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Kayak Branşı Sporcularında Bacak Sertliği ve Reaktif Kuvvet İndeksi Farklılıklarının İncelenmesi

Year 2023, Volume: 14 Issue: 3, 391 - 400, 29.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.17155/omuspd.1365016

Abstract

Bu araştırma, elit düzeydeki kayakçılarda, bacak sertliği ve reaktif kuvvet indeksi (RKİ) arasındaki farklılıklarının incelenmesi amacıyla yapıldı. Araştırmaya yaş ortalaması (18,55±2,86 yıl) boy ortalamaları (172,10±6,05 cm), vücut ağırlığı ortalamaları (65,73±10,79) olmak üzere 5 farklı branşta toplam 40 erkek kayak sporcusu katıldı. Bacak sertliği ölçümü için gerekli veriler Opto Jump protokolleri üzerinden alındı. Bacak sertliği Dalleau G, ve arkadaşlarının oluşturduğu bir eşitlik ile hesaplandı. Reaktif kuvvet indeksi 40 cm standart derinlik sıçrama üzerinden alındı. Değişkenler arasındaki ilişkilerin analizinde pearson momentler çarpımı korelasyon katsayısı uygulandı. Reaktif kuvvet ile bacak sertliği değişkenlerine incelendiğinde; alp disiplini branşında (r=0,801) yüksek, snowboard branşında (r=0,636) orta, biathlon branşında negatif yönde (r=-0,402) zayıf, kayaklı koşu branşında negatif yönde (r=-0,306) düşük, kayakla atlama branşında pozitif yönde (r=0,261) zayıf ilişki tespit edildi (p= 0,001). Diğer branşlar arasında bacak sertliği ve reaktif kuvvet indeksi değişkenleri arasında anlamlı ilişki görülmemiştir. Bu araştırmanın bulguları ile biathlon, kayakla atlama ve kayaklı koşu branşı sporcularında temel güç antrenmanlarını artırarak yüksek kas katılığını üretebileceği ve yüksek katılığı sürdürmede ise patlayıcı egzersizlerin önemli bir faktör olduğu düşünülmektedir. Bunlarla birlikte kas katılığı ile hız, ani yön değiştirme ve reaktif hız performansları arasında ilişki olduğu düşünülmektedir.

Ethical Statement

Araştırma için Erzurum Teknik Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma ve Yayın Etik Kurulu Araştırma ve Yayın Etiği Kurulu’ndan 17.08.2023 tarihli ve 09 karar sayısı ile etik kurul izni alınmıştır

Supporting Institution

Yok

Thanks

Araştırmanın ölçümleri için Atatürk Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezine teşekkür ediyorum. Ayrıca çalışmaya katılan tüm sporcularımıza ve ölçümlere katkıda bulunan Prof. Dr. Fatih Kıyıcı ve Serhat Aktaş'a teşekkür ediyorum.

