve nitrik oksitin (NO) epilepsideki yeriyle ilgili çalışmalar vardır. Bununla birlikte herhangi bir epilepsi modelinde muskarinik kolinerjik sistem ile nitrerjik sistem arasındaki etkileşim bilinmemektedir. Sunulan çalışmanın amacı, penisilin modeli deneysel epilepside, nitrerjik sistem ile muskarinik kolinerjik sistemin etkileşimini araştırmaktır. Deneylerde ağırlıkları ortalama 220±35 gram olan 70 tane Wistar cinsi erişkin erkek sıçan kullanıldı. Bu hayvanlar kontrol (200 IU/1µl penisilin), sodyum nitropurisid (SNP) (50 μg/5 μl), Nω-nitro-L-arjinin metil ester (L-NAME) (100 μg/5 μl), ACh (250 µg/5 µl, i.c.), atropin (100 ng i.c.), atropin+SNP (100 ng atropin ve 10 dk sonra 50 μg SNP i.c.), atropin+L-NAME (100 ng atropin sülfat ve 100 μg/5 μl L-NAME i.c.), L-NAME+ACh (100 μg/5 μl L-NAME ve 10 dk sonra 250 µg/5 µl ACh i.c.), ACh+SNP (250 µg/5µl ACh ve 50 μg SNP i.c.) ve Atropin+ACh gruplarına ayrıldı. Çalışmamızın sonuçlarına göre intrakortikal penisilinden (200 IU/1 mikro litre) 2-5 dakika sonra ECoG’de epileptiform aktivite başladı. Asetilkolin ile SNP birlikte verildiğinde, 10. dakikadan itibaren deneylerin sonuna kadar penisilinin oluşturduğu epileptiform aktivite ve diken yükseklikleri, istatistik açıdan çok önemli ölçüde baskılandı. Muskarinik kolinerjik ve nitrerjik sistemlerle ilgili diğer uygulamalar ve diğer maddeler diken yüksekliklerini istatistiksel açıdan önemli sayılabilecek ölçüde etkilememiştir. Sonuç olarak deney şartlarında, asetilkolin tek başına uygulandığında penisilinin oluşturduğu epileptiform aktiviteyi şiddetlendirmekte; fakat bir NO verici olan SNP ile birlikte verilince antikonvülzan etki artmakta ve diken yükseklikleri azalmaktadır. 

References

  • Bagetta, G., Iannone, M., Palma, E., Rodinò, P., Granato, T., Nisticò, G., 1995. Lack of involvement of nitric oxide in the mechanisms of seizures and hippocampal damage produced by kainate and ouabain in rats. Neurodegeneration. 4, 43-49.
  • Bagri, A., Di Scala, G., Sandner, G., 1999. Myoclonic and tonic seizures elicited by microinjection of cholinergic drugs into the inferior col- liculus. Therapie. 54, 589-594.
  • Bernardo, L.S., Prince, D.A., 1982. Cholinergic excitation of mammalian hippocampal pyramidal cells. Brain Res. 249, 315-331.
  • Buisson, A., Lakhmeche, N., Verrecchia, C., Plotkine, M., Boulu, R.G., 1993. Nitric oxide: An endogenous anticonvulsant substance. Neurore- port. 4, 444-446.
  • Bymaster, F. P., Carter, P. A., Yamada, M., Gomeza, J., Wess, J., Hamilton, S. E., Nathanson, N. M., McKinzie, D. L., Felder, C.C., 2003. Role of specific muscarinic receptor subtypes in cholinergic parasympathomimetic responses, in vivo phosphoinositide hydrolysis, and pilocarpine- induced seizure activity. Eur. J. Neurosci. 17, 1403-1410.
  • De Sarro, G., Di Paola, E.D., De Sarro, A., Vidal, M.J., 1991. Role of nitric oxide in the genesis of excitatory amino acid-induced seizures from the deep prepiriform cortex. Fund. Clin. Pharmacol. 5, 503-511.
