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Filistin’de Gizli Yahudi Örgütü Hashomer ve Faaliyetleri (1909-1918)

Year 2023, Volume: 15 Issue: 1, 49 - 67, 29.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.47932/ortetut.1319067

Abstract

Osmanlı Devleti, Filistin’indeki hakimiyetini yitirme sebeplerinin başında, Siyonistlerin bölgede kurdukları gizli örtüler gelmektedir. Bunlar; karmaşık, gizli ve Filistin başta olmak üzere Osmanlı’nın toprak bütünlüğünü tehdit edecek niteliği taşıyan istihbari örgüt özelliğine sahiptiler. Hashomer da Filistin’de kurulan bu tür gizli Yahudi örgülerinden en önemlilerinden biridir. Tıpkı diğer Siyonist örgütler gibi bölgeyi kontrol altında tutmak amacıyla 1909 yılında Filistin’de kurulmuş olan silahlı oluşumlardan biridir. Çalışmada; 1909 yılından Birinci Dünya Savaşı’na uzanan süreçte bu örgütün kuruluşu ve yaptığı bazı faaliyetler ele alınmaktadır.

References

  • Abdulzahir, Mahmud. Al-Sohyuniya ve Siyaset Al-Unf, Ze’ev Jabotinsky ve Talamizoh fi Al-Siyasah Al-İsraeyliyah (عبد الظاهر، الصهيونية وسياسة العنف). Kahire: Al-Hayaa Al-Masriya Al-Aama Lil Kitap, 1979.
  • Afrayim, Telmi. Hagina Vaavoda, 70 Shnot Ysod Hamishmar. Merkaz Hitrabut Vhakhinuka, t.y.
  • Afrayim, Telmi - Manahim. “Mujam Al-Mustalahat Al-Sohuniyah (تلمي، معجم المصطلحات الصهيونية)”. Trc. Ahmed Al-Ajrami. Amman: Dar Al-Jalil lil Naşir, 1988.
  • Al-Akiki, Necib. Al-Mustaşrikoun (الكيكي، المستشرقون). Kahire: Dar Al-Maarif, 1965.
  • Alkan, Necmettin. İmparatorluğun Son Savaşı. Birinci Dünya Savaşı’na Neden Nasıl Girdik? İstanbul: Timaş, 2020.
  • Alkan, Necmettin. Nili; Ortadoğu’da Casuslar Savaşı. İstanbul: Kronik Kitap, 2017.
  • Al-Meseri, Abdulvahaab. “Mevsuat al-Yahud ve al-Yahudiya ve al-Sohuniya (المسيري، موسوعة اليهود)”. Bayrut: Dar Al-Şoruk, 1999.
  • Almong, Oz. The Sabra, The Creation of the new Jew. Trc. Haim Watzman. Berkeley: University of California press, 2000.
  • Badir, Hamdan. Tarih al-Haganah fi Filistin 1920-1945 (بدر، تاريخ الهاغاناة). Bayrut: 1981, t.y.
  • Ben Arye, Yhoshua - Vaakherim. Entsiklopedya Shel Hatkufot Hagdolot Btoldot Erets Yisrael, Mdina Al Saf Khurban 1914-1918 (بن أريه، موسوعة الفترات الكبرى - عبري). Garsaot Rvivim, 1980.
  • Ben-Hour, Eliyahu. Ytsia Mehagader, Sidrt Hzikronot Şel İsh Habitakhon (بن حور، الخروج من السياج - عبري). Tel Aviv: Pirsumey Tsahal, Msrid Habitakhon, t.y.
  • Ben-Yhuda, Barukh - Shochat, Israel. Hamabek Lvytakhun Vlaatsmaut. Ramot Gan: İtonot Mtsid, 1974.
  • Ben-Zvi, Yitzhak. Sefer Hashomer. Tel Aviv: Davar, 1962.
  • Ben-Zvi, Yitzhak. Zikronot Vrshimot, Mehanurim Ad 1920. Ed. Rakhel Ben-Zvi. Tel Aviv: Keren Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, t.y.
  • Comay, Joan. Who’s Who in the Old Testament, Together with the Apocrypha. United States: Routledge, 1995.
