Research Article
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Association of gamma-glutamyl transpherase activity with electrocardiographic indicators in coronary artery disease patients

Year 2017, Volume: 34 Issue: 4, 235 - 240, 10.10.2019

Abstract






























Gamma-glutamyl transpherase (GGT) plays an important role in atherogenesis
through its activity in oxidative processes, which has been demonstrated in clinical
studies.
The connection between serum GGT activity and noninvasive
arrhythmia indicators in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) is investigated
in the present study.
We examined patients (n = 254, 174 males, mean age 62 ± 8) diagnosed with coronary
artery disease on the basis of clinical and angiographic findings. All patient
data were assessed, including serum GGT activity, biochemical measurements, and
demographic and electrocardiographic features.
A
positive correlation was found between GGT levels and P-wave dispersion (r = 0.299,
p < 0.0001); however, there was a negative correlation between GGT and
ejection fraction (r = 0.216, p < 0.001). On the other hand, no correlation
was found between GGT and the following: Sokolow-Lyon voltage, Cornell voltage,
Cornell product, corrected QT, and QT dispersion (p values are 0.728, 0.892,
0.551, 0.069, and 0.146, respectively). When the patients were grouped according
to gender, a significant association of GGT with P-wave dispersion and ejection
fraction was observed in both of the groups. Nonetheless, a significant
correlation between GGT and QTc was only found in the female group. In this study, we found that increased GGT activity was correlated with P-wave
dispersion. These results indicate that there might be an increased risk of
arrhythmias especially the atrial fibrillation in this patient population.






