Association of angiotensin-converting enzyme and nitric oxide synthase genes polymorphisms with the risk of myocardial infarction in Bangladesh

Year 2020, Volume: 37 Issue: 4, 127 - 134, 11.09.2020

Md. Bayejid Hosen Md. Mehedi Hasan Delowar Hossain Md. Mostafijur Rahman Jyosna Khanam Aklima Akter Yearul Kabir M Zakir Hossain Howlader

Abstract

Myocardial infarction is one of the leading manifestations of illness and death worldwide. The aim of the study was to find out the associations of ACE (I/D) and NOS3 (G894T & 4b/a) genes polymorphisms with the occurrence of myocardial infarction (MI) in Bangladeshi population. The study was conducted on 100 cardiac patients experiencing MI and 150 healthy volunteers with no complications. The genotyping was done using PCR and PCR-RFLP methods and the biochemical parameters were measured using auto biochemistry analyzer. Over all, the serum Troponin I, AST and ALP levels were significantly (p<0.01, and 0.001, respectively) higher and the albumin level was significantly (p<0.001) lower among the patients. The percentage of DD genotypes of ACE gene was significantly (p <0.05) higher in patients. The individual with DD allele was at 3.28-fold increased risk (OR = 3.28; 95 % CI = 1.6 to 6.7; p < 0.01) of experiencing MI while individual with ID genotype was at lower risk. In addition, the cigarette smokers with DD genotypes were found to have a 4.1-fold increased risk to develop cardiac disease (OR= 4.1; 95 % CI=1.5 to 11.2; p < 0.01). The frequencies of NOS3 (G894T & 4a/b) genotypes in the patients and controls were almost similar. There were no significant differences among the biochemical parameters for different genotypes. Thus our recent study suggested that the ACE (I/D) gene may have strong associations with the occurrence of MI and DD genotype would be considered as a risk factor.

Keywords

ACE (insertion/deletion), Bangladesh, Myocardial infarction, PCR_RFLP, Polymorphism

