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Kadının STK'larının Türkiye'deki Kadının Temsiline Yönelik Tutumları

Year 2020, Volume: 15 Issue: 25, 3138 - 3166, 31.05.2020
https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.659064

Abstract

Kadının temsili konusu özellikle 2000’li yıllarda akademik literatürde yoğun olarak tartışılmaya başlanmıştır. Kavramsal tartışmalar bu terimin betimsel ve asli gibi farklı boyutları olduğunu göstermekle beraber ve teorik tartışmalar sıklıkla bu boyutların birbirleri arasındaki ilişki üzerinde yoğunlaşır. Kadın çıkarlarının temsili ise bu boyutlardan biri olmakla birlikte; ulusal, yerel veya uluslararası gibi farklı düzeylerde gözlemlenebilir. Dahası, temsil, parlamento üyeleri, kadın STK'ları, femokratlar veya kadınların politika mekanizmaları gibi farklı aktörler ve kurumlar tarafından da yapılabilir. Bu çalışma, kadınların Türkiye’de temsilini iki düzeyde analiz etmektedir. İlk olarak, kadın STK'ların üyelerinin, hükümetlerin ve siyasi partilerin temsil politikalarına yönelik tutumları sorgulanacaktır. İkinci olarak, bu çalışma, kadın STK’ları üyelerinin, kadınların çıkarlarının farklı kamu kurumları, kadınların politika mekanizmaları ve siyasi partiler tarafından ne kadar iyi temsil edildiğine ilişkin algısına odaklanacaktır. Bu araştırma, Kasım 2017 ve Şubat 2018 tarihleri arasında, Türkiye'nin en büyük iki şehri olan Ankara ve İstanbul'daki kadın derneklerine üye olan 735 kadını içeren bir anket çalışmasına dayanmaktadır. Bu iki kentteki kadın STK'larının hepsi ile iletişime geçilerek çalışmaya katılmayı kabul eden bütün derneklerin temsili bir örneklemini yansıtan 151 kadın derneği bu araştırmaya dâhil edilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler nicel yöntem kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Araştırmanın sonuçları kadın STK’ları üyelerinin devlet aktörleri ve kurumlarının kadınları temsili için yüksek düzeyde memnuniyet düzeyine sahip olmadığını göstermektedir.