References

  • Aktaş, S. (2009). Elit Düzeydeki Alp Disiplini Kayakçılarında Dengenin Performans Üzerine Etkisi, Niğde Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimleri Enstitüsü Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Anabilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Niğde].
  • Alexander, R. M. (1992). A model of bipedal locomotion on compliant legs. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 338(1284), 189-198.
  • Arampatzis, A., & Brüggemann, G.-P. (1998). A mathematical high bar–human body model for analysing and interpreting mechanical-energetic processes on the high bar. Journal of Biomechanics, 31(12), 1083-1092. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9290(98)00134-1
  • Beattie, K., Carson, B. P., Lyons, M., & Kenny, I. C. (2017). The relationship between maximal strength and reactive strength. International journal of sports physiology and performance, 12(4), 548-553. doi: 10.1123/İJSPP.2016-0216
  • Blickhan, R. (1989). The spring-mass model for running and hopping. Journal of biomechanics, 22(11-12), 1217-1227.
  • Brazier, J., Maloney, S., Bishop, C., Read, P. J., & Turner, A. N. (2019). Lower extremity stiffness: considerations for testing, performance enhancement, and injury risk. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 33(4), 1156-1166.
  • Bret, C., Rahmani, A., Dufour, A., Messonnier, L., & Lacour, J. (2002). Leg strength and stiffness as ability factors in 100 m sprint running. Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness, 42(3), 274.
  • Brughelli, M., & Cronin, J. (2008). Influence of running velocity on vertical, leg and joint stiffness: modelling and recommendations for future research. Sports medicine, 38, 647-657. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200838080-00003
  • Cavagna, G. A., Heglund, N. C., & Taylor, C. R. (1977). Mechanical work in terrestrial locomotion: two basic mechanisms for minimizing energy expenditure. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 233(5), R243-R261.
  • Cavagna, G. A., Saibene, F. P., & Margaria, R. (1964). Mechanical work in running. Journal of applied physiology, 19(2), 249-256.
  • Dalleau, G., Belli, A., Bourdin, M., & Lacour, J.-R. (1998). The spring-mass model and the energy cost of treadmill running. European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology, 77, 257-263.
  • Dalleau, G., Belli, A., Viale, F., Lacour, J.-R., & Bourdin, M. (2004). A simple method for field measurements of leg stiffness in hopping. International journal of sports medicine, 25(03), 170-176.
  • Demirbüken, İ. (2010). Bacak sertliğinin kadın ve erkek olgularda farklı zıplama koşullarına adaptasyonu DEÜ Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü].
  • Djevalikian, R. (1992). The relationship between asymmetrical leg power and change of running direction.
  • Durand, S., Ripamonti, M., Beaune, B., & Rahmani, A. (2010). Leg ability factors in tennis players. International journal of sports medicine, 882-886. doi: 10.1055/S-0030-1265202
  • Ebben, W. P., & Petushek, E. J. (2010). Using the reactive strength index modified to evaluate plyometric performance.
  • The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(8), 1983-1987. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181e72466
  • Elbe AM, S. J., Nielsen G, Bangsbo J. E. (2018). Effects of plyometric training on reactive strength index and leg stiffness in male and female adolescents. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 32(39):2361-2368.
  • Healy, R., Kenny, I. C., & Harrison, A. J. (2016). Assessing reactive strength measures in jumping and hopping using the Optojump™ system. Journal of human kinetics, 54(1), 23-32.
  • Kerdok, A. E., Biewener, A. A., McMahon, T. A., Weyand, P. G., & Herr, H. M. (2002). Energetics and mechanics of human running on surfaces of different stiffnesses. Journal of applied physiology.
  • Komi, P. V. (2000). Stretch-shortening cycle: a powerful model to study normal and fatigued muscle. Journal of biomechanics, 33(10), 1197-1206.
  • Kümmel J, B. K., Latin RW. (2016). The effect of plyometric training on the reactive strength index: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 30(12):3377-3385.
  • Lloyd, R., Hughes, J., & Williams, M. (2010). The Effects Of Growth And Maturation On Leg Stiffness And Reactive Strength Index In Youths Aged 7-18 Years. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24, 1.
  • Lloyd, R. S., Oliver, J. L., Hughes, M. G., & Williams, C. A. (2011). The influence of chronological age on periods of accelerated adaptation of stretch-shortening cycle performance in pre and postpubescent boys. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 25(7), 1889-1897. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181e7faa8
  • Mikkola, J. S., Rusko, H. K., Nummela, A. T., Paavolainen, L. M., & Häkkinen, K. (2007). Concurrent endurance and explosive type strength training increases activation and fast force production of leg extensor muscles in endurance athletes. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 21(2), 613-620.
  • Morin, J.-B., Dalleau, G., Kyröläinen, H., Jeannin, T., & Belli, A. (2005). A simple method for measuring stiffness during running. Journal of applied biomechanics, 21(2), 167-180.
  • Sert, V. (2016). Genç tenis oyuncularında bacak gücü ve katılığı: sürat ve çeviklik performansı ile ilişkisi Sakarya Üniversitesi].
  • Thomas, C., Jones, P. A., & Comfort, P. (2015). Reliability of the dynamic strength index in college athletes. International journal of sports physiology and performance, 10(5), 542-545. doi: 10.1123/İJSPP.2014-0255
  • Wilson, J. M., & Flanagan, E. P. (2008). The role of elastic energy in activities with high force and power requirements: a brief review. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 22(5), 1705-1715. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31817ae4a7