  • Dekel, Efrayim. Pilut Manganon Hmeyda (Hasoei); Miyomano Şel Manhig Manganon Hmeyda Şel Hahagana (ديكل، نشاطات جهاز المعلومات “هشاي”-عبري). 1. Bs. Tel Aviv: Hidpasta Davar, 1953.
  • Eliab, Mardkay. Al-Hamatsor Vhamtsuka Shel Erets Yisrael Bmilkhemet Haolam Harishona (إلياب، في الحصار والضائقة - عبري). Kudüs: Meet Yitskhak Ben Tsvi, t.y.
  • Engin, Vahdettin. Pazarlık. 14. Bs. İstanbul: Yeditepe Yayınevi, 2010.
  • Gera, Gershon. Hashomer. Israel: Hotseta Msrid Habitakhon, Hahotsaa Lor, 1985.
  • Halpern, Ben - Reinharz, Jehuda. Zionism and The Creation of a New Society. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1998.
  • Jacob, Abadi. Israel’s Leadership: From Utopia to Crisis. United States: Greenwood Press, 1993.
  • Kasimih, Khayrih. Al-Naşat Al-Sohuni fi Al-Şark Al-Arabi ve Sadah 1908-1918 (قاسمية، النشاط الصهيوني). Beyrut: Markaz Abhas Munzamat al-Ttahrir al-Filistiniya, 1973.
  • Lev, Uziel - Kuper, Avi. Bergyora Vhashomer. 1985. Bs. Israel: Garsaot Shel Msrid Habitakhon Hayisreli, t.y.
  • Mansur, Jony. “Mujam Al-Mustalahat Al-Sohuniyah ve Al-Esraeyliya (منصور، معجم الأعلام)”. Ramallah: Madar, 2009.
  • Medoff, Rafael - Waxman, Chaim. The A to Z of Zionism. United Kingdom: The Scarecrow Press, 2009.
  • Öke, Mim Kemal. Siyonizm ve Filistin Sorunu (1880-1923). 2. Bs. İstanbul: Kırmızı Kedi, 2013.
  • Rogel, Nakdimon. Hayotsim El Erets Hatsafon: Reshitan Shel Kvutsot Hapoalim Betsba-Hagalil 1916-1920. Tel Aviv: Meet Yitskhak Ben Tsvi, 1987.
  • Shafir, Gershon. Land, Labor, and the Origins of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, 1882-1914. United States: University of California Press, 1996.
  • Shaul, Avigur - Ben-Tsiyon, Dinor - Yhuda, Selutski - Vaakherim. Toldot Hahagana. Tel Aviv: Pirsumey Hsifriya Hatsiyonit Vhatsava, Magazin Hamaarakhot, 1966.
  • Shiva, Shlomo. Shevet Haamitsim (شيفا، قبيلة الشجعان - عبري). Tel Aviv: Mehdorut sfaryayt hapoalim vhakaibuts haazury, 1978.
  • Shohat, Manya. “Hashomer Berets, Osef Hashomer, Mismakiym Vyomanim Shenikhtvu Al Ydey Anshey Hamishmar Hakadumim”. Ed. Klanski Shlomo. Mehdorut Arkiyon Tnuat Haavoda, Tel Aviv, 1973.
  • Tipt, Şıptay. Ben-Gurion ve Al-Arap (تيبت، بن غوريون والعرب). Trc. Gazi Al-Saadi. 1. Bs. Amman: Dar Al-Jalil lil Naşir, 1987. William, Ann. Britain and France in the Middle East and North Africa. London: Macmillam pub Ltd, 1968.
  • Yaneyt, Rakhel. Zikronot Hashomer, Sefer Hashomer, Zikronot khaverim: Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, Yisrael Shokhet, Matay Magd, Yohana Netberevski. Shikhruro Shel Mearkot, Vkaftor Hahagana, Udvir. Tel Aviv.
  • Yitskhak, Eyliyeyn - Sriel, Barukh. “Entsiklopedya Krata Tsiburit (إيزكس، موسوعة كارتا العامة - عبري)”. İsrael: Msrid habitakhon, keren krata, t.y.
  • Yosef, Tovey. Yomenu Shel ish Hashomer (توفي، مذكرات رجل الحارس - عبري). Tel Aviv: Mehdorut Mod, 1973.

