Ergenler için Özbilinçlilik Duygulanımları Testi: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Year 2019, Volume: 11 Issue: 18, 104 - 133, 30.06.2019

Pınar Algedik Ezgi Şen Demirdöğen Volkan Demir , Türkay Demir

https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.531369

Abstract

Özbilinçlilik duyguları kişiler arası ilişkiler
sırasında deneyimlenen, düşünce ve davranışları düzenleyen, sosyal olarak
istenmeyen davranışları engelleyen ve bireyleri ahlâka uygun davranışlarda
bulunmaya teşvik eden duygulardır. Bu çalışmanın amacı Ergenler için Özbilinçlilik
Duygulanımları Testi (EÖDT)’nin Türkçe uyarlamasını yapmak ve psikometrik
özelliklerini incelemektir. Araştırmaya 10-18 yaş aralığında olan 547 sağlıklı
gönüllü alınmıştır. Katılımcılara Sosyodemografik Veri Formu, Çocuk Depresyon Ölçeği (ÇDÖ), Çocuklar
İçin Durumluk-Sürekli Kaygı Envanteri (ÇDSKE)`nin Sürekli Kaygı alt ölçeği (ÇDSKE-S)
ve Ergenler için Özbilinçlilik Duygulanımları Testi (EÖDT) uygulanmıştır. Ölçeklerin toplanmasından sonra tekrar
test uygulaması için gönüllü olan 29 ergene aynı takma isimleri kullanmaları
istenerek  EÖDT testi 15 gün sonra tekrar
uygulanmıştır. Veriler Mann-Whitney U, Spearman’s Rho, Wilcoxon ve Cronbach’s alfa testleri
kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Ergenler için Özbilinçlilik Duygulanımları Testi (EÖDT)
alt ölçeklerinin iç tutarlılığının ve test-tekrar test güvenilirliğinin yüksek
olduğu bulunmuştur. Testin yapı geçerliliğinde faktör boyutlarının utanç,
suçluluk, dışsallaştırma-utanç, dışsallaştırma ve ayrılma olarak beş alt
ölçekli yapıda olduğu görülmüştür. Bu çalışmayla EÖDT’nin kabul edilir
psikometrik özelliklere sahip olup, Türkiye’de yürütülen araştırma ve klinik
uygulamalarda kullanılabilir nitelikte olduğu söylenebilir.

Keywords

Ergenler, Özbilinçlilik duyguları, Geçerlik, Güvenirlik

Test of Self-Conscious Affect For Adolescents: Validity and Reliability Study

Abstract

Emotions of
self-consciousness are feelings experienced during interpersonal relationships,
regulating thoughts and behaviors, preventing socially undesirable behaviors
and encouraging individuals to act ethically. The aim of this study was to
investigate the Turkish version of the Test of Self-Conscious Affect for
Adolescents and to examine their psychometric properties. The study group
consisted of 547 healthy individuals whose age between 10-18 years old. All
subjects included in the study filled out the Sociodemographic Data Form,
Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for
Children Trait form (STAIC-T) and Test of Self-Concious Affect
for Adolescences. After
the collection of the scales TOSCA-A was admistered again 15 days later to 29
adolescents who were volunteer using the same nicknames. The data was analyzed
with Mann-Whitney U test, Spearman’s Rho, Wilcoxon and Cronbach’s alfa. The internal consistency
and test-retest reliability of the Test of Self-Conscious Affect For
Adolescents (TOSCA-A) subscales were found to be high. In the construct
validity of the test, the factor dimensions were found to be five sub-scale
structures: shame, guilt, externalization-shame, externalization and
detached.  According to the present
study, we can say that TOSCA has acceptable psychometric properties and can be
used in clinical practice and research conducted in Turkey. 