Supporting Institution

Ankara Sosyal Bilimler Üniversitesi- BAP Koordinatörlüğü

Project Number

SBA-2017-110

References

  • Akbaş, K. and Şen, İ. G. (2013). Türkiye’de kadına yönelik pozitif ayrımcılık: Kavram, uygulama ve toplumsal algılar. Anadolu University Journal of Social Sciences, 13, 165- 189.
  • Anıl, E., Arın, C., Berktay, A., Hacımirzaoğlu, Bingöllü, M., İlkkaracan, P., and Amado, L. E. (2005). Turkish civil and penal code reforms from a gender perspective: The success of two nationwide campaigns. İstanbul: Women for Women’s Human Rights (WWHR) – NEW WAYS.
  • Arslan, D. A. (2004). Türk siyasi elitleri arasında kadının temsili. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(1), 103- 120.
  • Atchinson, A. (2015). The impact of female cabinet ministers on a female-friendly labor environment. Journal of Women, Politics & Policy, 36(4), 388-414.
  • Ayata, A. G., and Tutuncu, F. (2008). Critical acts without critical mass: The substantive representation of women in the Turkish parliament. Parliamentary Affairs, 61(3), 461-475.
  • Aydın, A. and Kahraman, Ö.F. (2017). Türkiye’de kadın temsili sorunsalına kadın bakanlar bağlamında bir bakış. Yasama Dergisi, 31, 46-64.
  • Beckwith, K. (2007). Numbers and newness: The descriptive and substantive representation of women. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 40(1), 27-49.
  • Belli, A. (2017). Yerel yönetimlerde kadın temsili ve yerel demokrasi. Yasama Dergisi, 31, 65-88.
  • Biricikoğlu, (2013). Yerel yönetimlerde kadın temsilinin yetersizliği: sakarya ilinde yapılan bir araştırma. Sakarya İktisat Dergisi, 2(3), 65-96.
  • Bratton, K. A., and Ray, L. P. (2002). Descriptive representation, policy outcomes, and municipal day-care coverage in Norway. American Journal of Political Science, 46(2), 428- 437.
  • Caiazza, A. (2002). Does women's representation in elected office lead to women-friendly policy? IWPR Publication #I910. Washington DC: Institute for Women's Policy Research.
  • Çakır, S. (2013). Osmanlı kadın hareketi. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
  • Celis, K., Childs, S., Kantola, J., and Krook, M. L. (2008). Rethinking women's substantive representation. Representation, 44(2), 99-110.
  • Chaney, P. (2008). Devolved governance and the substantive representation of women: the second term of the national assembly for wales, 2003–2007. Parliamentary Affairs, 61(2), 272-290.
  • Chen, L. (2010). Do gender quotas influence women’s representation and policies? The European Journal of Comparative Economics, 7(1), 13-60.
  • Childs, S. and Krook, M.L. (2009). Analysing women's substantive representation: From critical mass to critical actors, government and opposition, 44(2), 125-145.
  • Childs, S., and Withey, J. (2004). Women representatives acting for women: Sex and the signing of early day motions in the 1997 British Parliament. Political Studies, 52, 552- 564.
  • Coşar, S., and Onbaşı, F. G. 2008. Women's movement in Turkey at a crossroads: From women's rights advocacy to feminism. South European Society and Politics, 13(3), 325- 344.
  • Dahlerup, D. (2008). Gender quotas – Controversial but trendy: On expanding the research agenda. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 10(3), 322-328.
  • Demir, Z. (2015). Kadınların siyasete katılımı ve katılımı artırmaya yönelik stratejiler. KADEM Kadın Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(2), 35-59.
  • Devlin, C., and Elgie, R. (2008). The effect of increased women’s representation in parliament: The case of Rwanda. Parliamentary Affairs, 61(2), 237-254.
  • Gökçimen, S. (2008). Ülkemizde kadınların siyasal hayata katılım mücadelesi, Yasama Dergisi, 10, 5-59.
  • Grey, S. (2001). Women and parliamentary politics: Does size matter? Critical mass and women mps in the new zealand house of representatives. Paper presented at the 51st Political Studies Association Conference, 10-12 April, Manchester, UK.
  • Hughes, M.H., Krook, M.L. and Paxton, P. (2015). Transnational women’s activism and the global diffusion of gender quotas, International Studies Quarterly, 59, 357–372.
  • IDEA-Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. (2019). Gender QUOTAS DATABASE, Retrieved February 15, 2019 from, https://www.idea.int/data-tools/data/gender- quotas/quotas
  • İlkaracan-Ajas, I. (2008). Birlesmis Milletler CEDAW sürecinde sivil toplum örgütleri ile savunuculuk ve lobicilik Türkiye gölge raporları: 1997 & 2005 deneyimleri. Istanbul: Women for Women’s Human Rights (WWHR) - New Ways.
  • KADER-Kadın Adayları Eğitme ve Destekleme Derneği. (2011). Siyasette kadının temsili araştırması, Retrieved February 15, 2016 from; http://kasaum.ankara.edu.tr/files/2013/11/2011_04_KONDA_Siyasette_Kadin_Temsili_Raporu.pdf
  • Kanter, R. M. (1977).Some effects of proportions on group life: skewed sex ratios and responses to token women.The American Journal of Sociology, 82(5), 965-990.
  • Kellough, J. E. (2006). Understanding affirmative action: Politics, discrimination, and the search for justice. Washington: Georgetown University Press.
  • Krook, M. L. (2006). Reforming representation: The diffusion of candidate gender quotas worldwide. Politics & Gender, 2, 303-327.
  • Krook, M.L. (2004). Gender quotas as a global phenomenon: Actors and strategies in quota adoption. European Political Science, 3(3), 59-65.
  • Lovendusky, J. (2005). Feminizing politics. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Mazur, A. G. (2002). Theorizing feminist policy. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Montoya-Kirk, C. (2005). Italian culture and women’s rights policy: Reproductive rights and violence against women. Paper presented at the American Political Science Association Conference, Washington, D.C.
  • Morgenroth, T. and Ryan, M. K. (2018). Quotas and affirmative action: Understanding group‐based outcomes and attitudes. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 12(3), 1-14.
  • Öztan, E. (2004). Toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği ve ve olumlu ayrımcılık. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 59(1), 203-235.
  • Paker, H. (2009). Kimlik siyaseti ve Türkiye’deki kadın örgütlerine katılım CIVICUS uluslararası sivil toplum endeksi projesi (STEP) II Türkiye Yan Raporları. Istanbul: TÜSEV.
  • Pitkin, H. F. (1967). The concept of representation. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
  • Raaum, N. C. (2005). Gender equality and political representation: A Nordic Comparison. West European Politics, 28(4), 872-897.
  • Reingold, B., and Harrell, J. (2010). The impact of descriptive representation on women’s political engagement: Does party matter? Political Research Quarterly, 63(2), 280-294.
  • Saint-Germain, M. A. (1989). Does their difference make a difference? The impact of women on public policy in the Arizona Legislature. Social Science Quarterly, 70(4), 956- 968.
  • Sancar, S. (2008). Türkiye‟de kadınların siyasal kararlara eşit katılımı. Toplum ve Demokrasi, 2 (4), 173-184.
  • Sancar, S. 2010. Türkiye'de kadınların hak mücadelesini belirleyen bağlamlar sivil toplumun geliştirilmesi için örgütlenme özgürlüğünün güçlendirilmesi projesi: Ref. No: TR0401.04/001
  • Schumacher, K. L. (2008). Maternity leave policy & representation of women: An analysis of descriptive representation, parliamentary factors, and civil society contexts
  • predicting substantive representation of women. Paper presented at the MPSA Annual National Conference, Chicago.
  • Schwindt-Bayer, L. A., and Mishler, W. (2005). An integrated model of women's representation. The Journal of Politics, 67(2), 407-428.
  • Stetson, D. M., and Mazur, A. G. (1995). Introduction. In Stetson, D. M., and Mazur, A. G. (Eds.).Comparative State Feminism. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
  • Vickers, J. (2006). What makes some democracies more 'women-friendly'? paper presented at the 78th annual conference of political science association, York University, Toronto.
  • Waylen, G. (2008). Enhancing the substantive representation of women: lessons from transitions to democracy. Parliamentary Affairs, 61(3), 518-534.
  • Weldon, S. L. (2002). Beyond bodies: Institutional sources of representation for women in democratic policymaking. The Journal of Politics, 64(4), 1153-1174.
  • Wide, J. (2002). Women's political representation around the globe. paper presented at the commonwealth conference on educational administration and management (CCEAM), Umea, Sweden.
  • Yaylı, H. and Eroğlu, G. (2015). Yerel katılım bağlamında Türkiye’de kadın temsili. International Journal of Science Culture and Sport, 3, 504-524.
  • Yenilmez, M. I., Kılınc, C. Ç. and Ateş, Alper. (2016). The politics of gender representation, IIB International Refereed Academic Social Sciences Journal, 22, 1-26.
  • Yenilmez, M.I. (2016). Gender quotas and comparative politics. Toros Üniversitesi İİSBF Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 3 (5), 109-129.