  • Echlin, F., 1974. Time course of development of supersensitivity to topical ACh in partially isolated cortex. EEG and Clin. Neurophysiol. 18, 225-233.
  • Eşkazan, E., Aker, R., Onat, F., Köseoğlu, S., Gören, M.Z., Hasanoğlu, A., 1999. Effect of pirenzepine, a muscarinic M1 receptor antagonist, on amygdala kindling in rat. Epilepsy Res. 37, 133-140.
  • Fisher, R.S., 1989. Animal models of the epilepsies. Brain Res. Rev. 14, 245-278.
  • Furchgott, R.F., Zawadzki, J.V., 1980. Obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Nature. 288, 373-376.
  • Grondahl, T.O. and Langmoen, I.A., 1993. Epileptogenic effect of antibiotic drugs. J. Neurosurg. 78, 938-943.
  • Gupta, R.C., Dettbarn, W.D., 2003. Prevention of kainic acid seizures-induced changes in levels of nitric oxide and high-energy phosphates by 7-nitroindazole in rat brain regions. Brain Res. 981,184-192.
  • Gutnick, M.J., Van Duijn, H., Citri, N., 1976. Relative convulsant potencies of structural analogues of penicillin. Brain Res. 114, 139-143.
  • Hamilton, S.E., Loose, M.D., Qi, M., Levey, A.I., Hille, B., McKnight, G.S., Idzerda, R.L., Nathanson, N.M., 1997. Disruption of the M1 recep- tor gene ablates muscarinic receptor-dependent M current regulation and seizure activity in mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 94, 13311- 13316.
  • Hrnčić, D., Rašić-Marković, A., Krstić, D., Macut, D., Djuric, D., Stanojlović, O., 2010. The role of nitric oxide in homocysteine thiolactone- induced seizures in adult rats. Cell Mol. Neurobiol. 30, 219-231.
  • Ignarro, L.J., Buga, G.M., Wood, K.S., Byrns, R.E., Chaudhuri, G., 1987. Endothelium derived relaxing factor produced and released from artery and vein is nitric oxide. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84, 9265-9269
  • Kaputlu, I., Uzbay, T., 1997. L-NAME inhibits pentylenetetrazole and strychnine-induced seizures in mice. Brain Res. 753, 98-101.
  • Kato, N., Sato, S., Yokoyama, H., Kayama, T., Yoshimura, T., 2005. Sequential changes of nitric oxide levels in the temporal lobes of kainic acid-treated mice following application of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors and phenobarbital. Epilepsy Res. 65, 81-91.
  • Krnjevic, K., Pumain, B., Renaud L., 1971. The mechanism of excitation by ACh in the cerebral cortex. J. Physiol. 215, 247-268.
  • Krnjevic, K., 2004. Synaptic mechanisms modulated by acetylcholine in cerebral cortex. Prog. Brain Res. 145, 81-93.
  • Liles, W.C., Taylor, S., Finnel, R., Lai, H., Nathanson, N.M. 1986. Decreased muscarinic acetylcholine receptor number in the central nervous system of the tottering Mouse. J. Neurochem. 46, 977-982.
  • Lösher, W., Schmidt, D., 1994. Strategies in antiepileptic drug development: Is rational drug design superior to random screening and structural variation? Epilepsy Res. 17, 95-134.
  • MacNamara, J.O., 1978. Muscarinic cholinergic receptors participate in the kindling model of epilepsy. Brain Res. 154,415-420
  • Maggio, R., Fumagalli, F., Donati, E., Barbier, P., Racagni, G., Corsini, G.U., Riva, M., 1995. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase dramatically potentiates seizures induced by kainic acid and pilocarpine in rats. Brain Res. 679, 184-187.
  • Marangoz, A.H., 2010. Deneysel epilepside kolinerjik ve nitrerjik maddelerin etkileşimi. Doktora Tezi, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Samsun
  • Marangoz, A.H., Yıldırım, M., Ayyıldız, M., Marangoz, C., 2012. The interactions of nitric oxide and acetylcholine on penicilin-induced epilepsy in rats. Neurochem. Res. 37, 1465-1474.