References

  • Alonso, A., Misialek, J.R., Amiin, M.A., Hoogeveen, R.C., Chen, L.Y., Agarwal, S.K., Loehr, L.R., Soliman, E.Z., Selvin, E., 2014. Circulating levels of liver enzymes and incidence of atrial fibrillation: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities cohort. Heart. 100(19), 1511-1516.
  • Aviles, R.J., Martin, D.O., Apperson-Hansen, C., Houghtaling, P.L., Rautaharju, P., Kronmal, R.A., Tracy, R.P., Van Wagoner D.R., Psaty, B.M., Lauer M.S., Chung, M. K., 2003. Inflammation as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 108(24), 3006-3010.
  • Bradley, R.D., Fitzpatrick, A.L., Jacobs, D.R., Lee, D.H., Jenny, N.S., Herrington, D., 2014. Associations between γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and biomarkers of atherosclerosis: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA). Atherosclerosis. 233(2), 387-393.
  • Cameron, A., Schwartz, M.J., Kronmal, R.A., Kosinski, A.S., 1988. Prevalence and significance of atrial fibrillation in coronary artery disease (CASS Registry). The Am. J. Cardiol. 61(10), 714-717.
  • Cheitlin, M.D., Alpert J.S., Armstrong, W.F., Aurigemma, G.P., Beller G.A., Bierman, F.Z., Davidson, T.W., Davis, J.L., Douglas, P.S., Gillam, L.D., 1997. ACC/AHA guidelines for the clinical application of echocardiography: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Clinical Application of Echocardiography). Circulation. 95:1686-1744.
  • Chung, M.K., Martin, D.O., Sprecher, D., Wazni, O., Kanderian, A., Carnes, C.A., Bauer J.A., Tchou P.J., Niebauer M.J., Natale A., Van Wagoner D.R., 2001. C-reactive protein elevation in patients with atrial arrhythmias inflammatory mechanisms and persistence of atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 104(24), 2886-2891.
  • Dilaveris, P.E., Gialafos, E.J., Andrikopoulos, G.K., Richter, D.J., Papanikolaou, V., Poralis, K., Gialafos, J.E., 2000. Clinical and electrocardiographic predictors of recurrent atrial fibrillation. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol. 23(3), 352-358.
  • Emdin, M., Passino, C., Michelassi, C., Titta, F., L'abbate, A., Donato, L., Pompella A., Paolicchi, A., 2001. Prognostic value of serum gamma-glutamyl transferase activity after myocardial infarction. Eur. Heart J. 22(19), 1802-1807.
  • Emdin, M., Pompella, A., Paolicchi, A. 2005. Gamma-glutamyltransferase, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease triggering oxidative stress within the plaque. Circulation. 112(14), 2078-2080.
  • Haddad, A.H., Prchkov, V.K., Dean, D.C., 1978. Chronic atrial fibrillation and coronary artery disease. J. Electrocardiol. 11(1), 67-69.
  • Kannel, W.B., Abbott, R.D., Savage, D.D., McNamara, P.M., 1982. Epidemiologic features of chronic atrial fibrillation: the Framingham study. N. Engl. J. Med. 306(17), 1018-1022.
  • Karlson, B.W., Wiklund, O., Hallgren, P., Sjölin, M., Lindqvist, J., Herlitz, J., 2000. Ten‐year mortality amongst patients with a very small or unconfirmed acute myocardial infarction in relation to clinical history, metabolic screening and signs of myocardial ischaemia. J. Intern. Med. 247(4), 449-456.
  • Krahn, A.D., Manfreda, J., Tate, R.B., Mathewson, F.A., Cuddy, T.E.,1995. The natural history of atrial fibrillation: incidence, risk factors, and prognosis in the Manitoba Follow-Up Study. Am. J. Med. 98(5), 476-484.
  • Kunutsor, S.K., Apekey, T.A., Khan, H., 2014. Liver enzymes and risk of cardiovascular disease in the general population: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Atherosclerosis. 236(1), 7-17.
  • Kunutsor, S.K., Bakker, S.J., Kootstra-Ros, J.E., Gansevoort, R.T., Dullaart, R.P., 2015. Circulating gamma glutamyltransferase and prediction of cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis. 238(2), 356-364.
  • Lee, D.H., Blomhoff, R., Jacobs, D.R., 2004. Review is serum gamma glutamyltransferase a marker of oxidative stress? Free Radical Res. 38(6), 535-539.
  • Lee, D.H., Silventoinen, K., Hu, G., Jacobs, D.R., Jousilahti, P., Sundvall, J., Tuomilehto, J., 2006. Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase predicts non-fatal myocardial infarction and fatal coronary heart disease among 28 838 middle-aged men and women. Eur. Heart J. 27(18), 2170-2176.
  • Lee, D.S., Evans, J.C., Robins, S.J., Wilson, P.W., Albano, I., Fox, C.S., Wang, T.J., Benjamin, E.J., D'Agostino, R.B., Vasan, R.S., 2007. Gamma glutamyl transferase and metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and mortality risk the framingham heart study. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 27(1), 127-133.