منظمة هاشومير اليهودية السرية وأنشطتها في فلسطين (1909-1918)

Year 2023, Volume: 15 Issue: 1, 49 - 67, 29.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.47932/ortetut.1319067

Abstract

فقدت الإمبراطورية العثمانية سيادتها في فلسطين بشكل أساسي بسبب التنظيمات السرية التي أسسها الصهاينة في المنطقة. كانت هذه المنظمات معقدة وسرية واستخباراتية تهدد سلامة أراضي الدولة العثمانية، وخاصة في فلسطين. هاشومير هي واحدة من أهم المنظمات اليهودية السرية التي تأسست في فلسطين. وكبقية التنظيمات الصهيونية الأخرى، فقد كانت تعتبر إحدى التشكيلات المسلحة التي تأسست في فلسطين عام 1909 من أجل إبقاء المنطقة تحت السيطرة. في هذه الدراسة، تمت مناقشة إنشاء هذه المنظمة وبعض أنشطتها من عام 1909 وحتى الحرب العالمية الأولى.

References

  • Abdulzahir, Mahmud. Al-Sohyuniya ve Siyaset Al-Unf, Ze’ev Jabotinsky ve Talamizoh fi Al-Siyasah Al-İsraeyliyah (عبد الظاهر، الصهيونية وسياسة العنف). Kahire: Al-Hayaa Al-Masriya Al-Aama Lil Kitap, 1979.
  • Afrayim, Telmi. Hagina Vaavoda, 70 Shnot Ysod Hamishmar. Merkaz Hitrabut Vhakhinuka, t.y.
  • Afrayim, Telmi - Manahim. “Mujam Al-Mustalahat Al-Sohuniyah (تلمي، معجم المصطلحات الصهيونية)”. Trc. Ahmed Al-Ajrami. Amman: Dar Al-Jalil lil Naşir, 1988.
  • Al-Akiki, Necib. Al-Mustaşrikoun (الكيكي، المستشرقون). Kahire: Dar Al-Maarif, 1965.
  • Alkan, Necmettin. İmparatorluğun Son Savaşı. Birinci Dünya Savaşı’na Neden Nasıl Girdik? İstanbul: Timaş, 2020.
  • Alkan, Necmettin. Nili; Ortadoğu’da Casuslar Savaşı. İstanbul: Kronik Kitap, 2017.
  • Al-Meseri, Abdulvahaab. “Mevsuat al-Yahud ve al-Yahudiya ve al-Sohuniya (المسيري، موسوعة اليهود)”. Bayrut: Dar Al-Şoruk, 1999.
  • Almong, Oz. The Sabra, The Creation of the new Jew. Trc. Haim Watzman. Berkeley: University of California press, 2000.
  • Badir, Hamdan. Tarih al-Haganah fi Filistin 1920-1945 (بدر، تاريخ الهاغاناة). Bayrut: 1981, t.y.
  • Ben Arye, Yhoshua - Vaakherim. Entsiklopedya Shel Hatkufot Hagdolot Btoldot Erets Yisrael, Mdina Al Saf Khurban 1914-1918 (بن أريه، موسوعة الفترات الكبرى - عبري). Garsaot Rvivim, 1980.
  • Ben-Hour, Eliyahu. Ytsia Mehagader, Sidrt Hzikronot Şel İsh Habitakhon (بن حور، الخروج من السياج - عبري). Tel Aviv: Pirsumey Tsahal, Msrid Habitakhon, t.y.
  • Ben-Yhuda, Barukh - Shochat, Israel. Hamabek Lvytakhun Vlaatsmaut. Ramot Gan: İtonot Mtsid, 1974.
  • Ben-Zvi, Yitzhak. Sefer Hashomer. Tel Aviv: Davar, 1962.
  • Ben-Zvi, Yitzhak. Zikronot Vrshimot, Mehanurim Ad 1920. Ed. Rakhel Ben-Zvi. Tel Aviv: Keren Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, t.y.
  • Comay, Joan. Who’s Who in the Old Testament, Together with the Apocrypha. United States: Routledge, 1995.
  • Dekel, Efrayim. Pilut Manganon Hmeyda (Hasoei); Miyomano Şel Manhig Manganon Hmeyda Şel Hahagana (ديكل، نشاطات جهاز المعلومات “هشاي”-عبري). 1. Bs. Tel Aviv: Hidpasta Davar, 1953.