  • Marangoz, C., 1997. Deneysel epilepsi modelleri. O.M.Ü. Tıp Dergisi. 14, 147-186.
  • Marangoz, C., 1996. Nitrik oksit ve deneysel epilepsi. O.M.Ü. Tıp Dergisi. 13, 165-183.
  • Marangoz, C., Ayyıldız, M., Ağar, E., 1994. Evidence that sodium nitroprusside possesses anticonvulsant effects mediated through nitric oxide. Neuroreport. 5, 2454-2456.
  • Marangoz, C., Bagirici, F., 2001. Effects of L-arginine on penicillin-induced epileptiform activity in rats. Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 86, 297-301.
  • Martin, E.D., Cena, V., Pozo, M.A., 2005. Cholinergic modulation of status epilepticus in the rat barrel field region of primary somatosensory cortex. Exp. Neurol. 196, 120-125
  • McCormick, D.A., Prince, D.A., 1985. Two types of muscarinic response to acetylcholine in mammalian cortical neurons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82, 6344-6348.
  • McKinney, M., Coyle, J.T., 1991. The Potential for muscarinic receptor subtype-specific pharmacoterapy for Alzheimer’s disease. Mayo Clin. Proc. 66,1225-1237.
  • Minvielle, J., Cadilhac, J., Passouant, P., 1953. The effect of atropine in epileptics. Rev. Neurol. (Paris) 89, 430-433.
  • Mollace, V., Bagetta, G., Nistico, G., 1991. Evidence that L-arginine possesses proconvulsant effects mediated through nitric oxide. Neurore- port. 2, 269-272.
  • Mülsch, A., Busse, R., Mordvintcev, P.I., Vanin, A.F., Nielsen, E.O., Scheel-Krüger, J., Olesen, S.P., 1994. Nitric oxide promotesseizure activity in kainate-treated rats. Neuroreport. 5, 2325-2328.
  • Palmer, R.M., Ferrige, A.G., and Moncada, S., 1987. Nitric oxide release accounts for the biological activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Nature. 327, 524-526.
  • Peterson, S.L., Armstrong, J.J., Walker, M.K., 2000. Focal microinjection of carbacholinto the periaqueductal gray induces seizures in the fore- brain of the rat. Epilepsy Res. 42, 169-181.
  • Potier, S., Psarropoulou, C., 2001. Endogenous acetylcholine facilitates epileptogenesis in immature rat neocortex. Neurosci. Lett. 302, 25-28.
  • Przegalinski, E., Baran, L., Siwanowicz, J., 1994. The role of nitric oxide in the kainate-induced seizures in mice. Neurosci. Lett. 170, 74-76.
  • Rigaud-Monnet, A.S., Heron, A., Seylaz, J., Pinard, E., 1995. Effect of inhibiting NO synthesis on hippocampal extracellular glutamate concen- tration in seizures induced by kainic acid. Brain Res. 673, 297-303.
  • Tan. Ü., Şenyuva, F., Marangoz, C., 1978. Electrocorticographic effects of topically aplied scopolamine. Epilepsia. 19, 223-232.
  • Walker, A.E., Johnson, H.C., 1945. Convulsive factor in commercial penicillin. Arch. Surg. 50, 69-73.
  • Xu, Z., Yong, C., Eisenach, J.C., 1996. Acetylcholine stimulates the release of nitric oxide from rat spinal cord. Anesthesiology. 85, 107-111.
  • Yang, S., Cox, C., 2007. Modulation of inhibitory activity by nitric oxide in the thalamus. J. Nerophysiol. 97, 3386-3395.
  • Yıldırım , M., Marangoz, C, 2006. Anticonvulsant effects of melatonin on penicillin-induced epileptiform activity in rats. Brain Research. 1099, 183-188.