References

• Abdelhedi, R., Kharrat, N., Bouayed, N.A., Abid, L., Abdelmouleh, W., Sahnoun, I.T., AlFadhli, S., Laroussi, L. and Rebai, A. 2013. Lack of association of NOS3 and ACE gene polymorphisms with coronary artery disease in Southern Tunisia. Biochemical genetics, 51, 92-100.
• Abolhalaj M, Amoli MM, Amiri, P. 2013. eNOS Gene Variant in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. Journal of Biomarkers, 2013, 1-6.
• Basol, N., Celik, A., Karakus, N., Ozsoy, S.D. and Yigit, S. 2014. The evaluation of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene I/D and IL-4 gene intron 3 VNTR polymorphisms in coronary artery disease. In Vivo, 28, 983-987.
• Bhavani, B.A., Padma, T., Sastry, B.K.S. and Reddy, N.K. 2004. Gender specific association of insertion/deletion polymorphism of the human angiotensin converting enzyme gene with essential hypertension. International Journal of Human Genetics, 4, 207-213.
• Cambien, F., Poirier, O., Lecerf, L., Evans, A., Cambou, J.-P., Arveiler, D., Luc, G., Bard, J.-M., Bara, L. and Ricard, S. 1992. Deletion polymorphism in the gene for angiotensin-converting enzyme is a potent risk factor for myocardial infarction. Nature, 359, 641.
• Choi, H., Kang, J.Y., Yoon, H.S., Han, S.S., Whang, C.S., Moon, I.G., Shin, H.-H. and Park, J.B. 2004. Association of angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensinogen gene polymorphisms with preeclampsia. Journal of Korean medical science, 19, 253-257.
• Cicoira, M., Zanolla, L., Rossi, A., Golia, G., Franceschini, L., Cabrini, G., Bonizzato, A., Graziani, M., Anker, S.D. and Coats, A.J.S. 2001. Failure of aldosterone suppression despite angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor administration in chronic heart failure is associated with ACE DD genotype. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 37, 1808-1812.
• Cine, N., Hatemi, A.C. and Erginel‐Unaltuna, N. 2002. Association of a polymorphism of the ecNOS gene with myocardial infarction in a subgroup of Turkish MI patients. Clinical genetics, 61, 66-70.
• Colomba, D., Duro, G., Corrao, S., Argano, C., Di Chiara, T., Nuzzo, D., Pizzo, F., Parrinello, G., Scaglione, R. and Licata, G. 2008. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms and cardiovascular damage in hypertensive subjects: an Italian case-control study. Immunity & Ageing, 5, 4.
• Colombo, M.G., Paradossi, U., Andreassi, M.G., Botto, N., Manfredi, S., Masetti, S., Biagini, A. and Clerico, A. 2003. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms and risk of coronary artery disease. Clinical chemistry, 49, 389-395.
• Dalal AB, Tewari D, Tewari S, Sharma MK, Pradhan M, Gupta UR, Sinha N, Agarwal, S. 2006. Association of coronary artery disease with polymorphisms of angiotensin-converting enzyme and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene. Indian Heart J, 58, 330-5.
• Dzau, V. J. 1994. Cell biology and genetics of angiotensin in cardiovascular disease. Journal of hypertension. Supplement: Official Journal of the International Society of Hypertension, 12, S3-10.
• Firouzabadi, N., Tajik, N., Bahramali, E., Bakhshandeh, H., Ebrahimi, S.A., Maadani, M., Rasoulian, M., Mobasheri, T. and Shafiei, M. 2012. Association of angiotensin-converting enzyme polymorphism with coronary artery disease in Iranian patients with unipolar depression. Clinical biochemistry, 45, 1347-1352.
• Gao, M., Cheng, Y., Zheng, Y., Zhang, W., Wang, L. et al. 2017. Association of serum transaminases with short- and long-term outcomes in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 17:43
• Gouvinhas, C., Severo, M., Azevedo, A., Lunet, N. 2013. Worldwide patterns of ischemic heart disease mortality from 1980 to 2010. Int J Cardiol, 170, 309–314.
• Granath, B., Taylor, R.R., van Bockxmeer, F.M. and Mamotte, C.D.S. 2001. Lack of evidence for association between endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms and coronary artery disease in the Australian Caucasian population. Journal of cardiovascular risk, 8, 235-241.
• Hingorani, A.D., Jia, H., Stevens, P.A., Monteith, M.S. and Brown, M.J. 1995. A common variant in exon 7 of the endothelial constitutive nitric oxide synthase gene: Identification by single strand conformation polymorphism analysis. Portland Press Limited.
• Hingorani, A.D., Liang, C.F., Fatibene, J., Lyon, A., Monteith, S., Parsons, A., Haydock, S., Hopper, R.V., Stephens, N.G. and O’Shaughnessy, K.M. 1999. A common variant of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (Glu298→ Asp) is a major risk factor for coronary artery disease in the UK. Circulation, 100, 1515-1520.
• Hosen, M.B., Salam, M.A., Islam, M.F., Hossain, A., Hawlader, M.Z.H. and Kabir, Y. 2015. Association of TP53 gene polymorphisms with susceptibility of bladder cancer in Bangladeshi population. Tumor Biology, 36, 6369-6374.
• Howard, T.E., Shai, S.-Y., Langford, K.G., Martin, B.M. and Bernstein, K.E. 1990. Transcription of testicular angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is initiated within the 12th intron of the somatic ACE gene. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 10, 4294-4302.
• Hubert, C., Houot, A.-M., Corvol, P. and Soubrier, F. 1991. Structure of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene. Two alternate promoters correspond to evolutionary steps of a duplicated gene. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 266, 15377-15383.
• Jaramillo, P.C., Lanas, C., Lanas, F. and Salazar, L.A. 2010. Polymorphisms of the NOS3 gene in Southern Chilean subjects with coronary artery disease and controls. Clinica Chimica Acta, 411, 258-262.
• Karvonen, J., Kauma, H., Kervinen, K., Rantala, M., Ikäheimo, M., Päivänsalo, M., Savolainen, M.J. and Kesäniemi, Y.A. 2002. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene Glu298Asp polymorphism and blood pressure, left ventricular mass and carotid artery atherosclerosis in a population‐based cohort. Journal of Internal Medicine, 251, 102-110.
• Keavney, B., McKenzie, C., Parish, S., Palmer, A., Clark, S., Youngman, L., Delépine, M., Lathrop, M., Peto, R. and Collins, R. 2000. Large-scale test of hypothesised associations between the angiotensin-converting-enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism and myocardial infarction in about 5000 cases and 6000 controls. The lancet, 355, 434-442.