Attitudes of Women’s NGO Members towards Women’s Representation in Turkey

Year 2020, Volume: 15 Issue: 25, 3138 - 3166, 31.05.2020
https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.659064

Abstract

The issue of women's representation started to be discussed intensely in the academic literature, especially in the 2000s. Conceptual discussions demonstrate that this term has different dimensions such as descriptive and substantive representations, and theoretical discussions often focus on the relationship between these dimensions. Besides representation of women's interests is one of these dimensions, it can be observed in different levels such as national, subnational or cross-national. Moreover, representation can be hold by different agencies, actors, institutions or organizations such as members of parliament, women’s NGOs, femocrats or women’s policy machineries. This study analyses representation of women’s interests in Turkey in two levels. First of all, women’s NGO members’ attitudes on representation policies of governments and political parties will be questioned. Secondly this study will focus on the perception of women’s NGO members on how well women’s interests are represented by different public institutions, women’s policy machineries and political parties. For the aims of this study, between November 2017 and February 2018 a survey was run with 735 women who are members of women’s associations from Ankara and Istanbul, two biggest cities of Turkey. 151 women’s associations were included in this research that reflects a representative sample of women’s NGOs in those two cities. The results of this research suggest that members of women’s NGOs does not have high levels satisfaction with representation of women’s interests by government actors and institutions

