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                                    <journal-id></journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>OTAM Ankara Üniversitesi Osmanlı Tarihi Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">1019-469X</issn>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">3108-849X</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Ankara University</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id/>
                                                                                                                                                                                            <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <article-title>OSMANLI YERELİNDE KONSOLOSLAR, İDARİ İLİŞKİLER VE TARIMSAL AĞLAR: URFA, 1850-1900</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5418-0161</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Asoğlu</surname>
                                    <given-names>İsmail</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>HARRAN ÜNİVERSİTESİ, FEN-EDEBİYAT FAKÜLTESİ, TARİH BÖLÜMÜ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20211224">
                    <day>12</day>
                    <month>24</month>
                    <year>2021</year>
                </pub-date>
                                                    <issue>50</issue>
                                        <fpage>25</fpage>
                                        <lpage>53</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20210823">
                        <day>08</day>
                        <month>23</month>
                        <year>2021</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20210919">
                        <day>09</day>
                        <month>19</month>
                        <year>2021</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 1990, </copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>1990</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder></copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <abstract><p>ÖzetUrfa ve çevresinin Batılı ticari yayılımın yoğun ilgisine mazhar oluşu, XIX. yüzyılın ikinci devresi ile başladı. 1855’te Fransız hükümetince şehre tayin edilen ilk konsolos vekili Prosper Villecroze adında bir tüccardı. Ancak şehir 1860 sonrası istikrarlı bir yatırım alanı olarak tercih edilmeye başladı. Bu noktada Halepli tüccarlar öne çıkmaktaydı. Bireysel girişimlerin yanı sıra Villecroze ve Poche ailelerine ait şirketlerin yerelde kurdukları ticari ağ sayesinde, en ücra köylere kadar ortaklıklar kuruldu. Yerel ağın koordinasyonunu sağlayan kişi ise Fransız konsolos vekili Armand Martin (1860-1891) isminde bir tüccardı. Ticari menfaat ve kâr peşinde olan konsolos vekilleri, legal/illegal surette tüm yerel gruplarla iş birliği içinde oldu. Şehrin Hristiyan sakinleri üzerindeki himaye politikaları da ticari kâr siyasetinin bir parçası olarak kullanıldı. Yereldeki alım-satım ve dağıtım ağını organize eden bu iktisadi aktörler, mahalli ticaretin her süreç ve kademesinde yer almaya özen gösterdi. Bilhassa tahıl ürünleri gibi temel ihtiyaç maddelerinin piyasadan çekilmesine neden olmaları, şehri kıtlıklarla yüzleşmek zorunda bıraktı. Bölgedeki denetim ve otorite boşluğu, konsolos vekillerine daha rahat hareket imkânı verirken; mülkiyet, toprak tasarrufu ve tarımsal ilişkilerden doğan hukukî uyuşmazlıklar, mahallî bürokrasiyi uzun yıllar meşgul etti. 1895’e gelindiğinde ise konsolosların ilgileri, ülkeleri adına ticarî faydadan ziyade, Ermeni isyanlarının teftişine kaydırıldı.Yerel seçkinlerin ecnebi tüccarlar ile ticari ilişkileri ne boyuttaydı? İdareciler, yabancı tüccarlar ve mültezimler arasında nerede konumlanıyorlardı? Temsilcilerin resmî statülerinin yanı sıra Urfa yerelinde şirketleşme, yerel bağlantılar ve örgütlenme biçimleri nasıl tezahür etti? Batılı ticari girişimin şehir toplumu üzerinde nasıl bir etkisi oldu? Bu çalışma, yukarıda bahsi geçen sorulara cevaplar aramak suretiyle ortaya çıktı. Söz konusu sürecin anlaşılmasında istifade edilen kaynaklar; ekseriyetle Osmanlı arşiv vesikaları (BOA), kadı mahkemesi kayıtları ve İngiliz konsolosluk raporları oldu.AbstractThe great interest of Western traders in Urfa and its surroundings began in the second half of the 19th century. The first vice-consular to the town, appointed by the French government in 1855, was a tradesman called Prosper Villecroze. After 1860, the town was consistently seen as an area for investment. Particularly, traders from Aleppo stood out as significant figures in that period. As well as individual initiatives, local trade networks formed by corporations belonging to Villecroze and Poche families led to establishment of commercial partnerships in the most distant villages. The person who coordinated that local network on behalf of corporations was the French vice-consular and tradesman Armand Martin (1860-1891). The vice-consulates who sought commercial benefit and profit collaborated with local groups in legal or illegal ways. Their policy on guarding Christian residents of the city was also used as a part of commercial profit and gain. The administrative actors who organized local commerce and delivery network were keen on taking part in every process of regional trade. However, by removing basic foods such as cereals from the market, they caused the town to struggle with famine. The authority and audit gap in the region enabled the vice-consulates to act more comfortably. Legal conflicts arising out of property, land use, and agricultural relations kept local bureaucracy busy for long years. However, after 1895, the commercial interest of consuls was focused on inspecting Armenian revolts rather that commercial benefit for their countries.The study addresses the questions below: how was the commercial relationship between local elites and foreign traders? Where were the administrators positioned between foreign traders and taxmen? How did formal status of representatives’ forms and how did their incorporation, local networks, and organizational forms emerge in local Urfa? How did Western trade initiative affect the town community? To examine the questions raised above, this study mostly refers to Ottoman archive papers (BOA), religious court records, and the reports of British consulate.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                            <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Osmanlı</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Halep</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Urfa</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Levant</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Konsolos</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                                                                                        </article-meta>
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