  • Lee, D.H., Buijsse, B., Steffen, L., Holtzman, J., Luepker, R., Jacobs, D.R., 2009. Association between serum gamma-glutamyl transferase and cardiovascular mortality varies by age: the Minnesota Heart Survey. Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. 16(1), 16-20.
  • Lip, G.Y.H., Beevers, D.G., 1995. ABC of atrial fibrillation. History, epidemiology, and importance of atrial fibrillation. History, epidemiology and importance of atrial fibrillation. Br. Med. J. 311, 1361-3.
  • Lokshyn, S., Mewis, C., Kuhlkamp, V., 2000. Atrial fibrillation in coronary artery disease. Int. J. Cardiol. 72(2), 133-136.
  • Meisinger, C., Döring, A., Schneider, A., Löwel, H., KORA Study Group., 2006. Serum γ-glutamyltransferase is a predictor of incident coronary events in apparently healthy men from the general population. Atherosclerosis. 189(2), 297-302.
  • Molloy, T.J., Okin, P.M., Devereux, R.B., Kligfield, P., 1992. Electrocardiographic detection of left ventricular hypertrophy by the simple QRS voltage-duration product. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 20(5), 1180-1186.
  • Neuman, R.B., Bloom, H.L., Shukrullah, I., Darrow, L.A., Kleinbaum, D., Jones, D.P., Dudley, S.C., 2007. Oxidative stress markers are associated with persistent atrial fibrillation. Clinic. Chem. 53(9), 1652-1657.
  • Ozaydin M., 2010. Atrial fibrillation and inflammation. World J. Cardiol. 2(8), 243-250.
  • Paolicchi, A., Emdin, M., Ghliozeni, E., Ciancia, E., Passino, C., Popoff, G., Pompella, A., 2004. Human atherosclerotic plaques contain gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase enzyme activity. Circulation. 109(11), 1440-1440.
  • Patterson, C.C., Blankenberg, S., Ben-Shlomo, Y., Heslop, L., Bayer, A., Lowe, G., Zeller, T., Gallacher, J., Young I., Yarnell, J., 2015. Which biomarkers are predictive specifically for cardiovascular or for non-cardiovascular mortality in men? Evidence from the Caerphilly Prospective Study (CaPS). Int. J. Cardiol. 201, 113-118.
  • Persijn, J.P., Van der Slik, W., 1976. A new method for the determination of γ-glutamyl transferase in serum. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 14(1-12), 421-428.
  • Perzanowski, C., Ho, A.T., Jacobson, A.K., 2005. Increased P-wave dispersion predicts recurrent atrial fibrillation after cardioversion. J. Electrocardiol. 38(1), 43-46.
  • Ruttmann, E., Brant, L.J., Concin, H., Diem, G., Rapp, K., Ulmer, H., 2005. γ-Glutamyl transferase as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease mortality an epidemiological investigation in a cohort of 163 944 Austrian adults. Circulation. 112(14), 2130-2137.
  • Sokolow, M., Lyon, T.P., 1949. The ventricular complex in left ventricular hypertrophy as obtained by unipolar precordial and limb leads. Am. Heart J. 37(2), 161-186.
  • Tekin, G., Tekin, Y.K., Senarslan, D.A., Gocmen, A.Y., Senarslan, O., Erbay, A.R., 2013. Serum γ-glutamyltransferase activity in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Angiology. 64(2), 157-160.
  • The CSE Working Party, 1985. Recommendations for measurement standards in quantitative electrocardiography. Eur. Heart. J. 6, 815-825.
  • Tukek, T., Akkaya, V., Atilgan, D., Demirel, Ş., Özcan, M., Guven, Ö., Korkut, F., 2001. Effect of left atrial size and function on P‐wave dispersion: A study in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Clin. Cardiol. 24(10), 676-680.
  • Ulus, T., Yildirir, A., Demirtas, S., Demir, O., Sade, L.E., Bozbas, H., Gürsoy, Y., Bilgi, M., Küçük, M.A., Müderrisoğlu, H., 2007. Serum gamma-glutamyl transferase activity: a new marker for stent restenosis? Atherosclerosis. 195(2), 348-353.
  • Van Den Berg, M.P., Tuinenburg, A.E., Crijns, H.J., Van Gelder, I.C., Gosselink, A.T., Lie, K.I., 1997. Heart failure and atrial fibrillation: current concepts and controversies. Heart. 77(4), 309-313.
  • Van Wagoner, D.R., 2008. Oxidative stress and inflammation in atrial fibrillation: role in pathogenesis and potential as a therapeutic target. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 52(4), 306-313.
  • Wannamethee, S.G., Lennon, L., Shaper, A.G., 2008. The value of gamma-glutamyltransferase in cardiovascular risk prediction in men without diagnosed cardiovascular disease or diabetes. Atherosclerosis,. 201(1), 168-175.
  • Watanabe, T., Takeishi, Y., Hirono, O., Itoh, M., Matsui, M., Nakamura, K., Tamada, Y., Kubota, I. 2005. C-reactive protein elevation predicts the occurrence of atrial structural remodeling in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Heart and vessels. 20(2), 45-49.
  • Whitfield, J.B., 2001. Gamma glutamyl transferase. Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab Sci. 38,263-355.
Year 2017, Volume: 34 Issue: 4, 235 - 240, 10.10.2019