  • Eliab, Mardkay. Al-Hamatsor Vhamtsuka Shel Erets Yisrael Bmilkhemet Haolam Harishona (إلياب، في الحصار والضائقة - عبري). Kudüs: Meet Yitskhak Ben Tsvi, t.y.
  • Engin, Vahdettin. Pazarlık. 14. Bs. İstanbul: Yeditepe Yayınevi, 2010.
  • Gera, Gershon. Hashomer. Israel: Hotseta Msrid Habitakhon, Hahotsaa Lor, 1985.
  • Halpern, Ben - Reinharz, Jehuda. Zionism and The Creation of a New Society. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1998.
  • Jacob, Abadi. Israel’s Leadership: From Utopia to Crisis. United States: Greenwood Press, 1993.
  • Kasimih, Khayrih. Al-Naşat Al-Sohuni fi Al-Şark Al-Arabi ve Sadah 1908-1918 (قاسمية، النشاط الصهيوني). Beyrut: Markaz Abhas Munzamat al-Ttahrir al-Filistiniya, 1973.
  • Lev, Uziel - Kuper, Avi. Bergyora Vhashomer. 1985. Bs. Israel: Garsaot Shel Msrid Habitakhon Hayisreli, t.y.
  • Mansur, Jony. “Mujam Al-Mustalahat Al-Sohuniyah ve Al-Esraeyliya (منصور، معجم الأعلام)”. Ramallah: Madar, 2009.
  • Medoff, Rafael - Waxman, Chaim. The A to Z of Zionism. United Kingdom: The Scarecrow Press, 2009.
  • Öke, Mim Kemal. Siyonizm ve Filistin Sorunu (1880-1923). 2. Bs. İstanbul: Kırmızı Kedi, 2013.
  • Rogel, Nakdimon. Hayotsim El Erets Hatsafon: Reshitan Shel Kvutsot Hapoalim Betsba-Hagalil 1916-1920. Tel Aviv: Meet Yitskhak Ben Tsvi, 1987.
  • Shafir, Gershon. Land, Labor, and the Origins of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, 1882-1914. United States: University of California Press, 1996.
  • Shaul, Avigur - Ben-Tsiyon, Dinor - Yhuda, Selutski - Vaakherim. Toldot Hahagana. Tel Aviv: Pirsumey Hsifriya Hatsiyonit Vhatsava, Magazin Hamaarakhot, 1966.
  • Shiva, Shlomo. Shevet Haamitsim (شيفا، قبيلة الشجعان - عبري). Tel Aviv: Mehdorut sfaryayt hapoalim vhakaibuts haazury, 1978.
  • Shohat, Manya. “Hashomer Berets, Osef Hashomer, Mismakiym Vyomanim Shenikhtvu Al Ydey Anshey Hamishmar Hakadumim”. Ed. Klanski Shlomo. Mehdorut Arkiyon Tnuat Haavoda, Tel Aviv, 1973.
  • Tipt, Şıptay. Ben-Gurion ve Al-Arap (تيبت، بن غوريون والعرب). Trc. Gazi Al-Saadi. 1. Bs. Amman: Dar Al-Jalil lil Naşir, 1987. William, Ann. Britain and France in the Middle East and North Africa. London: Macmillam pub Ltd, 1968.
  • Yaneyt, Rakhel. Zikronot Hashomer, Sefer Hashomer, Zikronot khaverim: Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, Yisrael Shokhet, Matay Magd, Yohana Netberevski. Shikhruro Shel Mearkot, Vkaftor Hahagana, Udvir. Tel Aviv.
  • Yitskhak, Eyliyeyn - Sriel, Barukh. “Entsiklopedya Krata Tsiburit (إيزكس، موسوعة كارتا العامة - عبري)”. İsrael: Msrid habitakhon, keren krata, t.y.
  • Yosef, Tovey. Yomenu Shel ish Hashomer (توفي، مذكرات رجل الحارس - عبري). Tel Aviv: Mehdorut Mod, 1973.