Examination of Differences in Leg Stiffness and Reactive Strength Index an Ski Athletes

Year 2023, Volume: 14 Issue: 3, 391 - 400, 29.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.17155/omuspd.1365016

Abstract

This research was conducted to examine the differences between leg stiffness and reactive strength index (RSI) in elite level skiers. A total of 40 male ski athletes (in 5 different branches) with an average age of (18.55±2.86 years), average height of (172.10±6.05 cm) and average body weight of (65.73±10.79) participated in the research. The data required for leg stiffness measurement were obtained via Opto Jump protocols. Leg stiffness was calculated with an equation created by Dalleau G, et al. Reactive strength index was taken from a 40 cm standard depth jump. Pearson product moment correlation coefficient was applied to analyze the relation ships between variables. When the variables of reactive strength and leg stiffness are examined; high relationship in alpine skiing (r=0.801), medium relationship in snowboarding (r=0.636), weak negative relationship (r=-0.402) in biathlon, low negative relationship in cross-country skiing (r=-0.306), weak positive relationship in ski jumping (r= 0.261) were found (p = 0.001). No significant relationship was observed between leg stiffness and reactive strength index variables among other branches. With the findings of this research, it is thought that biathlon, ski jumping and cross-country ski athletes can produce high muscle stiffness by increasing basic strength training, and explosive exercises are an important factor in maintaining high stiffness. In addition, it is thought that there is a relationship between muscle stiffness and speed, sudden change of direction and reactive speed performances.

Ethical Statement

Araştırma için Erzurum Teknik Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma ve Yayın Etik Kurulu Araştırma ve Yayın Etiği Kurulu’ndan 17.08.2023 tarihli ve 09 karar sayısı ile etik kurul izni alınmıştır.

Thanks

Araştırmanın ölçümleri için Atatürk Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezine teşekkür ediyorum. Ayrıca çalışmaya katılan tüm sporcularımıza ve ölçümlere katkıda bulunan Prof. Dr. Fatih Kıyıcı ve Serhat Aktaş'a teşekkür ediyorum.