Abstract

References

  • Alonso, A., Misialek, J.R., Amiin, M.A., Hoogeveen, R.C., Chen, L.Y., Agarwal, S.K., Loehr, L.R., Soliman, E.Z., Selvin, E., 2014. Circulating levels of liver enzymes and incidence of atrial fibrillation: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities cohort. Heart. 100(19), 1511-1516.
  • Aviles, R.J., Martin, D.O., Apperson-Hansen, C., Houghtaling, P.L., Rautaharju, P., Kronmal, R.A., Tracy, R.P., Van Wagoner D.R., Psaty, B.M., Lauer M.S., Chung, M. K., 2003. Inflammation as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 108(24), 3006-3010.
  • Bradley, R.D., Fitzpatrick, A.L., Jacobs, D.R., Lee, D.H., Jenny, N.S., Herrington, D., 2014. Associations between γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and biomarkers of atherosclerosis: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA). Atherosclerosis. 233(2), 387-393.
  • Cameron, A., Schwartz, M.J., Kronmal, R.A., Kosinski, A.S., 1988. Prevalence and significance of atrial fibrillation in coronary artery disease (CASS Registry). The Am. J. Cardiol. 61(10), 714-717.
  • Cheitlin, M.D., Alpert J.S., Armstrong, W.F., Aurigemma, G.P., Beller G.A., Bierman, F.Z., Davidson, T.W., Davis, J.L., Douglas, P.S., Gillam, L.D., 1997. ACC/AHA guidelines for the clinical application of echocardiography: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Clinical Application of Echocardiography). Circulation. 95:1686-1744.
  • Chung, M.K., Martin, D.O., Sprecher, D., Wazni, O., Kanderian, A., Carnes, C.A., Bauer J.A., Tchou P.J., Niebauer M.J., Natale A., Van Wagoner D.R., 2001. C-reactive protein elevation in patients with atrial arrhythmias inflammatory mechanisms and persistence of atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 104(24), 2886-2891.
  • Dilaveris, P.E., Gialafos, E.J., Andrikopoulos, G.K., Richter, D.J., Papanikolaou, V., Poralis, K., Gialafos, J.E., 2000. Clinical and electrocardiographic predictors of recurrent atrial fibrillation. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol. 23(3), 352-358.
  • Emdin, M., Passino, C., Michelassi, C., Titta, F., L'abbate, A., Donato, L., Pompella A., Paolicchi, A., 2001. Prognostic value of serum gamma-glutamyl transferase activity after myocardial infarction. Eur. Heart J. 22(19), 1802-1807.
  • Emdin, M., Pompella, A., Paolicchi, A. 2005. Gamma-glutamyltransferase, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease triggering oxidative stress within the plaque. Circulation. 112(14), 2078-2080.
  • Haddad, A.H., Prchkov, V.K., Dean, D.C., 1978. Chronic atrial fibrillation and coronary artery disease. J. Electrocardiol. 11(1), 67-69.
  • Kannel, W.B., Abbott, R.D., Savage, D.D., McNamara, P.M., 1982. Epidemiologic features of chronic atrial fibrillation: the Framingham study. N. Engl. J. Med. 306(17), 1018-1022.
  • Karlson, B.W., Wiklund, O., Hallgren, P., Sjölin, M., Lindqvist, J., Herlitz, J., 2000. Ten‐year mortality amongst patients with a very small or unconfirmed acute myocardial infarction in relation to clinical history, metabolic screening and signs of myocardial ischaemia. J. Intern. Med. 247(4), 449-456.
  • Krahn, A.D., Manfreda, J., Tate, R.B., Mathewson, F.A., Cuddy, T.E.,1995. The natural history of atrial fibrillation: incidence, risk factors, and prognosis in the Manitoba Follow-Up Study. Am. J. Med. 98(5), 476-484.
  • Kunutsor, S.K., Apekey, T.A., Khan, H., 2014. Liver enzymes and risk of cardiovascular disease in the general population: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Atherosclerosis. 236(1), 7-17.
  • Kunutsor, S.K., Bakker, S.J., Kootstra-Ros, J.E., Gansevoort, R.T., Dullaart, R.P., 2015. Circulating gamma glutamyltransferase and prediction of cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis. 238(2), 356-364.
  • Lee, D.H., Blomhoff, R., Jacobs, D.R., 2004. Review is serum gamma glutamyltransferase a marker of oxidative stress? Free Radical Res. 38(6), 535-539.
  • Lee, D.H., Silventoinen, K., Hu, G., Jacobs, D.R., Jousilahti, P., Sundvall, J., Tuomilehto, J., 2006. Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase predicts non-fatal myocardial infarction and fatal coronary heart disease among 28 838 middle-aged men and women. Eur. Heart J. 27(18), 2170-2176.
  • Lee, D.S., Evans, J.C., Robins, S.J., Wilson, P.W., Albano, I., Fox, C.S., Wang, T.J., Benjamin, E.J., D'Agostino, R.B., Vasan, R.S., 2007. Gamma glutamyl transferase and metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and mortality risk the framingham heart study. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 27(1), 127-133.