The Secret Jewish Organization Hashomer and Its Activities in Palestine (1909-1918)

Year 2023, Volume: 15 Issue: 1, 49 - 67, 29.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.47932/ortetut.1319067

Abstract

The Ottoman Empire lost its sovereignty in Palestine primarily because of the secret organizations established by the Zionists in the region. These were complex, secret and intelligence organizations that threatened the territorial integrity of the Ottoman Empire, especially in Palestine. Hashomer is one of the most important of such secret Jewish organizations established in Palestine. Just like other Zionist organizations, it is one of the armed formations established in Palestine in 1909 in order to keep the region under control. In this study, the establishment of this organization and some of its activities from 1909 to the First World War are discussed.

References

  • Abdulzahir, Mahmud. Al-Sohyuniya ve Siyaset Al-Unf, Ze’ev Jabotinsky ve Talamizoh fi Al-Siyasah Al-İsraeyliyah (عبد الظاهر، الصهيونية وسياسة العنف). Kahire: Al-Hayaa Al-Masriya Al-Aama Lil Kitap, 1979.
  • Afrayim, Telmi. Hagina Vaavoda, 70 Shnot Ysod Hamishmar. Merkaz Hitrabut Vhakhinuka, t.y.
  • Afrayim, Telmi - Manahim. “Mujam Al-Mustalahat Al-Sohuniyah (تلمي، معجم المصطلحات الصهيونية)”. Trc. Ahmed Al-Ajrami. Amman: Dar Al-Jalil lil Naşir, 1988.
  • Al-Akiki, Necib. Al-Mustaşrikoun (الكيكي، المستشرقون). Kahire: Dar Al-Maarif, 1965.
  • Alkan, Necmettin. İmparatorluğun Son Savaşı. Birinci Dünya Savaşı’na Neden Nasıl Girdik? İstanbul: Timaş, 2020.
  • Alkan, Necmettin. Nili; Ortadoğu’da Casuslar Savaşı. İstanbul: Kronik Kitap, 2017.
  • Al-Meseri, Abdulvahaab. “Mevsuat al-Yahud ve al-Yahudiya ve al-Sohuniya (المسيري، موسوعة اليهود)”. Bayrut: Dar Al-Şoruk, 1999.
  • Almong, Oz. The Sabra, The Creation of the new Jew. Trc. Haim Watzman. Berkeley: University of California press, 2000.
  • Badir, Hamdan. Tarih al-Haganah fi Filistin 1920-1945 (بدر، تاريخ الهاغاناة). Bayrut: 1981, t.y.
  • Ben Arye, Yhoshua - Vaakherim. Entsiklopedya Shel Hatkufot Hagdolot Btoldot Erets Yisrael, Mdina Al Saf Khurban 1914-1918 (بن أريه، موسوعة الفترات الكبرى - عبري). Garsaot Rvivim, 1980.
  • Ben-Hour, Eliyahu. Ytsia Mehagader, Sidrt Hzikronot Şel İsh Habitakhon (بن حور، الخروج من السياج - عبري). Tel Aviv: Pirsumey Tsahal, Msrid Habitakhon, t.y.
  • Ben-Yhuda, Barukh - Shochat, Israel. Hamabek Lvytakhun Vlaatsmaut. Ramot Gan: İtonot Mtsid, 1974.
  • Ben-Zvi, Yitzhak. Sefer Hashomer. Tel Aviv: Davar, 1962.
  • Ben-Zvi, Yitzhak. Zikronot Vrshimot, Mehanurim Ad 1920. Ed. Rakhel Ben-Zvi. Tel Aviv: Keren Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, t.y.
  • Comay, Joan. Who’s Who in the Old Testament, Together with the Apocrypha. United States: Routledge, 1995.
  • Dekel, Efrayim. Pilut Manganon Hmeyda (Hasoei); Miyomano Şel Manhig Manganon Hmeyda Şel Hahagana (ديكل، نشاطات جهاز المعلومات “هشاي”-عبري). 1. Bs. Tel Aviv: Hidpasta Davar, 1953.
  • Eliab, Mardkay. Al-Hamatsor Vhamtsuka Shel Erets Yisrael Bmilkhemet Haolam Harishona (إلياب، في الحصار والضائقة - عبري). Kudüs: Meet Yitskhak Ben Tsvi, t.y.