Project Number

SBA-2017-110

References

  • Akbaş, K. and Şen, İ. G. (2013). Türkiye’de kadına yönelik pozitif ayrımcılık: Kavram, uygulama ve toplumsal algılar. Anadolu University Journal of Social Sciences, 13, 165- 189.
  • Anıl, E., Arın, C., Berktay, A., Hacımirzaoğlu, Bingöllü, M., İlkkaracan, P., and Amado, L. E. (2005). Turkish civil and penal code reforms from a gender perspective: The success of two nationwide campaigns. İstanbul: Women for Women’s Human Rights (WWHR) – NEW WAYS.
  • Arslan, D. A. (2004). Türk siyasi elitleri arasında kadının temsili. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(1), 103- 120.
  • Atchinson, A. (2015). The impact of female cabinet ministers on a female-friendly labor environment. Journal of Women, Politics & Policy, 36(4), 388-414.
  • Ayata, A. G., and Tutuncu, F. (2008). Critical acts without critical mass: The substantive representation of women in the Turkish parliament. Parliamentary Affairs, 61(3), 461-475.
  • Aydın, A. and Kahraman, Ö.F. (2017). Türkiye’de kadın temsili sorunsalına kadın bakanlar bağlamında bir bakış. Yasama Dergisi, 31, 46-64.
  • Beckwith, K. (2007). Numbers and newness: The descriptive and substantive representation of women. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 40(1), 27-49.
  • Belli, A. (2017). Yerel yönetimlerde kadın temsili ve yerel demokrasi. Yasama Dergisi, 31, 65-88.
  • Biricikoğlu, (2013). Yerel yönetimlerde kadın temsilinin yetersizliği: sakarya ilinde yapılan bir araştırma. Sakarya İktisat Dergisi, 2(3), 65-96.
  • Bratton, K. A., and Ray, L. P. (2002). Descriptive representation, policy outcomes, and municipal day-care coverage in Norway. American Journal of Political Science, 46(2), 428- 437.
  • Caiazza, A. (2002). Does women's representation in elected office lead to women-friendly policy? IWPR Publication #I910. Washington DC: Institute for Women's Policy Research.
  • Çakır, S. (2013). Osmanlı kadın hareketi. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
  • Celis, K., Childs, S., Kantola, J., and Krook, M. L. (2008). Rethinking women's substantive representation. Representation, 44(2), 99-110.
  • Chaney, P. (2008). Devolved governance and the substantive representation of women: the second term of the national assembly for wales, 2003–2007. Parliamentary Affairs, 61(2), 272-290.
  • Chen, L. (2010). Do gender quotas influence women’s representation and policies? The European Journal of Comparative Economics, 7(1), 13-60.
  • Childs, S. and Krook, M.L. (2009). Analysing women's substantive representation: From critical mass to critical actors, government and opposition, 44(2), 125-145.
  • Childs, S., and Withey, J. (2004). Women representatives acting for women: Sex and the signing of early day motions in the 1997 British Parliament. Political Studies, 52, 552- 564.
  • Coşar, S., and Onbaşı, F. G. 2008. Women's movement in Turkey at a crossroads: From women's rights advocacy to feminism. South European Society and Politics, 13(3), 325- 344.
  • Dahlerup, D. (2008). Gender quotas – Controversial but trendy: On expanding the research agenda. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 10(3), 322-328.
  • Demir, Z. (2015). Kadınların siyasete katılımı ve katılımı artırmaya yönelik stratejiler. KADEM Kadın Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(2), 35-59.
  • Devlin, C., and Elgie, R. (2008). The effect of increased women’s representation in parliament: The case of Rwanda. Parliamentary Affairs, 61(2), 237-254.
  • Gökçimen, S. (2008). Ülkemizde kadınların siyasal hayata katılım mücadelesi, Yasama Dergisi, 10, 5-59.
  • Grey, S. (2001). Women and parliamentary politics: Does size matter? Critical mass and women mps in the new zealand house of representatives. Paper presented at the 51st Political Studies Association Conference, 10-12 April, Manchester, UK.
  • Hughes, M.H., Krook, M.L. and Paxton, P. (2015). Transnational women’s activism and the global diffusion of gender quotas, International Studies Quarterly, 59, 357–372.
  • IDEA-Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. (2019). Gender QUOTAS DATABASE, Retrieved February 15, 2019 from, https://www.idea.int/data-tools/data/gender- quotas/quotas
  • İlkaracan-Ajas, I. (2008). Birlesmis Milletler CEDAW sürecinde sivil toplum örgütleri ile savunuculuk ve lobicilik Türkiye gölge raporları: 1997 & 2005 deneyimleri. Istanbul: Women for Women’s Human Rights (WWHR) - New Ways.
  • KADER-Kadın Adayları Eğitme ve Destekleme Derneği. (2011). Siyasette kadının temsili araştırması, Retrieved February 15, 2016 from; http://kasaum.ankara.edu.tr/files/2013/11/2011_04_KONDA_Siyasette_Kadin_Temsili_Raporu.pdf