  • Lee, D.H., Buijsse, B., Steffen, L., Holtzman, J., Luepker, R., Jacobs, D.R., 2009. Association between serum gamma-glutamyl transferase and cardiovascular mortality varies by age: the Minnesota Heart Survey. Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. 16(1), 16-20.
  • Lip, G.Y.H., Beevers, D.G., 1995. ABC of atrial fibrillation. History, epidemiology, and importance of atrial fibrillation. History, epidemiology and importance of atrial fibrillation. Br. Med. J. 311, 1361-3.
  • Lokshyn, S., Mewis, C., Kuhlkamp, V., 2000. Atrial fibrillation in coronary artery disease. Int. J. Cardiol. 72(2), 133-136.
  • Meisinger, C., Döring, A., Schneider, A., Löwel, H., KORA Study Group., 2006. Serum γ-glutamyltransferase is a predictor of incident coronary events in apparently healthy men from the general population. Atherosclerosis. 189(2), 297-302.
  • Molloy, T.J., Okin, P.M., Devereux, R.B., Kligfield, P., 1992. Electrocardiographic detection of left ventricular hypertrophy by the simple QRS voltage-duration product. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 20(5), 1180-1186.
  • Neuman, R.B., Bloom, H.L., Shukrullah, I., Darrow, L.A., Kleinbaum, D., Jones, D.P., Dudley, S.C., 2007. Oxidative stress markers are associated with persistent atrial fibrillation. Clinic. Chem. 53(9), 1652-1657.
  • Ozaydin M., 2010. Atrial fibrillation and inflammation. World J. Cardiol. 2(8), 243-250.
  • Paolicchi, A., Emdin, M., Ghliozeni, E., Ciancia, E., Passino, C., Popoff, G., Pompella, A., 2004. Human atherosclerotic plaques contain gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase enzyme activity. Circulation. 109(11), 1440-1440.
  • Patterson, C.C., Blankenberg, S., Ben-Shlomo, Y., Heslop, L., Bayer, A., Lowe, G., Zeller, T., Gallacher, J., Young I., Yarnell, J., 2015. Which biomarkers are predictive specifically for cardiovascular or for non-cardiovascular mortality in men? Evidence from the Caerphilly Prospective Study (CaPS). Int. J. Cardiol. 201, 113-118.
  • Persijn, J.P., Van der Slik, W., 1976. A new method for the determination of γ-glutamyl transferase in serum. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 14(1-12), 421-428.
  • Perzanowski, C., Ho, A.T., Jacobson, A.K., 2005. Increased P-wave dispersion predicts recurrent atrial fibrillation after cardioversion. J. Electrocardiol. 38(1), 43-46.
  • Ruttmann, E., Brant, L.J., Concin, H., Diem, G., Rapp, K., Ulmer, H., 2005. γ-Glutamyl transferase as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease mortality an epidemiological investigation in a cohort of 163 944 Austrian adults. Circulation. 112(14), 2130-2137.
  • Sokolow, M., Lyon, T.P., 1949. The ventricular complex in left ventricular hypertrophy as obtained by unipolar precordial and limb leads. Am. Heart J. 37(2), 161-186.
  • Tekin, G., Tekin, Y.K., Senarslan, D.A., Gocmen, A.Y., Senarslan, O., Erbay, A.R., 2013. Serum γ-glutamyltransferase activity in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Angiology. 64(2), 157-160.
  • The CSE Working Party, 1985. Recommendations for measurement standards in quantitative electrocardiography. Eur. Heart. J. 6, 815-825.
  • Tukek, T., Akkaya, V., Atilgan, D., Demirel, Ş., Özcan, M., Guven, Ö., Korkut, F., 2001. Effect of left atrial size and function on P‐wave dispersion: A study in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Clin. Cardiol. 24(10), 676-680.
  • Ulus, T., Yildirir, A., Demirtas, S., Demir, O., Sade, L.E., Bozbas, H., Gürsoy, Y., Bilgi, M., Küçük, M.A., Müderrisoğlu, H., 2007. Serum gamma-glutamyl transferase activity: a new marker for stent restenosis? Atherosclerosis. 195(2), 348-353.
  • Van Den Berg, M.P., Tuinenburg, A.E., Crijns, H.J., Van Gelder, I.C., Gosselink, A.T., Lie, K.I., 1997. Heart failure and atrial fibrillation: current concepts and controversies. Heart. 77(4), 309-313.
  • Van Wagoner, D.R., 2008. Oxidative stress and inflammation in atrial fibrillation: role in pathogenesis and potential as a therapeutic target. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 52(4), 306-313.
  • Wannamethee, S.G., Lennon, L., Shaper, A.G., 2008. The value of gamma-glutamyltransferase in cardiovascular risk prediction in men without diagnosed cardiovascular disease or diabetes. Atherosclerosis,. 201(1), 168-175.
  • Watanabe, T., Takeishi, Y., Hirono, O., Itoh, M., Matsui, M., Nakamura, K., Tamada, Y., Kubota, I. 2005. C-reactive protein elevation predicts the occurrence of atrial structural remodeling in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Heart and vessels. 20(2), 45-49.
  • Whitfield, J.B., 2001. Gamma glutamyl transferase. Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab Sci. 38,263-355.
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Clinical Research
Authors