  • Engin, Vahdettin. Pazarlık. 14. Bs. İstanbul: Yeditepe Yayınevi, 2010.
  • Gera, Gershon. Hashomer. Israel: Hotseta Msrid Habitakhon, Hahotsaa Lor, 1985.
  • Halpern, Ben - Reinharz, Jehuda. Zionism and The Creation of a New Society. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1998.
  • Jacob, Abadi. Israel’s Leadership: From Utopia to Crisis. United States: Greenwood Press, 1993.
  • Kasimih, Khayrih. Al-Naşat Al-Sohuni fi Al-Şark Al-Arabi ve Sadah 1908-1918 (قاسمية، النشاط الصهيوني). Beyrut: Markaz Abhas Munzamat al-Ttahrir al-Filistiniya, 1973.
  • Lev, Uziel - Kuper, Avi. Bergyora Vhashomer. 1985. Bs. Israel: Garsaot Shel Msrid Habitakhon Hayisreli, t.y.
  • Mansur, Jony. “Mujam Al-Mustalahat Al-Sohuniyah ve Al-Esraeyliya (منصور، معجم الأعلام)”. Ramallah: Madar, 2009.
  • Medoff, Rafael - Waxman, Chaim. The A to Z of Zionism. United Kingdom: The Scarecrow Press, 2009.
  • Öke, Mim Kemal. Siyonizm ve Filistin Sorunu (1880-1923). 2. Bs. İstanbul: Kırmızı Kedi, 2013.
  • Rogel, Nakdimon. Hayotsim El Erets Hatsafon: Reshitan Shel Kvutsot Hapoalim Betsba-Hagalil 1916-1920. Tel Aviv: Meet Yitskhak Ben Tsvi, 1987.
  • Shafir, Gershon. Land, Labor, and the Origins of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, 1882-1914. United States: University of California Press, 1996.
  • Shaul, Avigur - Ben-Tsiyon, Dinor - Yhuda, Selutski - Vaakherim. Toldot Hahagana. Tel Aviv: Pirsumey Hsifriya Hatsiyonit Vhatsava, Magazin Hamaarakhot, 1966.
  • Shiva, Shlomo. Shevet Haamitsim (شيفا، قبيلة الشجعان - عبري). Tel Aviv: Mehdorut sfaryayt hapoalim vhakaibuts haazury, 1978.
  • Shohat, Manya. “Hashomer Berets, Osef Hashomer, Mismakiym Vyomanim Shenikhtvu Al Ydey Anshey Hamishmar Hakadumim”. Ed. Klanski Shlomo. Mehdorut Arkiyon Tnuat Haavoda, Tel Aviv, 1973.
  • Tipt, Şıptay. Ben-Gurion ve Al-Arap (تيبت، بن غوريون والعرب). Trc. Gazi Al-Saadi. 1. Bs. Amman: Dar Al-Jalil lil Naşir, 1987. William, Ann. Britain and France in the Middle East and North Africa. London: Macmillam pub Ltd, 1968.
  • Yaneyt, Rakhel. Zikronot Hashomer, Sefer Hashomer, Zikronot khaverim: Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, Yisrael Shokhet, Matay Magd, Yohana Netberevski. Shikhruro Shel Mearkot, Vkaftor Hahagana, Udvir. Tel Aviv.
  • Yitskhak, Eyliyeyn - Sriel, Barukh. “Entsiklopedya Krata Tsiburit (إيزكس، موسوعة كارتا العامة - عبري)”. İsrael: Msrid habitakhon, keren krata, t.y.
  • Yosef, Tovey. Yomenu Shel ish Hashomer (توفي، مذكرات رجل الحارس - عبري). Tel Aviv: Mehdorut Mod, 1973.
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Middle East Studies
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Abdelrahman Alfarra 0000-0002-2871-3059

Early Pub Date September 21, 2023
Publication Date September 29, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 15 Issue: 1

Cite

Chicago Alfarra, Abdelrahman. “Filistin’de Gizli Yahudi Örgütü Hashomer Ve Faaliyetleri (1909-1918)”. Ortadoğu Etütleri 15, no. 1 (September 2023): 49-67. https://doi.org/10.47932/ortetut.1319067.

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