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The Message of New Medium: Politics and the Arab Uprisings on Social Media

Year 2019, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 4 - 25, 01.06.2019

Abstract

Public Sphere in the Arab world has been under rapid and steady transformation with social media becoming an alternative medium of interactive communication. In 2011-12, Facebook had emerged as the main site of these interactions and user-producer convergence that helped the Arab uprisings to be communicated to a wider audience by their actors directly to the people who were equally able to interact with the process. On the other hand, the satellite channels like Al Jazeera and Al Arabiya found themselves challenged by the reach and interactivity of social media and were forced to meet the expectations of an over-ambitious Arab street. Al Jazeera, Al Arabiya, Al Sharq Al Awsat, Al Hayat, and many transnational Arab news organizations became active on cyber-sphere, none of them achieved the popularity of social media, nonetheless. The Arabic page of Kulluna Khaled Said, for example, was created in June 2010 in reaction to a local police case became a global news maker when it became the leading media against Hosni Mubarak after the uprisings erupted. This paper discusses the role of social media as a New Medium when most of traditional mediums were trying to censor or remain wary of covering the anti-regime uprisings. The new medium became a new message in itself where new ways of interactions and new discursive traditions started appearing. A case study was conducted on the Facebook campaign of Kulluna Khaled Said along with other pages which were actively engaged in staging anti regime protests. The paper refers Jurgen Habermas’ Public sphere as a theoretical point to what the Arab street used to be at the time of the uprising.

References

  • Al Jazeera, “Egypt State Media Changes Sides”, Al-Jazeera, (February 13, 2011), http:// english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/02/201121361556414860.html (accessed August, 23, 2012)
  • Al Jazeera, “Reporting the Egyptian Revolution”, Al-Jazeera, February 13, 2011. http:// english.aljazeera.net/programmes/listeningpost/2011/02/201121375612184592.html (accessed August 17, 2012)
  • Arab News, “King condemns violence in Egypt” Arab News, (January, 29, 2011), http:// arabnews.com/saudiarabia/article245718.ece (accessed August, 20, 2012)
  • Arab Social Media Report, “Civil Movements: The Impact of Facebook and Twitter Facebook Usage”, Arab Social Media Report, May (2011), V 1 No. 2.
  • Arab Social Media Report, “Facebook Usage: Factors and Analysis” Arab Social Media Report, January (2011), V 1 No. 1.
  • Hasan Masky, “Saudi News Channel Sacks a Broadcaster for His Commentary on Egyptian Revolution”, (2011). http://moroccoboard.com/viewpoint/68-hassan-massi- ki/5079-saudi-news-channel-sacks-a-broadcaster-for-his-commentary-on-egyptian-re- volution, (accessed online 20 Aug. 2012)
  • Jack Shenker, “Egypt’s Media Undergo their Own Revolution” The Guardian, (February 21, 2011), http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2011/feb/21/egypt-media-revolution, (ac- cessed August 23, 2012)
  • Kai Hafez, “The Role of Media in the Arab World’s Transformation Process” in Hanelt, Christian-Peter, Almut Möller (eds.) Bound to Cooperate – Europe and the Middle East II, Bielefeld: Verlag Bertelsmann Stiftung, Gütersloh (2008): -(321-339).
  • Kai Hafez, “The Role of Media in the Arab World’s Transformation Process” , (2007)p. 323
  • Lynch, Marc (2011). “After Egypt: The Limits and Promise of Online Challenges to the Authoritarian Arab State” Reflections June vol. 9/No 2 (3004) 2011.
  • Mamoun Fandy, “Information Technology, Trust, and Social Change in the Arab World”, Middle East Journal, Vol. 54, No. 3, The Information Revolution Summer, (2011): 379.
  • Marc Lynch, “U.S. Public Diplomacy and the Arab Uprisings” Foreign Policy, April 13, (2011) accessed online 20 May 2012, URL: http://lynch.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/04/13/ us_public_diplomacy_and_the_arab_uprisings
  • Mohammed El-Nawawy & Adel Iskandar, Al-Jazeera: The Story of the Network that is Rattling Governments and Redefining Modern Journalism, (Cambridge: Westview Press: 2003) 34.
  • Rania Abouzeid, “Bouazizi: The Man Who Set Himself and Tunisia on Fire” Times Magazine (January 21, 2012). Accessed June 25, 2019, http://content.time.com/time/magazine/ar- ticle/0,9171,2044723,00.html
  • The Economist, “Dreaming of a Caliphate”, The Economist, August 6, (2011).

Sosyal Medyada Arap İsyanları: Arap Dünyasında Kamusal Alanın Değiştirilmesi

Year 2019, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 4 - 25, 01.06.2019