References

  • Aktaş, S. (2009). Elit Düzeydeki Alp Disiplini Kayakçılarında Dengenin Performans Üzerine Etkisi, Niğde Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimleri Enstitüsü Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Anabilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Niğde].
  • Alexander, R. M. (1992). A model of bipedal locomotion on compliant legs. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 338(1284), 189-198.
  • Arampatzis, A., & Brüggemann, G.-P. (1998). A mathematical high bar–human body model for analysing and interpreting mechanical-energetic processes on the high bar. Journal of Biomechanics, 31(12), 1083-1092. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9290(98)00134-1
  • Beattie, K., Carson, B. P., Lyons, M., & Kenny, I. C. (2017). The relationship between maximal strength and reactive strength. International journal of sports physiology and performance, 12(4), 548-553. doi: 10.1123/İJSPP.2016-0216
  • Blickhan, R. (1989). The spring-mass model for running and hopping. Journal of biomechanics, 22(11-12), 1217-1227.
  • Brazier, J., Maloney, S., Bishop, C., Read, P. J., & Turner, A. N. (2019). Lower extremity stiffness: considerations for testing, performance enhancement, and injury risk. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 33(4), 1156-1166.
  • Bret, C., Rahmani, A., Dufour, A., Messonnier, L., & Lacour, J. (2002). Leg strength and stiffness as ability factors in 100 m sprint running. Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness, 42(3), 274.
  • Brughelli, M., & Cronin, J. (2008). Influence of running velocity on vertical, leg and joint stiffness: modelling and recommendations for future research. Sports medicine, 38, 647-657. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200838080-00003
  • Cavagna, G. A., Heglund, N. C., & Taylor, C. R. (1977). Mechanical work in terrestrial locomotion: two basic mechanisms for minimizing energy expenditure. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 233(5), R243-R261.
  • Cavagna, G. A., Saibene, F. P., & Margaria, R. (1964). Mechanical work in running. Journal of applied physiology, 19(2), 249-256.
  • Dalleau, G., Belli, A., Bourdin, M., & Lacour, J.-R. (1998). The spring-mass model and the energy cost of treadmill running. European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology, 77, 257-263.
  • Dalleau, G., Belli, A., Viale, F., Lacour, J.-R., & Bourdin, M. (2004). A simple method for field measurements of leg stiffness in hopping. International journal of sports medicine, 25(03), 170-176.
  • Demirbüken, İ. (2010). Bacak sertliğinin kadın ve erkek olgularda farklı zıplama koşullarına adaptasyonu DEÜ Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü].
  • Djevalikian, R. (1992). The relationship between asymmetrical leg power and change of running direction.
  • Durand, S., Ripamonti, M., Beaune, B., & Rahmani, A. (2010). Leg ability factors in tennis players. International journal of sports medicine, 882-886. doi: 10.1055/S-0030-1265202
  • Ebben, W. P., & Petushek, E. J. (2010). Using the reactive strength index modified to evaluate plyometric performance.
  • The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(8), 1983-1987. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181e72466
  • Elbe AM, S. J., Nielsen G, Bangsbo J. E. (2018). Effects of plyometric training on reactive strength index and leg stiffness in male and female adolescents. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 32(39):2361-2368.
  • Healy, R., Kenny, I. C., & Harrison, A. J. (2016). Assessing reactive strength measures in jumping and hopping using the Optojump™ system. Journal of human kinetics, 54(1), 23-32.
  • Kerdok, A. E., Biewener, A. A., McMahon, T. A., Weyand, P. G., & Herr, H. M. (2002). Energetics and mechanics of human running on surfaces of different stiffnesses. Journal of applied physiology.
  • Komi, P. V. (2000). Stretch-shortening cycle: a powerful model to study normal and fatigued muscle. Journal of biomechanics, 33(10), 1197-1206.
  • Kümmel J, B. K., Latin RW. (2016). The effect of plyometric training on the reactive strength index: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 30(12):3377-3385.
  • Lloyd, R., Hughes, J., & Williams, M. (2010). The Effects Of Growth And Maturation On Leg Stiffness And Reactive Strength Index In Youths Aged 7-18 Years. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24, 1.
  • Lloyd, R. S., Oliver, J. L., Hughes, M. G., & Williams, C. A. (2011). The influence of chronological age on periods of accelerated adaptation of stretch-shortening cycle performance in pre and postpubescent boys. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 25(7), 1889-1897. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181e7faa8
  • Mikkola, J. S., Rusko, H. K., Nummela, A. T., Paavolainen, L. M., & Häkkinen, K. (2007). Concurrent endurance and explosive type strength training increases activation and fast force production of leg extensor muscles in endurance athletes. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 21(2), 613-620.
  • Morin, J.-B., Dalleau, G., Kyröläinen, H., Jeannin, T., & Belli, A. (2005). A simple method for measuring stiffness during running. Journal of applied biomechanics, 21(2), 167-180.
  • Sert, V. (2016). Genç tenis oyuncularında bacak gücü ve katılığı: sürat ve çeviklik performansı ile ilişkisi Sakarya Üniversitesi].
  • Thomas, C., Jones, P. A., & Comfort, P. (2015). Reliability of the dynamic strength index in college athletes. International journal of sports physiology and performance, 10(5), 542-545. doi: 10.1123/İJSPP.2014-0255
  • Wilson, J. M., & Flanagan, E. P. (2008). The role of elastic energy in activities with high force and power requirements: a brief review. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 22(5), 1705-1715. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31817ae4a7
There are 29 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sports Training
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Buket Sevindik Aktaş 0000-0001-6662-4439

Publication Date December 29, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 14 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Sevindik Aktaş, B. (2023). Kayak Branşı Sporcularında Bacak Sertliği ve Reaktif Kuvvet İndeksi Farklılıklarının İncelenmesi. Spor Ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 14(3), 391-400. https://doi.org/10.17155/omuspd.1365016