Keywords

Adolescents, Self-consciousness emotions, Validity, Reliability

References

• Akbağ, M. ve Erden-İmamoğlu, S. (2010). Cinsiyet ve bağlanma stillerinin utanç, suçluluk ve yalnızlık duygularını yordama gücünün araştırılması, Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 10(2), 651-682.
• Andrews, B., Brewin, C.R., Rose, S. ve Kirk, M. (2000). Predicting PTSD symptoms in victims of violent crime: The role of shame, anger, and childhood abuse. J Abnorm Psychol, 109, 69–73.
• Angold, A., ve Rutter, M. (1992). Effects of age and pubertal status on depression in a large clinical sample. Development and Psychopathology, 4(1), 5-28.
• Averill, P. M., Diefenbach, G. J., Stanley, M. A., Breckenridge, J. K., ve Lusby, B. (2002). Assessment of shame and guilt in a psychiatric sample: A comparison of two measures. Personality and Individual Differences, 32(8), 1365-1376.
• Bandura, A. (1973) Agression: A social learning analysis. Englewood Chiffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
• Baumeister, R.F. ve Leary, M.R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497-529
• Beer, J. S., Heerey, E. A., Keltner, D., Scabini, D. ve Knight, R. T. (2003). The regulatory function of self-conscious emotion: Insights from patients with orbitofrontal damage. Journal of Psychology and Social Psychology, 85, 594-604.
• Bennett, D. S., Sullivan, M. W. ve Lewis, M. (2010). Neglected children, shame-proneness, and depressive symptoms. Child Maltreat, 15, 305–314.
• Bennett, D. S., Sullivan, M. W., ve Lewis, M. (2005). Young children’s adjustment as a function of maltreatment, shame, and anger. Child Maltreatment, 10(4), 311–323.
• Bowlby, J. (1969/1982). Attachment and loss, Vol. 1: Attachment. London: Hogarth Press.
• Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss, Vol. 2: Separation. London: Hogarth Press.
• Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2004). Veri analizi el kitabı. Ankara: Pegem Yayıncılık
• Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2007). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. Ankara: Pegem Akademik Yayıncılık.
• Cassidy, J. ve Shaver, P.R. (Eds.) (1999). Handbook of attachment: Theory, In Research and Clinical Applications (p. 115-140). New York: Guilford Press.
• Cole, D.A., Tram, J.M., Martin, J.M., Hoffman, K.B., Ruiz, M.D., Jacquez, F.M. ve Maschman, T.L. (2002). Individual differences in the emergence of depressive symptoms in children and adolescents: A longitudinal investigation of parent and child reports. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 156-165.
• Covert, M. V., Tangney, J. P., Maddux, J. E., ve Heleno, N. M. (2003). Shame-proneness, guilt-proneness, and interpersonal problem solving: A social cognitive analysis. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology,22(1),1-12. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1521/jscp.22.-1.1.22765
• Darwin, C. (1872/1965), The Expression of the Emotion in Man and Animals, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• De Rubeis, S. ve Hollenstein, T. (2009) Individual differences in shame and depressive symptoms during early adolescence. Personal Individ Differ, 46, 477–482.
• De Rubeis, S., ve Hollenstein, T. (2009). Individual differences in shame and depressive symptoms during early adolescence. Personality and individual differences, 46(4), 477-482.
• Demir T., (2014). Utanç ve ergen ruhsallığındaki yeri. (B. Kilborne ed.) Utanç ve Haset Görünüm Kaygısı ve Kem Göz içinde (231-252). İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
• Deniz, M. E. (2006). Ergenlerde bağlanma stilleri ile çocukluk istismarları ve suçluluk-utanç arasındaki ilişki, Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 22, 89-99.
• Dinçer, D. (2014). Üniversite öğrencilerinin utanç kavramlarının incelenmesi. Journal of International Social Research, 7(29), 1307-9581.
• Efthim, P. W., Kenny, M. E. ve Mahalik, J. R. (2001). Gender role stress in relation to shame, guilt, and externalization. Journal of Counselling & Development, 79, 430–438.
• Eisenberg, N. (2000). Emotion, regulation, and moral development. Annual review of psychology, 51(1), 665-697.
• Fergus, T.A., Valentiner, D.P., McGrath, P. ve Jencius S (2010) Shameand guilt-proneness: relationships with anxiety disorder symptoms in a clinical sample. J Anxiety Disord, 24, 811–815.
• Ferguson, T.J. ve Stegge H. (1998). Measuring guilt in children: A rose by any other name still has thorns. In ( J. Bybee eds.), Guilt and Children, (p. 19–74). San Diego: Academic
• Fischer, K. W. ve Tangney, J. P. (1995). Self-conscious emotions: The psychology of shame, guilt, embarrassment and pride. New York: Guilford.
• Fisher, S., ve Greenberg, R. (1977). The scientific credibility of freud’s theories and therapy, New York: Basic Books.