Murat Meric

Metin Çoksevim This is me

Sabri Demircan This is me

Korhan Soylu This is me

Serkan Yuksel

Publication Date October 10, 2019
Submission Date November 7, 2016
Acceptance Date November 27, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 34 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Meric, M., Çoksevim, M., Demircan, S., Soylu, K., et al. (2019). Association of gamma-glutamyl transpherase activity with electrocardiographic indicators in coronary artery disease patients. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 34(4), 235-240.
AMA Meric M, Çoksevim M, Demircan S, Soylu K, Yuksel S. Association of gamma-glutamyl transpherase activity with electrocardiographic indicators in coronary artery disease patients. J. Exp. Clin. Med. October 2019;34(4):235-240.
Chicago Meric, Murat, Metin Çoksevim, Sabri Demircan, Korhan Soylu, and Serkan Yuksel. “Association of Gamma-Glutamyl Transpherase Activity With Electrocardiographic Indicators in Coronary Artery Disease Patients”. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine 34, no. 4 (October 2019): 235-40.
EndNote Meric M, Çoksevim M, Demircan S, Soylu K, Yuksel S (October 1, 2019) Association of gamma-glutamyl transpherase activity with electrocardiographic indicators in coronary artery disease patients. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine 34 4 235–240.
IEEE M. Meric, M. Çoksevim, S. Demircan, K. Soylu, and S. Yuksel, “Association of gamma-glutamyl transpherase activity with electrocardiographic indicators in coronary artery disease patients”, J. Exp. Clin. Med., vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 235–240, 2019.
ISNAD Meric, Murat et al. “Association of Gamma-Glutamyl Transpherase Activity With Electrocardiographic Indicators in Coronary Artery Disease Patients”. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine 34/4 (October 2019), 235-240.
JAMA Meric M, Çoksevim M, Demircan S, Soylu K, Yuksel S. Association of gamma-glutamyl transpherase activity with electrocardiographic indicators in coronary artery disease patients. J. Exp. Clin. Med. 2019;34:235–240.
MLA Meric, Murat et al. “Association of Gamma-Glutamyl Transpherase Activity With Electrocardiographic Indicators in Coronary Artery Disease Patients”. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, vol. 34, no. 4, 2019, pp. 235-40.
Vancouver Meric M, Çoksevim M, Demircan S, Soylu K, Yuksel S. Association of gamma-glutamyl transpherase activity with electrocardiographic indicators in coronary artery disease patients. J. Exp. Clin. Med. 2019;34(4):235-40.