• Kunutsor, S.K., Apekey, T.A., Seddoh, D., Walley, J., 2014. Liver enzymes and risk of all-cause mortality in general populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Epidemiol, 43:187–201.
• Leatham, E., Barley, J., Redwood, S., Hussein, W., Carter, N., Jeffery, S., Bath, P.M. and Camm, A. 1994. Angiotensin-1 converting enzyme (ACE) polymorphism in patients presenting with myocardial infarction or unstable angina. Journal of human hypertension, 8, 635-638.
• Li, J., Cun, Y., Tang, W.R., Wang, Y., Li, S.N., Ouyang, H.R., Wu, Y.R., Yu, H.J. and Xiao, C.J. 2011. Association of eNOS gene polymorphisms with essential hypertension in the Han population in southwestern China. Genet Mol Res, 10, 2202-2212.
• Lindpaintner, K., Pfeffer, M.A., Kreutz, R., Stampfer, M.J., Grodstein, F., LaMotte, F., Buring, J. and Hennekens, C.H. 1995. A prospective evaluation of an angiotensin-converting–enzyme gene polymorphism and the risk of ischemic heart disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 332, 706-712.
• Marsden, P.A., Heng, H.H., Scherer, S.W., Stewart, R.J., Hall, A.V., Shi, X.M., Tsui, L.C. and Schappert, K.T. 1993. Structure and chromosomal localization of the human constitutive endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene. Journal of biological chemistry, 268, 17478-17488.
• Miyamoto, Y., Saito, Y., Kajiyama, N., Yoshimura, M., Shimasaki, Y. et al. 1998. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene is positively associated with essential hypertension. Hypertension, 32(1): 3–8.
• Moon, J., Kang, W., Oh, P.C., Lee, K., Han, S.H. et al. 2014. Serum transaminase determined in the emergency room predicts outcomes in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction who undergo primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Int J Cardiol, 177: 442–7.
• Murphey, L.J., Gainer, J.V., Vaughan, D.E. and Brown, N.J. 2000. Angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism modulates the human in vivo metabolism of bradykinin. Circulation, 102, 829-832.
• Narne, P., Ponnaluri, K.C., Singh, S., Siraj, M. and Ishaq, M. 2013. Association of the genetic variants of endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene with angiographically defined coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction in South Indian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications, 27, 255-261.
• Nathan, C. and Xie, Q.W. 1994. Nitric oxide synthases: roles, tolls, and controls. Cell, 78, 915-918.
• Oniki, K., Hori, M., Takata, K., Yokoyama, T., Mihara, S. et al. 2008. Association between glutathione Stransferase A1, M1 and T1 polymorphisms and hypertension. Pharmacogenet Genomics, 18: 275–277.
• Pandey, U., Kumari, R., Nath, B., Ganesh, S., Banerjee, I., Hasan, O.M., Midha, T. and Pandey, S. 2011. Association of angiotensin-converting enzyme, methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase and paraoxonase gene polymorphism and coronary artery disease in an Indian population. Cardiology Journal, 18, 385-394.
• Park, J.-E., Lee, W.-H., Hwang, T.-H., Chu, J.-A., Kim, S., Choi, Y.-H., Kim, J.S., Kim, D.-K., Lee, S.H. and Hong, K.P. 2000. Aging affects the association between endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphism and acute myocardial infarction in the Korean male population. The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine, 15, 65.
• Prins, B.P., Lagou, V., Asselbergs, F.W., Snieder, H. and Fu, J. 2012. Genetics of coronary artery disease: genome-wide association studies and beyond. Atherosclerosis, 225, 1-10.
• Rieder, M.J., Taylor, S.L., Clark, A.G. and Nickerson, D.A. 1999. Sequence variation in the human angiotensin converting enzyme. Nature genetics, 22, 59.
• Rigat, B., Hubert, C., Alhenc-Gelas, F., Cambien, F., Corvol, P. and Soubrier, F. 1990. An insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene accounting for half the variance of serum enzyme levels. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 86, 1343-1346.
• Ruhl, C.E., Everhart, J.E., 2009. Elevated serum alanine aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase and mortality in the United States population. Gastroenterology, 136: 477–485.e411.
• Samani, N.J., Thompson, J.R., O'Toole, L., Channer, K. and Woods, K.L. 1996. A meta-analysis of the association of the deletion allele of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene with myocardial infarction. Circulation, 94, 708-712.
• Schmidt, H.H.H.W. and Walter, U. 1994. NO at work. Cell, 78, 919-925.
• Seckin, D., Ilhan, N., Ilhan, N. and Ozbay, Y. 2006. The relationship between ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism and coronary artery disease with or without myocardial infarction. Clinical Biochemistry, 39, 50-54.
• Smith, F., Lee, A., Fowkes, F., Price, J., Rumley, A. and Lowe, G. 1997. Hemostatic factors as predictors of ischemic heart disease and stroke in the Edinburgh Artery Study. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 17, 3321-3325.
• Syed, R., Biyabani, M.U., Prasad, S., Deeba, F., Jamil, K. 2010. Correlation and Identification of Variable number of Tandem repeats of eNOS Gene in Coronary artery disease (CAD). Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 17, 209-213.
• Uddin, M., Azam, M., Chowdhury, N., Akhteruzzaman, S. 2007. Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme Gene Polymorphism in Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Nephropathy. J Med Sci, 7(4), 682-685.
• Uemura, K., Nakura, J., Kohara, K. and Miki, T. 2000. Association of ACE I/D polymorphism with cardiovascular risk factors. Human genetics, 107, 239-242.
• Wang, X.L., Sim, A.S., Badenhop, R.F., Mccredie, R.M. and Wilcken, D.E. 1996. A smoking–dependent risk of coronary artery disease associated with a polymorphism of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene. Nature Medicine, 2, 41-45.
• World Health Organization (WHO). http://www.who.int/cardiovascular_diseases, Accessed on July 21, 2019).
• World Medical Association. 2013. World medical association declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA 310, 2191–2194.
• Yoshimura, M., Yasue, H., Nakayama, M., Shimasaki, Y., Sumida, H., Sugiyama, S., Kugiyama, K., Ogawa, H., Ogawa, Y. and Saito, Y., 1998. A missense Glu298Asp variant in the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene is associated with coronary spasm in the Japanese. Human genetics, 103 65-69.