• Fleming, J. E., Offord, D. R. ve Boyle, M. H. (1989). Prevalence of childhood and adolescent depression in the community. Ontario Child Health Study, The British Journal of Psychiatry, 155(5), 647-654.
• Fontaine, J. R., Luyten, P., De Boeck, P. ve Corveleyn, J. (2001). The test of self‐conscious affect: Internal structure, differential scales and relationships with long‐term affects. European Journal of Personality, 15(6), 449-463.
• Gilbert, P. (1998). What Is shame? Some core issues and controversies. In (P. Gilbert ve B. Andrews Eds.). Shame: Interpersonal Behaviour, Psychopathology and Culture (p. 3-36). New York: Oxford University Press.
• Gilbert, P. (2000). The relationship of shame, social anxiety and depression: The role of the evaluation of social rank. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 7, 174-189.
• Gilbert, P. (2002). Body shame: A biopsychosocial conceptualisation and overview, with treatment implications. In (P. Gilbert ve J Miles Eds.). Body Shame: Conceptualisation, Research and Treatment (p. 3-54). London: Routledge.
• Gilbert, P. (2007). The evolution of shame as a marker for relationship security. In (J.L. Tracy, R.W. Robins ve J.P. Tangney Eds.). The Self-Conscious Emotions: Theory and Research. (p. 283-309). New York: Guilford.
• Gilbert, P., Pehl, J. ve Allan, S. (1994). The phenomenology of shame and guilt: an empirical investigation. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 67, 23–36.
• Gilligan, J. (1996). Exploring shame in special settings: A psychotherapeutic study. In (C. Cordess ve M. Cox Eds.), Forensic psychotherapy: Crime, psychodynamics and the offender patient. Mainly practice (Vol. 2, p. 475–489). London, England: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, Ltd.
• Hartmann, H. ve Loewenstein, R. M. (1962). Notes on the superego. The psychoanalytic study of the child, 17(1), 42-81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00797308.1962.11822838
• Hasui, C., Kitamura, T., Tamaki, A., Takahashi, M., Masuda, S. ve Ozeki, N. (2009). The test of self-conscious affect-3 in Japanese university students.The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 197(6), 458-460.
• Hoffman M.L. 1998. Varieties of empathybased guilt. In (J. Bybee eds) Guilt and Children, (Vol.4, 91–112). New York: Academic
• Hoglund, C. L. ve Nicholas, K. B. (1995). Shame, guilt, and anger in college students exposed to abusive family environments. Journal of Family Violence, 10(2), 141-157.
• Karataş, Z. ve Danışman, U. P. (2008). Lise öğrencilerinin suçluluk ve utanç puanlarının disiplin cezası alıp almama ve cinsiyetleri açısından incelenmesi. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(2), 103-114.
• Kashani, J.H. ve Orvaschel, H. (1990). A community study of anxiety in children and adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 313-318.
• Kaufman, G. (1989) The psychology of shame: Theory and treatment of shame-based syndromes, New York: Springer [London: Routledge (paper edition) 1993].
• Klasen, F., Reissmann, S., Voss, C. ve Okello, J. (2015). The guiltless guilty: trauma-related guilt and psychopathology in former Ugandan child soldiers. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev, 46, 180–193
• Kovacs, M. (1985). The children's depsession ınventory (CDI). Psychopharmacol Bulletin, 21, 995-998.
• Lansky, M. ve Morrison, A. (Eds) (1997). The widening scope of shame Hillsdale, HJ: The Analytic Press.
• Lewis, H. B. (1971). Guilt and shame in neurosis. New York: Guilford Press.
• Lewis, M. (2008). Self-conscious emotions: Embarrassment, pride, shame, and guilt. In (M. Lewis, J. M. Haviland-Jones, and L. F. Barrett Eds.), Handbook of emotions (3. ed., p. 742–756). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
• Luyten, P., Fontaine, J. R., ve Corveleyn, J. (2002). Does the test of self-conscious affect (TOSCA) measure maladaptive aspects of guilt and adaptive aspects of shame? An empirical investigation. Personality and individual differences, 33(8), 1373-1387.
• Motan, İ. (2007). Recognition of self-conscious emotions in relation to psychopathology, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Ankara.
• Muris, P., Meesters, C., Bouwman, L. ve Notermans, S. (2015). Relations among behavioral inhibition, shame- and guilt-proneness, and anxiety disorders symptoms in non-clinical children. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev, 46, 209–216.
• Orth, U., Robins, R. W. ve Soto, C. J. (2010). Tracking the trajectory of shame, guilt, and pride across the life span. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99, 1061–1071. doi:10.1037/a0021342
• Ozusta, H. S. (1995). Çocuklar icin durumluk-sürekli kaygı envanteri uyarlama, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 10(34), 32-44.
