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Nüfuz Edilmiş Ortadoğu’da Türk Modeli (ve Ötesi): Uluslararası Prestij-Ulusal Otorite Bağlantısı

Year 2012, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 119 - 142, 15.07.2016

Abstract

Arap Ayaklanmaları’nın ortaya çıktığı bir dönemde, Müslüman nüfusu, başarılı ekonomik kalkınması ve olgunlaşmakta olan demokratik düzeniyle, bölge halklarının kendi demokratik geçiş süreçlerinde izinde ilerleyebilecekleri bir ülke olarak gözler Türkiye’ye çevrilmiştir. Bununla beraber; Türkiye modelinin bölgeyi, Johan Galtung’un deyimiyle, bir ‘pozitif barış’ ortamına dönüştürmek noktasındaki başarısı, büyük oranda Ankara’nın aşağıda belirtilen M. Pyrs’in ‘bölgesel aktörlük’ (regional powerhood) tipolojilerinden hangisini takip edeceğine bağlıdır: bölgesel bağlantısız (detached), bölgesel egemen (dominant) veya bölgesel hegemon. Bu bilgiler ışığında, bu çalışma Türkiye‘nin ancak dahili otoritenin demokratik yollarla tesisi durumunda uluslararası itibar sahibi olup, bölgesel hegemon statüsünü kazanacabileceğini tartışmaktadır. Bu şartın gerçekleşmesi durumunda Türkiye; Ortadoğu ile Avrupa arasında –demokrasi, insan hakları ve hukukun üstünlüğü gibiyeni normatif bağlar yaratma konusunda başarılı olmayı umabilir ve bu sayede ‘nüfuz edilmiş’ Ortadoğu’da bölgesel hegemon olarak ‘pozitif barışın’ hasıl olduğu istikrarı getirebilir