  • Yıldırım , M., Marangoz, A.H., Ayyıldız, M., Ankaralı A., Marangoz., C., 2011. The interactions of nitric oxide and adenosine on penicillin induced epileptiform activity in rats. Acta. Neurobiol. Exp. 71, 208–219.
There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Basic Medical Sciences
Authors

Mehmet Yıldırım This is me

Abdullah Hilmi Marangoz

Publication Date December 27, 2012
Submission Date July 12, 2012
Published in Issue Year 2012 Volume: 29 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Yıldırım, M., & Marangoz, A. H. (2012). Penisilinle oluşturulan epilepside kolinerjik ve nitrerjik maddelerin diken amplitüdüne etkisi The effects of cholinergic and nitrergic substances on spike amplitude in penicillin induced epilepsy. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 29(4), 304-310. https://doi.org/10.5835/jecm.omu.29.04.010
AMA Yıldırım M, Marangoz AH. Penisilinle oluşturulan epilepside kolinerjik ve nitrerjik maddelerin diken amplitüdüne etkisi The effects of cholinergic and nitrergic substances on spike amplitude in penicillin induced epilepsy. J. Exp. Clin. Med. December 2012;29(4):304-310. doi:10.5835/jecm.omu.29.04.010
Chicago Yıldırım, Mehmet, and Abdullah Hilmi Marangoz. “Penisilinle oluşturulan Epilepside Kolinerjik Ve Nitrerjik Maddelerin Diken amplitüdüne Etkisi The Effects of Cholinergic and Nitrergic Substances on Spike Amplitude in Penicillin Induced Epilepsy”. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine 29, no. 4 (December 2012): 304-10. https://doi.org/10.5835/jecm.omu.29.04.010.
EndNote Yıldırım M, Marangoz AH (December 1, 2012) Penisilinle oluşturulan epilepside kolinerjik ve nitrerjik maddelerin diken amplitüdüne etkisi The effects of cholinergic and nitrergic substances on spike amplitude in penicillin induced epilepsy. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine 29 4 304–310.
IEEE M. Yıldırım and A. H. Marangoz, “Penisilinle oluşturulan epilepside kolinerjik ve nitrerjik maddelerin diken amplitüdüne etkisi The effects of cholinergic and nitrergic substances on spike amplitude in penicillin induced epilepsy”, J. Exp. Clin. Med., vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 304–310, 2012, doi: 10.5835/jecm.omu.29.04.010.
ISNAD Yıldırım, Mehmet - Marangoz, Abdullah Hilmi. “Penisilinle oluşturulan Epilepside Kolinerjik Ve Nitrerjik Maddelerin Diken amplitüdüne Etkisi The Effects of Cholinergic and Nitrergic Substances on Spike Amplitude in Penicillin Induced Epilepsy”. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine 29/4 (December 2012), 304-310. https://doi.org/10.5835/jecm.omu.29.04.010.
JAMA Yıldırım M, Marangoz AH. Penisilinle oluşturulan epilepside kolinerjik ve nitrerjik maddelerin diken amplitüdüne etkisi The effects of cholinergic and nitrergic substances on spike amplitude in penicillin induced epilepsy. J. Exp. Clin. Med. 2012;29:304–310.
MLA Yıldırım, Mehmet and Abdullah Hilmi Marangoz. “Penisilinle oluşturulan Epilepside Kolinerjik Ve Nitrerjik Maddelerin Diken amplitüdüne Etkisi The Effects of Cholinergic and Nitrergic Substances on Spike Amplitude in Penicillin Induced Epilepsy”. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, vol. 29, no. 4, 2012, pp. 304-10, doi:10.5835/jecm.omu.29.04.010.
Vancouver Yıldırım M, Marangoz AH. Penisilinle oluşturulan epilepside kolinerjik ve nitrerjik maddelerin diken amplitüdüne etkisi The effects of cholinergic and nitrergic substances on spike amplitude in penicillin induced epilepsy. J. Exp. Clin. Med. 2012;29(4):304-10.