• Öy, B. (1991). Çocuklar için depresyon ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 2, 132-136.
• Panel (1957) Preodipal factors in neurotogenesis V. H. Rosen, reporter. J. Am. Psychoanal. Assoc. 5: 146-157.
• Piers, G., ve Singer, M. B. (1971). Shame and guilt: A psychoanalytic and a cultural study.
• Schafer, R. (1968). Aspects of ınternalization, New York: Int. Univ. Press.
• Scheff, T. (1987). The shame-rage spiral: A case study of an interminable quarrel. The role of shame in symptom formation In (p. 109–149).Hillsdale, NJ, England: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
• Spero, M. H.,(1984), Shame-an object-relational formulation , Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 39, 259-282.
• Spielberger, C.D. (1973). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press.
• Strömsten, L. M., Henningsson, M., Holm, U. ve Sundbom, E. (2009). Assessment of self‐conscious emotions: A Swedish psychometric and structure evaluation of the test of self‐conscious affect (TOSCA). Scandinavian journal of psychology, 50(1), 71-77.
• Stuewig, J., Tangney, J.P., Heigel, C., Harty, L. and McCloskey, L. (2010) Shaming, blaming, and maiming: functional links among the moral emotions, externalization of blame, and aggression. J Res Personal, 44, 91–102.
• Şahin, Z. (2007). Çocuk yetiştirme tarzları ve benlik düzenleme farklılıklarının kendilik-bilinci duygusal eğilimleriyle ilişkisi. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Muğla Üniversitesi, Muğla.
• Tangney J. P. (1991). Moral affect: the good, the bad, and the ugly. J Pers Soc Psychol, 61, 598–607
• Tangney, J. P. (1990). Assessing individual differences in proneness to shame and guilt: development of the self-conscious affect and stribution inventory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 102-111.
• Tangney, J. P. (1995). Recent advances in the empirical study of shame and guilt. The American Behavioral Scientist, 38(8), 1132.
• Tangney, J. P. ve Dearing, R. L. (2002a). Shame and guilt. New York: Guilford Press.
• Tangney, J. P. ve Salovey, P. (2000). Problematic social emotions: Shame, guilt, jealousy, and envy, the social psychology of emotional and behavioral problems, (ed. R. M. Kowalski and M. R. Leary), Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
• Tangney, J. P., Burggraf, S. A. ve Wagner, P. E. (1995). Shame-proneness, guilt-proneness, and psychological symptoms. In (J. P. Tangney ve K.W. Fischer, Ed.), Self-conscious emotions: The psychology of shame, guilt, embarrassment, and pride (p.343-367). New York: The Guilford Press.
• Tangney, J. P., Stuewig, J. ve Mashek, D. J. (2007). Moral emotions and moral behavior. Annual review of psychology, 58, 345–372. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070145
• Tangney, J. P., Wagner, P. E. ve Gramzow, R. (1992b). Proneness to shame, proneness to guilt and psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 469-478.
• Tangney, J. P., Wagner, P. E., Flecter, C. ve Gramzow, R. (1992a). Shamed into anger: The relation of shame and guilt to anger and self-reported aggression. Journal of Personality And Social Psychology, 62 (4), 669-675.
• Tangney, J. P., Wagner, P. E., Hill-Barlow, D., Marschall, D. E. ve Gramzow, R. (1996). Relation of shame and guilt to constructive versus destructive responses to anger across the lifespan. J Personal Soc Psychol, 70, 797–809
• Tangney, J.P. (1991). Moral affect: the good, the bad, and the ugly. J Pers Soc Psychol, 61, 598–607.
• Thompson, R. J., ve Berenbaum, H. (2006). Shame reactions to everyday dilemmas are associated with depressive disorder. Cogn Ther Res, 30, 415–425
• Thompson, T., Dinnel, D. L. ve Dill, N. J. (2003). Development and validation of a body image guilt and shame scale. Personality & Individual Differences, 34, 59–75
• Tilghman-Osborne, C., Cole, D. A., Felton, J. W., ve Ciesla, J. A. (2008). Relation of guilt, shame, behavioral and characterological self-blame to depressive symptoms in adolescents over time. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 27, 809–842. doi:10.1521/jscp.2008.27.8.809
• Tracy, J. L. ve Robins, R. W. (2004). Putting the self into self-conscious emotions: A theoretical model. Psychological Inquiry, 8, 103–125
• Türe, H. ve Taşkın, E. O. (2011). Bir grup üniversite öğrencisinde sosyal kaygı düzeyini etkileyen faktörler, 20. Anadolu Psikiyatri Günleri Kongresi’nde sunulan poster, Tarih, Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi, Antakya.
• Watson, S. D., ve Gullone, E. (2010). An investigation into the reliability and validity of the TOSCA-A shame and guilt scales with child and adolescent samples. Manuscript submitted for publication.
• Zarem, S. (2006). A homage to Helen Block Lewis, 2006 Shame Symposium,