References

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  • Aras, Bülent, “Turkey’s Rise in the Greater Middle East: Peace-Building in the Periphery”, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 11, No. 1, 2009, pp. 29-41.
  • Aydın, Mustafa & Sinem A. Açıkmese, “Europeanization through EU Conditionality: Understanding the New Era in Turkish Foreign Policy”, Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans, Vol. 9, No. 3, 2005, pp. 263–74.
  • Bal, İdris, Turkey’s Relations with the West and the Turkic Republics: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Model, (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000).
  • “Bar Entry or Arrest Sudan President”, Human Rights Watch, November 6, 2009. Available from Internet http://www.hrw.org/news/2009/11/06/turkey-bar-entry-or-arrest-sudan-president (September 14, 2011).
  • Bilgin, Pınar, “Turkey’s Changing Security Discourses: The Challenge of Globalization”, European Journal of Political Science, Vol. 44, 2005, pp.175–201.
  • Brown, L. Carl, International Politics and the Middle East: Old Rules, Dangerous Game, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984).
  • Çandar, Cengiz, “Turkey’s Soft Power Strategy: A New Vision for a Multi-Polar World”, SETA Policy Brief, Vol. 38, 2009, pp. 1-24.
  • Carr, H. Edward, The Twenty Years’ Crisis, (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001).
  • Cohen, B. Saul, “Turkey’s Emergence as a Geopolitical Power Broker”, Eurasian Geography and Economics, Vol. 52, No. 2, 2011, pp 204-222.
  • “Colin Powell’s Interview with Maybritt Illner of ZDF German Television”, April 1, 2004. Available from Internet http://www.state.gov/secretary/former/powell/remarks/31016.htm (July 14, 2008)
  • Dahl, Robert A., On Democracy, (Yale University Press: New Haven, 1998). “Democracy Index 2010: Democracy in Retreat”, The Economist Intelligence Unit. Available from Internet http://graphics.eiu.com/PDF/Democracy_Index_2010_web.pdf (September 14, 2011).
  • Diamond, Larry, “Why are There No Arab Democracies?”, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 21, No. 1, 2010, pp. 103-116.
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  • Fuller, Graham, “Turkey’s Strategic Model: Myths and Realities”, The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 27, No. 3, 2004, pp. 51-64.
  • Galtung, Johan, “An Editorial”, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1964, pp. 1-4.
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  • Gilpin, Robert, War and Change in World Politics, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981).
  • Hinnesbusch, Raymond, The International Politics of the Middle East, (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003). Holsti, J. Kal, “National Role Concepts in the Study of Foreign Policy” in Stephen Walker (ed.), National Role Theory and Foreign Policy Analysis, (Duke University Press, 1987).
  • Huntington, Samuel, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century, (Oklahoma: Oklahoma State University Press, 1991). Jung, Dietrich, “Turkey and the Arab World: Historical Narratives and New Political Realities”, Mediterranean Politics, Vol.10, No.1, 2005, pp. 1-17.
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  • Katz, Yaakov, “Shin Betz: Hamas Operating in Turkey, China”, The Jerusalem Post, August 9, 2011.
  • Keinon, Herb and Yaakov Katz, “Olmert Hints at Secret Syria Track”, Jerusalem Post, March 27, 2008.
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  • Kirişçi, Kemal, “The Transformation of Turkish Foreign Policy: The Rise of the Trading State”, New Perspectives on Turkey, Vol. 40, 2009, pp. 29-56.
  • ____________, “Turkey’s ‘Demonstrative Effect’ and the Transformation of the Middle East”, Insight Turkey, Vol. 13, No. 2, 2011, pp. 32-59.
  • Mango, Andrew, “The Turkish Model”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 29, No.4, 1993, pp. 726-757.