  • Kanter, R. M. (1977).Some effects of proportions on group life: skewed sex ratios and responses to token women.The American Journal of Sociology, 82(5), 965-990.
  • Kellough, J. E. (2006). Understanding affirmative action: Politics, discrimination, and the search for justice. Washington: Georgetown University Press.
  • Krook, M. L. (2006). Reforming representation: The diffusion of candidate gender quotas worldwide. Politics & Gender, 2, 303-327.
  • Krook, M.L. (2004). Gender quotas as a global phenomenon: Actors and strategies in quota adoption. European Political Science, 3(3), 59-65.
  • Lovendusky, J. (2005). Feminizing politics. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Mazur, A. G. (2002). Theorizing feminist policy. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Montoya-Kirk, C. (2005). Italian culture and women’s rights policy: Reproductive rights and violence against women. Paper presented at the American Political Science Association Conference, Washington, D.C.
  • Morgenroth, T. and Ryan, M. K. (2018). Quotas and affirmative action: Understanding group‐based outcomes and attitudes. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 12(3), 1-14.
  • Öztan, E. (2004). Toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği ve ve olumlu ayrımcılık. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 59(1), 203-235.
  • Paker, H. (2009). Kimlik siyaseti ve Türkiye’deki kadın örgütlerine katılım CIVICUS uluslararası sivil toplum endeksi projesi (STEP) II Türkiye Yan Raporları. Istanbul: TÜSEV.
  • Pitkin, H. F. (1967). The concept of representation. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
  • Raaum, N. C. (2005). Gender equality and political representation: A Nordic Comparison. West European Politics, 28(4), 872-897.
  • Reingold, B., and Harrell, J. (2010). The impact of descriptive representation on women’s political engagement: Does party matter? Political Research Quarterly, 63(2), 280-294.
  • Saint-Germain, M. A. (1989). Does their difference make a difference? The impact of women on public policy in the Arizona Legislature. Social Science Quarterly, 70(4), 956- 968.
  • Sancar, S. (2008). Türkiye‟de kadınların siyasal kararlara eşit katılımı. Toplum ve Demokrasi, 2 (4), 173-184.
  • Sancar, S. 2010. Türkiye'de kadınların hak mücadelesini belirleyen bağlamlar sivil toplumun geliştirilmesi için örgütlenme özgürlüğünün güçlendirilmesi projesi: Ref. No: TR0401.04/001
  • Schumacher, K. L. (2008). Maternity leave policy & representation of women: An analysis of descriptive representation, parliamentary factors, and civil society contexts
  • predicting substantive representation of women. Paper presented at the MPSA Annual National Conference, Chicago.
  • Schwindt-Bayer, L. A., and Mishler, W. (2005). An integrated model of women's representation. The Journal of Politics, 67(2), 407-428.
  • Stetson, D. M., and Mazur, A. G. (1995). Introduction. In Stetson, D. M., and Mazur, A. G. (Eds.).Comparative State Feminism. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
  • Vickers, J. (2006). What makes some democracies more 'women-friendly'? paper presented at the 78th annual conference of political science association, York University, Toronto.
  • Waylen, G. (2008). Enhancing the substantive representation of women: lessons from transitions to democracy. Parliamentary Affairs, 61(3), 518-534.
  • Weldon, S. L. (2002). Beyond bodies: Institutional sources of representation for women in democratic policymaking. The Journal of Politics, 64(4), 1153-1174.
  • Wide, J. (2002). Women's political representation around the globe. paper presented at the commonwealth conference on educational administration and management (CCEAM), Umea, Sweden.
  • Yaylı, H. and Eroğlu, G. (2015). Yerel katılım bağlamında Türkiye’de kadın temsili. International Journal of Science Culture and Sport, 3, 504-524.
  • Yenilmez, M. I., Kılınc, C. Ç. and Ateş, Alper. (2016). The politics of gender representation, IIB International Refereed Academic Social Sciences Journal, 22, 1-26.
  • Yenilmez, M.I. (2016). Gender quotas and comparative politics. Toros Üniversitesi İİSBF Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 3 (5), 109-129.
There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Operation
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Senem Ertan 0000-0002-3299-1596

Project Number SBA-2017-110
Publication Date May 31, 2020
Acceptance Date April 20, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 15 Issue: 25

Cite

APA Ertan, S. (2020). Attitudes of Women’s NGO Members towards Women’s Representation in Turkey. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 15(25), 3138-3166. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.659064