Political Economy of Import Substitution Industrialization in Egypt (1950-1970)

Year 2017, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 32 - 59, 30.06.2017

Deena Saleh

Abstract

This article tries to shed light on Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) in Egypt. The country had witnessed political instability, social changes, and economic hardships. In this regard, those signs are better understood by having a retrospective view into its economic and political history. Egypt drowned in many wars after it got over British Colony. We attempt to analyze political and economic institutions and their role in political economy of the country. Political, international, economic, and institutional context differed with each government and president. This explains the divergence in economic performance. It is argued that some factors such as institutional framework, political and economic ideology, social coalitions, and international financial institutions affected implementation and success of ISI.

Keywords

Import Substitution Industrialization, Less Developed Countries, Egypt, Middle East, Political Economy

Mısır'da İthal Ikameci Sanayileşmenin Ekonomi Politiği (1950-1970)

Abstract

Bu makale Mısır'daki İthal İkameci Sanayileşme (ISI) üzerine bir çalışmadır. Mısır'daki siyasi istikrarsızlık, sosyal değişimlere ve ekonomik krizlere sebep oldu. Bu bağlamda, bu işaretler Mısırın ekonomik ve politik tarihine retrospektif bir bakış açısıyla bakıldığında daha iyi anlaşılmaktadır. Mısır İngiliz Kolonisi olmaktan kurtulduktan sonra bir çok savaşla yoruldu ve bunların etkisi hem siyasi hem de ekonomik performansına yansıdı. Hükumetler değiştikçe ekonomik ve politik sistemleri de değişti. Makalede; Kurumsal çerçeve, siyasi ve ekonomik ideoloji, sosyal koalisyonlar ve uluslararası finans kurumları gibi bazı faktörlerin ISI'ın uygulanmasını ve başarısını nasıl etkilediği tartışılmaktadır

Keywords

Politik Ekonomi, İthal ikameci Sanayileşme, Az Gelişmiş Ülkeler, Mısır, Orta Doğu

References

• Abdel-Malek, Anouar. "Nasserism and Socialism." The Socialist Register3 (1964): 38-56. https://socialistregister.com/index.php/srv/article/view/5927/2823.
• Adly, Amr. State Reform and Development in The Middle East: Turkey and Egypt in The Post-Liberalization Era. New York: Routledge, 2013.
• Ahmad, Jaleel. Import Substitution, Trade, and Development. Greenwich (Conn.): Jai Press, 1987.
• Ayubi, Nazih N. "Withered Socialism or Whether Socialism? The Radical Arab States as Populist‐corporatist Regimes." Third World Quarterly13, no. 1 (1992): 89-105. doi:10.1080/01436599208420264.
• Baer, Werner. "Import Substitution and Industrialization in Latin America: Experiences and Interpretation." Latin American Research Review 7, no.1 (1972): 95-122.
• Balassa, Bela. "Trade Policies in Developing Countries." The American Economic Review 61, no. 2 (1971): 178-87. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1816990.
• Brooks, Sarah M., and Marcus J. Kurtz. "Paths to Financial Policy Diffusion: Statist Legacies in Latin American Globalization." International Organization 66, no.1 (2012): 95-128.
• Cooper, Mark. "Egyptian State Capitalism in Crisis: Economic Policies and Political Interests." The Middle East, 1983, 77-94. doi: 10.1007/978-1-349-17282-5-11.
• Dominick Salvatore. ‘‘International trade policies, industrialization, and economic development.’’ The International Trade Journal 10, no. 1 (1996), 24, doi: 10.1080/08853909608523846
• Hansen, Bent. The Political Economy of Poverty, Equity, and Growth: Egypt and Turkey. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/1991/12/440580/political-economy-poverty-equity-growth-Egypt-turkey.
• Harik, Iliya. "Continuity and Change in Local Development Policies in Egypt: From Nasser To Sadat." International Journal of Middle East Studies16, no. 1 (1984): 43-66. doi:10.1017/s0020743800027604.
• Ikram, Khalid. The Egyptian Economy, 1952-2000: Performance, Policies, and Issues. Routledge Studies in Middle Eastern Economics, 2006.
• Issawi, Charles Philip. Egypt in Revolution: An Economic Analysis. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1986.
• Kamrava, Mehran. "Structural Impediments to Economic Globalization in the Middle East." Middle East Policy Xi, no. 4 (2012): 96-112
• Kenawy, Ezzat Molouk. "The Economic Development in Egypt during the 1952-2007 Period’." Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences3, no. 2 (2009): 588-603.
• Levy, Victor. "The Distributional Impact of Economic Growth and Decline in Egypt." Middle Eastern Studies22, no. 1 (1986): 89-103. doi:10.1080/00263208608700652.
• Mabro, Robert. "Industrial Growth, Agricultural Under‐Employment, and the Lewis Model. The Egyptian Case, 1937–1965." Journal of Development Studies3, no. 4 (1967): 322-51. Mansfield, Peter. "Nasser and Nasserism." International Journal28, no. 4 (1973): 670. doi:10.2307/40201172.
• Owen, Roger. State, Power and Politics in the Making of the Modern Middle East. London: Routledge, 1994.
• Owen, Roger, and Şevket Pamuk. A History of Middle East Economies in the Twentieth Century. London: I.B. Tauris, 2015.
• Panza, Laura. "De-industrialization and Re-industrialization in the Middle East: Reflections on the Cotton Industry in Egypt and the Izmir Region." The Economic History Review 67, no. 1 (2013):146-69. doi:10.1111/1468-0289.12019.
• Podeh, Elie, and Onn Winckler. Rethinking Nasserism: Revolution and Historical Memory in Modern Egypt. Tallahassee, FL: Orange Grove Texts Plus, 2009.
• Richards, Alan. "The Agricultural Crisis in Egypt." The Journal of Development Studies16, no. 3 (2007): 303-21. doi:10.1080/00220388008421760.
• Rivlin, Paul. "Nasser’s Egypt and Park’s Korea. A Comparison of Their Economic Achievements." In Rethinking Nasserism. Revolution and Historical Memory in Modern Egypt, 264-81. 2004.
• Robert J. Alexander. ‘‘The Import-Substitution Strategy of Economic Development.’’ Journal of Economic Issues 1, no. 4 (1967): 298-308. doi: 10.1080/00213624.1967.11502789
• Roussilion, Alain. "Republican Egypt Interpreted: Revolution and Beyond." In The Cambridge History of Egypt Modern Egypt, from 1517 to the End of the Twentieth Century., 344-45. Vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
• Rutherford, Bruce K. Egypt after Mubarak: Liberalism, Islam, and Democracy in the Arab World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2014.
• Sayyid-Marsot, Afaf Lutfi. A History of Egypt: From the Arab Conquest to the Present. Cambridge: Cambridge, Univ. Press, 2010.
• Shechter, Relli. "The Cultural Economy of Development in Egypt: Economic Nationalism, Hidden Economy, and the Emergence of Mass Consumer Society during Sadats’ Infitah." Middle Eastern Studies, 44, no. 4 (2008): 571-83. doi:10.1080/00263200802120632.
• Waterbury, John. "The Long Gestation and Brief Triumph of Import-Substituting Industrialization." World Development27, no. 2 (1999): 323-41. doi:10.1016/s0305-750x(98)00135-1.