  • “Mısır’da AK Parti kuruluyor!”, CNNTurk, August 13, 2011. Available from Internet http://www.cnnturk.com/2011/dunya/08/13/misirda.ak.parti.kuruluyor/625989.0/index.html (September 18, 2011).
  • Murinson, Alexander, “The Strategic Depth Doctrine of Turkish Foreign Policy”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 42, No.6, 2006, pp. 945-964.
  • Öniş, Ziya, “Multiple Faces of the New Turkish Foreign Policy: Underlying Dynamics and a Critique”, Insight Turkey, Vol.13, No.1, 2011, pp.53-71.
  • Özcan, Mesut, Harmonizing Foreign Policy, (Hampshire: Ashgate: 2008).
  • “PM: France could Mediate Syria Talks”, Jerusalem Post, November 15, 2009.
  • Pope, Hugh, “Turkey: Role Model for Soviet Asia?”, Los Angeles Times, December 17, 1991.
  • “President George Bush Presented Turkey as a Model in the Future of the Middle East”, CNN, June, 29 2004. Available from Internet http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/ 06/29/bush.iraq/index.html. (September 4, 2011).
  • Prys, Miriam, “Hegemony, Domination, Detachment: Differences in Regional Powerhood”, International Studies Review, Vol.12, 2010, pp. 479-504.
  • Ramadan, Tarik, “Democratic Turkey is the Template for Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood”, Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, Vol. 30, No.3, 2011, p. 21.
  • Ravid, Barak, “Assad: Direct Talks with Israel Only After Bush Leaves Office”, Haaretz.com, July 8, 2008 Available from Internet http://www.haaretz.com/news/assad-direct-talks-with-israelonlyafterbushleavesoffice-1.249280.(January 8, 2012).
  • ___________, “Israel Hits Back at Turkey over Scuppered Air Force Drill”, Haaretz.com, October 11, 2009. Available from Internet http://www.haaretz.com/news/israel-hits-back-at-turkey-over-scuppered-air-forcedrill-1.6319 (January 7, 2012).
  • ___________, “Netanyahu: Turkey can’t be ‘Honest Broker’ in Syria Talks”, Haaretz.com, October 18, 2009. Available from Internet http://www.haaretz.com/printedition/news /netanyahu-turkey-can-t-behonest-broker-in-syria-talks-1.5940 (January 7, 2012).
  • Rosecrance, Richard, The Rise of the Trading State: Commerce and Conquest in the Modern World, (New York: Basic Book, 1986).
  • Sander, Oral, “Turkey and the Turkic World”, Central Asian Survey, Vol.13, No.1, 1994, pp. 37-44.
  • Sarıgil, Zeki, “Europeanization as Institutional Change: The Case of the Turkish Military”, Mediterranean Politics, Vol. 12, No. 1, 2007, pp. 39–57.
  • Sharp, M. Jeremy, “The Broader Middle East and North Africa Initiative: An Overview”, CRS Report for Congress, Februrary 15, 2005. Available from Internet http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/ mideast/RS22053.pdf (August 11, 2011).
  • Singh, Michael, “The Real Choice Turkey Has to Make When it Comes to Israel”, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, November 5, 2010. Available from Internet http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC06.php?CID=1532 (January 7, 2012).
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  • “Star of Islam: A Survey of Turkey”, The Economist, September 14, 1991.
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  • Thies, G. Cameron, “Role Theory and Foreign Policy”, International Studies Association, Compendium Project, May 2009. Available from Internet http://www.isanet.org/ compendium_sections/2007/06/foreign_policy_.html (15 September 2011).
  • “Tunuslu Lider Gannuşi Zaman’a Konuştu”, Zaman, February 23, 2011.
  • “Turkey: GDP (Power Purchasing Parity)”, The Index Mundi. Available from Internet http://www.indexmundi.com/turkey/gdp_%28purchasing_power_parity%29.html. (July 5, 2011).
  • Uphoff, Norman, “Distinguishing Power, Authority & Legitimacy: Taking Max Weber at His Word by Using Resources-Exchange Analysis”, Polity, Vol. 22, No. 2, 1998, pp. 295-322.
  • Wish, B. Naomi, “Foreign Policy Makers and Their National Role Conceptions”, International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 24, No.4, 1980, pp. 532-554.