Abstract

Arap dünyasında Kamusal Alan, kritik seslerin giderek daha fazla siyasi ve sosyal tartışmalara katıldığı hızlı ve istikrarlı bir dönüşüm geçirmektedir. Sosyal medya bu süreci yoğunlaştırmış ve bir şekilde bu kadar etkileşimi mevcut yapılarına dâhil edemeyen televizyon ve gazetelerin önüne geçmiştir. Facebook bu süreçte özellikle etkin olmuştur ve şüphesiz Arap ayaklanmaları sosyal medya ağları tarafından daha da güçlendirilmiştir. Öte yandan, El Cezire ve El Arabiya gibi uydu kanallarının etkisi kuruluşlarının ardından ilk kez kabul edilmiştir. Sosyal medya kullanımının yaygınlaşmasıyla birlikte yazılı ve elektronik medya, sosyal medya ağları aracılığıyla bütünleştirilmiş, etkileşim, geri bildirim ve izleyiciler arası iletişim gibi değerler kazandırılmıştır ki bu önceden herhangi bir yazılı ve elektronik medyada mümkün olmayan bir olgudur. El Cezire, El Arabiya, Şarkul Avsat, El Hayat ve çok sayıda uluslararası Arap haber kuruluşu da siber-alanda aktif faaliyet göstermiş ancak hiçbiri tartışma, münazara ve siyasi yorumlar açısından bu kadar popülerlik kazanamamıştır. Arapça “Kulluna Khaled Said” Hepimiz Halid Saidiz sayfası, Hüsnü Mübarek hükümetine, Halid Said’in yasadışı öldürülmesinden sorumlu olan polis personeline karşı eylemde bulunma yönünde baskı yapmak maksadıyla Haziran 2010’da Facebook’ta açılmıştır. Sayfayı açan kişi bu adımı doğrudan devrim yapmak ya da Mübarek rejimini devirmek için atmamıştır. Bir buçuk milyondan fazla Arap genç Facebook grubuna katılmışlar ve Mısır’ın siyasi ve ekonomik sorunları hakkında aktif olarak fikir alışverişinde bulunmuşlardır. Bu makale, Arap dünyasında Kamusal Alanın dönüştürücü faktörlerini ve medyanın rolünü analiz etmek amacıyla Mısır ve diğer Arap başkentlerinde ayaklanmalar zirveye ulaştığında sosyal medyanın rolünü tartışmaktadır. Rejim karşıtı protesto gösterileri düzenleyen diğer sayfalarla birlikte Kulluna Khaled Said Facebook hesabı üzerine bir vaka çalışması yapılmıştır. Makale, Arap dünyasındaki kamusal alanın dönüşümünü ve hala geçerli olan yasal oto-sansür mekanizmalarına rağmen nihai demokratikleşmesini ana hatlarıyla ele almaktadır. Zamanla, sosyal medyanın devrim yanlısı gelgitleri İslamcılara karşı dönmüş, sosyal medya kamusal alanın demokratikleşmesine yönelik yeni zorluk ve sorunlarla karşı karşıya kaldığı yeni bir aşamaya girmiştir

References

  • Al Jazeera, “Egypt State Media Changes Sides”, Al-Jazeera, (February 13, 2011), http:// english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/02/201121361556414860.html (accessed August, 23, 2012)
  • Al Jazeera, “Reporting the Egyptian Revolution”, Al-Jazeera, February 13, 2011. http:// english.aljazeera.net/programmes/listeningpost/2011/02/201121375612184592.html (accessed August 17, 2012)
  • Arab News, “King condemns violence in Egypt” Arab News, (January, 29, 2011), http:// arabnews.com/saudiarabia/article245718.ece (accessed August, 20, 2012)
  • Arab Social Media Report, “Civil Movements: The Impact of Facebook and Twitter Facebook Usage”, Arab Social Media Report, May (2011), V 1 No. 2.
  • Arab Social Media Report, “Facebook Usage: Factors and Analysis” Arab Social Media Report, January (2011), V 1 No. 1.
  • Hasan Masky, “Saudi News Channel Sacks a Broadcaster for His Commentary on Egyptian Revolution”, (2011). http://moroccoboard.com/viewpoint/68-hassan-massi- ki/5079-saudi-news-channel-sacks-a-broadcaster-for-his-commentary-on-egyptian-re- volution, (accessed online 20 Aug. 2012)
  • Jack Shenker, “Egypt’s Media Undergo their Own Revolution” The Guardian, (February 21, 2011), http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2011/feb/21/egypt-media-revolution, (ac- cessed August 23, 2012)
  • Kai Hafez, “The Role of Media in the Arab World’s Transformation Process” in Hanelt, Christian-Peter, Almut Möller (eds.) Bound to Cooperate – Europe and the Middle East II, Bielefeld: Verlag Bertelsmann Stiftung, Gütersloh (2008): -(321-339).
  • Kai Hafez, “The Role of Media in the Arab World’s Transformation Process” , (2007)p. 323
  • Lynch, Marc (2011). “After Egypt: The Limits and Promise of Online Challenges to the Authoritarian Arab State” Reflections June vol. 9/No 2 (3004) 2011.
  • Mamoun Fandy, “Information Technology, Trust, and Social Change in the Arab World”, Middle East Journal, Vol. 54, No. 3, The Information Revolution Summer, (2011): 379.
  • Marc Lynch, “U.S. Public Diplomacy and the Arab Uprisings” Foreign Policy, April 13, (2011) accessed online 20 May 2012, URL: http://lynch.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/04/13/ us_public_diplomacy_and_the_arab_uprisings
  • Mohammed El-Nawawy & Adel Iskandar, Al-Jazeera: The Story of the Network that is Rattling Governments and Redefining Modern Journalism, (Cambridge: Westview Press: 2003) 34.
  • Rania Abouzeid, “Bouazizi: The Man Who Set Himself and Tunisia on Fire” Times Magazine (January 21, 2012). Accessed June 25, 2019, http://content.time.com/time/magazine/ar- ticle/0,9171,2044723,00.html
  • The Economist, “Dreaming of a Caliphate”, The Economist, August 6, (2011).
There are 15 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Omair Anas This is me

Publication Date June 1, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 11 Issue: 1

Cite

Chicago Anas, Omair. “Sosyal Medyada Arap İsyanları: Arap Dünyasında Kamusal Alanın Değiştirilmesi”. Ortadoğu Etütleri 11, no. 1 (June 2019): 4-25.

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