Beyond a Turkish Model in Transforming the Penetrated Middle East: The Nexus of Domestic Authority and International Prestige

Year 2012, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 119 - 142, 15.07.2016

Abstract

At a time of Arab uprisings, many set their eyes on Muslim populated Turkey with its successful economic development and nascent democratic political order, as what the peoples of the region can proceed along in their own transition to democracy. Nevertheless, to what extent Turkey’s model will bear success in transforming the region into a ‘positive peace’ environment , to use the term of Johan Galtung, will highly rely on which of the following ‘regional powerhood’ Ankara will come to pursue: regionally detached, regional dominant or regional hegemon , coining M.Pyrs’ typology. Against this backdrop, this article mainly argues that if only Turkey fills into status of a regional hegemon with the acquisition of the elements of domestic authority and international prestige, Turkey may hope to succeed in creating new normative ties - democracy, human rights, the rule of law, etc. - between Europe and the Middle East, thereby, fostering ‘positive peace’ and stability in the ‘penetrated region’ as regional hegemon

References

  • Adigbuo, Richard, “Beyond IR Theories: The Case for National Role Conceptions”, Politikon, Vol. 34, No. 1, 2007, pp. 83-97.
  • “Al-Asad Reveals Turkish Mediation with Israel”, Al-Watan, April 24, 2008.
  • Aras, Bülent & Aylin Görener, “National Role Conceptions and Foreign Policy Orientation: The Ideational Bases of the Justice and Development Party’s Foreign Policy Activism in the Middle East”, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 12, No. 1, 2010, pp. 73-92.
  • Aras, Bülent, “Turkey’s Rise in the Greater Middle East: Peace-Building in the Periphery”, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 11, No. 1, 2009, pp. 29-41.
  • Aydın, Mustafa & Sinem A. Açıkmese, “Europeanization through EU Conditionality: Understanding the New Era in Turkish Foreign Policy”, Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans, Vol. 9, No. 3, 2005, pp. 263–74.
  • Bal, İdris, Turkey’s Relations with the West and the Turkic Republics: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Model, (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000).
  • “Bar Entry or Arrest Sudan President”, Human Rights Watch, November 6, 2009. Available from Internet http://www.hrw.org/news/2009/11/06/turkey-bar-entry-or-arrest-sudan-president (September 14, 2011).
  • Bilgin, Pınar, “Turkey’s Changing Security Discourses: The Challenge of Globalization”, European Journal of Political Science, Vol. 44, 2005, pp.175–201.
  • Brown, L. Carl, International Politics and the Middle East: Old Rules, Dangerous Game, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984).
  • Çandar, Cengiz, “Turkey’s Soft Power Strategy: A New Vision for a Multi-Polar World”, SETA Policy Brief, Vol. 38, 2009, pp. 1-24.
  • Carr, H. Edward, The Twenty Years’ Crisis, (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001).
  • Cohen, B. Saul, “Turkey’s Emergence as a Geopolitical Power Broker”, Eurasian Geography and Economics, Vol. 52, No. 2, 2011, pp 204-222.
  • “Colin Powell’s Interview with Maybritt Illner of ZDF German Television”, April 1, 2004. Available from Internet http://www.state.gov/secretary/former/powell/remarks/31016.htm (July 14, 2008)
  • Dahl, Robert A., On Democracy, (Yale University Press: New Haven, 1998). “Democracy Index 2010: Democracy in Retreat”, The Economist Intelligence Unit. Available from Internet http://graphics.eiu.com/PDF/Democracy_Index_2010_web.pdf (September 14, 2011).
  • Diamond, Larry, “Why are There No Arab Democracies?”, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 21, No. 1, 2010, pp. 103-116.
  • Doyle, W. Michael, “Kant, Liberal Legacies, and Foreign Affairs”, Philosophy & Public Affairs, Vol. 12, No. 3, 1983, pp. 205-235.
  • “Freedom in the World - (Turkey 2011)”, Freedom House. Available from Internet http://www. freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&country=8152&year=2011 (October 4, 2011).
  • Fuller, Graham, “Turkey’s Strategic Model: Myths and Realities”, The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 27, No. 3, 2004, pp. 51-64.
  • Galtung, Johan, “An Editorial”, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1964, pp. 1-4.
  • ____________,“Social Cosmology and the Concept of Peace”, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 18, No. 2, 1981, pp.183-199.
  • “Geopolitical Briefing: The Dynamics and Dilemmas of Turkey’s AKP”, Global Intelligence Report, August 29, 2010. Available from Internet http://globalintel.live.subhub.com/articles/The-Dynamics-and-Dilemmas-ofTurkeys-AKP (September 17, 2011).
  • Gilpin, Robert, War and Change in World Politics, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981).
  • Hinnesbusch, Raymond, The International Politics of the Middle East, (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003). Holsti, J. Kal, “National Role Concepts in the Study of Foreign Policy” in Stephen Walker (ed.), National Role Theory and Foreign Policy Analysis, (Duke University Press, 1987).
  • Huntington, Samuel, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century, (Oklahoma: Oklahoma State University Press, 1991). Jung, Dietrich, “Turkey and the Arab World: Historical Narratives and New Political Realities”, Mediterranean Politics, Vol.10, No.1, 2005, pp. 1-17.
  • Kant, Immanuel, Perpetual Peace and Other Essays on Politics, History, and Morals, (New York: Hackett Publishing Company, 1983).
  • Katz, Yaakov, “Shin Betz: Hamas Operating in Turkey, China”, The Jerusalem Post, August 9, 2011.
  • Keinon, Herb and Yaakov Katz, “Olmert Hints at Secret Syria Track”, Jerusalem Post, March 27, 2008.
  • Keyman, E. Fuat and Ziya Öniş, Turkish Politics in a Changing World: Global Dynamics and Domestic Transformations, (Istanbul: Istanbul Bilgi University Press, 2007).
  • Kirişçi, Kemal, “The Transformation of Turkish Foreign Policy: The Rise of the Trading State”, New Perspectives on Turkey, Vol. 40, 2009, pp. 29-56.
  • ____________, “Turkey’s ‘Demonstrative Effect’ and the Transformation of the Middle East”, Insight Turkey, Vol. 13, No. 2, 2011, pp. 32-59.
  • Mango, Andrew, “The Turkish Model”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 29, No.4, 1993, pp. 726-757.
  • “Mısır’da AK Parti kuruluyor!”, CNNTurk, August 13, 2011. Available from Internet http://www.cnnturk.com/2011/dunya/08/13/misirda.ak.parti.kuruluyor/625989.0/index.html (September 18, 2011).
  • Murinson, Alexander, “The Strategic Depth Doctrine of Turkish Foreign Policy”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 42, No.6, 2006, pp. 945-964.
  • Öniş, Ziya, “Multiple Faces of the New Turkish Foreign Policy: Underlying Dynamics and a Critique”, Insight Turkey, Vol.13, No.1, 2011, pp.53-71.
  • Özcan, Mesut, Harmonizing Foreign Policy, (Hampshire: Ashgate: 2008).
  • “PM: France could Mediate Syria Talks”, Jerusalem Post, November 15, 2009.
  • Pope, Hugh, “Turkey: Role Model for Soviet Asia?”, Los Angeles Times, December 17, 1991.
  • “President George Bush Presented Turkey as a Model in the Future of the Middle East”, CNN, June, 29 2004. Available from Internet http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/ 06/29/bush.iraq/index.html. (September 4, 2011).
  • Prys, Miriam, “Hegemony, Domination, Detachment: Differences in Regional Powerhood”, International Studies Review, Vol.12, 2010, pp. 479-504.
  • Ramadan, Tarik, “Democratic Turkey is the Template for Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood”, Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, Vol. 30, No.3, 2011, p. 21.
  • Ravid, Barak, “Assad: Direct Talks with Israel Only After Bush Leaves Office”, Haaretz.com, July 8, 2008 Available from Internet http://www.haaretz.com/news/assad-direct-talks-with-israelonlyafterbushleavesoffice-1.249280.(January 8, 2012).
  • ___________, “Israel Hits Back at Turkey over Scuppered Air Force Drill”, Haaretz.com, October 11, 2009. Available from Internet http://www.haaretz.com/news/israel-hits-back-at-turkey-over-scuppered-air-forcedrill-1.6319 (January 7, 2012).
  • ___________, “Netanyahu: Turkey can’t be ‘Honest Broker’ in Syria Talks”, Haaretz.com, October 18, 2009. Available from Internet http://www.haaretz.com/printedition/news /netanyahu-turkey-can-t-behonest-broker-in-syria-talks-1.5940 (January 7, 2012).
  • Rosecrance, Richard, The Rise of the Trading State: Commerce and Conquest in the Modern World, (New York: Basic Book, 1986).
  • Sander, Oral, “Turkey and the Turkic World”, Central Asian Survey, Vol.13, No.1, 1994, pp. 37-44.
  • Sarıgil, Zeki, “Europeanization as Institutional Change: The Case of the Turkish Military”, Mediterranean Politics, Vol. 12, No. 1, 2007, pp. 39–57.
  • Sharp, M. Jeremy, “The Broader Middle East and North Africa Initiative: An Overview”, CRS Report for Congress, Februrary 15, 2005. Available from Internet http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/ mideast/RS22053.pdf (August 11, 2011).
  • Singh, Michael, “The Real Choice Turkey Has to Make When it Comes to Israel”, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, November 5, 2010. Available from Internet http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC06.php?CID=1532 (January 7, 2012).
  • Spencer, E. Martin, “Weber on Legitimate Norms and Authority”, The British Journal of Sociology, Vol. 21, No. 2, 1970, pp. 123-134.
  • “Star of Islam: A Survey of Turkey”, The Economist, September 14, 1991.
  • “Stormy Debate in Davos over Gaza”, Al-Jazeera.com, January 29, 2009. http://www.aljazeera .com/news /europe/2009/01/20091291976879610.html (January 7, 2009).
  • Thies, G. Cameron, “Role Theory and Foreign Policy”, International Studies Association, Compendium Project, May 2009. Available from Internet http://www.isanet.org/ compendium_sections/2007/06/foreign_policy_.html (15 September 2011).
  • “Tunuslu Lider Gannuşi Zaman’a Konuştu”, Zaman, February 23, 2011.
  • “Turkey: GDP (Power Purchasing Parity)”, The Index Mundi. Available from Internet http://www.indexmundi.com/turkey/gdp_%28purchasing_power_parity%29.html. (July 5, 2011).
  • Uphoff, Norman, “Distinguishing Power, Authority & Legitimacy: Taking Max Weber at His Word by Using Resources-Exchange Analysis”, Polity, Vol. 22, No. 2, 1998, pp. 295-322.
  • Wish, B. Naomi, “Foreign Policy Makers and Their National Role Conceptions”, International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 24, No.4, 1980, pp. 532-554.
There are 56 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA34NY88EF
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Emre İşeri This is me

Oğuz Dilek This is me

Publication Date July 15, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2012 Volume: 3 Issue: 2

Cite

Chicago İşeri, Emre, and Oğuz Dilek. “Nüfuz Edilmiş Ortadoğu’da Türk Modeli (ve Ötesi): Uluslararası Prestij-Ulusal Otorite Bağlantısı”. Ortadoğu Etütleri 3, no. 2 (July 2016): 119-42.

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