OKB Tanılı Çocuk ve Ergenlerin Belirtilerinin, Anne Baba Tutumları ve Algılanan Evlilik Çatışması ile İlişkisi

İrem Damla Çimen; Sinem Yavuz; Şeyma Nur Akpınar; Merve Dilli Gürkan; Aysel Denktaş; Bülbül Aliyeva; Nursu Çakın

doi:10.20515/otd.1186779

Araştırma Makalesi

OKB Tanılı Çocuk ve Ergenlerin Belirtilerinin, Anne Baba Tutumları ve Algılanan Evlilik Çatışması ile İlişkisi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 45 Sayı: 2, 209 - 221, 15.03.2023

İrem Damla Çimen , Sinem Yavuz Şeyma Nur Akpınar Merve Dilli Gürkan , Aysel Denktaş Bülbül Aliyeva Nursu Çakın

https://doi.org/10.20515/otd.1186779

Öz

Çalışmamızda COVID-19 pandemisinde Obsesif Kompulsif Bozukluk (OKB) tanısı ile takip edilen çocuk/ergenlerin OKB belirtilerinin, anne-babalarının çocuk/ergenlere karşı tutumları ve evlilik çatışmaları ile ilişkisinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmamıza, pandemi sürecinde çocuk psikiyatrisi polikliniğinde OKB tanısı ile takibi olan 7-18 yaş arası, 69 hasta dâhil edilmiştir. Çocuk psikiyatri hekimi tarafından tüm hastalara Çocuklar için Yale-Brown Obsesyon Kompulsiyon Ölçeği (CY- BOCS) uygulanmıştır. Çalışmaya alınan olgulardan ve ailelerinden sosyodemografik bilgi formunu, Çocukların Evlilik Çatışmasını Algılama Ölçeğini (ÇEÇAÖ) ve Anne Baba Tutum Ölçeğini (ABTÖ) doldurmaları istenmiştir. CY-BOCS obsesyon puan ortalaması 9.0±3.0, kompulsiyon puan ortalaması 9.5±3.2, obsesyon ve kompulsiyon toplam puan ortalaması 18.6±5.8 olup CY-BOCS alt puanları ile sosyo-demografik özellikler arasında istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı bir fark bulunmamıştır. ÇEÇAÖ alt tiplerine bakıldığında, çatışma özelliği ile saldırganlık obsesyonu ve kız cinsiyette olmak, kendini suçlama ile babanın okur yazar olmaması arasında istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı bir fark saptanmıştır. ÇEÇAÖ çatışma özellikleri alt ölçeği ile ihmalkâr ebeveyn tutumu arasındaki fark anlamlı bulunmuştur. ABTÖ alt ölçek puanlarından psikolojik özerklik puanı, annesi üniversite mezunu olan gençlerde anlamlı düzeyde yüksek bulunmuştur. Yazında pandemiye bağlı kısıtlamaların ev içi ilişkilere etkisini inceleyen az sayıda çalışma olmakla birlikte bu dönemde ev içi sorunların çocuklar/gençlerin OKB’sine etkisi ile ilgili bir yayın olmadığı gözlenmiştir. Bu nedenle çalışmamızın hem yazına katkı sağlayacağı hem de ebeveynlere gerekli önerilerde bulunulabilmesi açısından yararlı olacağı düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Obsesif kompulsif bozukluk, ebeveyn tutumu, evlilik ilişkisi, pandemi, Obsessive compulsive disorder; parental attitude; marital relationship; pandemic; child/adolescent.

Destekleyen Kurum

yok

Kaynakça

1. Abay E, Pulular A, Memiş ÇÖ, Süt N. Edirne ili merkezindeki lise öğrencilerinde obsesif-kompulsif bozukluğun epidemiyolojisi. Düşünen Adam: Psikiyatri ve Nörolojik Bilimler Dergisi. 2010;23:230-237.
2. American Psychiatric Association [APA]. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed .Washington, DC. Am Psychiatr Assoc.
3. Tanidir C, Adaletli H, Gunes H et al. Impact of gender, age at onset and lifetime tic disorders on the clinical presentation and comorbidity pattern of obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2015;25:425–31.
4. Mataix-Cols D, Nakatani E, Micali N et al. Structure of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in pediatric OCD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008;47:773- 778.
5. Öner P, Aysev A. Çocuk ve ergenlerde obsesif kompulsif bozukluk. Sted. 2001;10:409-411.
6. Banerjee D. The other side of COVID-19: Impact on obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and hoarding. Psychiatry Res. 2020;288:112966.
7. French I, Lyne J. Acute exacerbation of OCD symptoms precipitated by media reports of COVID-19. Ir J Psychol Med. 2020;37,291–294. 8. Jassi A, Shahriyarmolki K, Taylor T et al. OCD and COVID-19: a new frontier. The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist. 2020;13:1-11.
9. Commonwealth Bank Group. An early look at how the Coronavirus is affecting household spending Global Economic & Markets Research; Commonwealth Bank Group Australia. [updated 2020 Mar 30; cited 2020 Apr 10] Available from: https://www.commbank.com.au/guidance/business/an-early-look-at-how-the-coronavirus-is-affectinghousehold-spen-202003.html.
10. Kennedy S. Jobs destroyed worldwide as coronavirus triggers deep recession. The Japan Times. [updated 2020 Apr 06; cited 2020 Apr 10] Available from: https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/04/06/business/economy-business/jobs-destroyedworldwide-coronavirus-recession/#. XpUVQcgzbD4.
11. .Richards, L. DASH: Domestic abuse, stalking and harassment and honour-based violence risk identification and assessment and management model, DASH risk checklist. [cited 2020 Apr 12]. Available from: www.dashriskchecklist.co.uk.
12. Goodman WK, Lawrance LH, Rasmussen SA et al. The yale brown obsessive compulsive scale. Part 1: development, use and reliability. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989;46:1006-11.
13. Goodman WK, Price LH, Rasmussen SA et al. The yale brown obsessive compulsive scale. Part 2: validity. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989;46:1012-6.
14. Yücelen AG, Rodopman-Arman A, Topcuoglu V et al. Interrater reliability and clinical efficacy of Children’s yale-brown obsessive compulsive scale in an outpatient setting. Compr Psychiatry. 2017;47:48-53.
15. Lamborn SD, Mounts NS, Steinberg L et al. Patterns of competence and adjustment among adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful families. Child Dev. 1991;62:1049-1065.
16. Yılmaz A. (2000). Esler arasındaki uyum ve çocuğun algıladığı anne-baba tutumu ile çocukların, ergenlerin, gençlerin akademik başarıları ve benlik algıları arasındaki ilişkiler (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
17. Grych JH, Seid M, Fincham, FD. Assessing marital conflict from the child’s perspective: The children’s perception of interparental conflict scale. Child Dev. 1992;63,558-572.
18. Ulu PI, Fışıloğlu H. Çocukların Evlilik Çatışmasını Algılaması Ölçeği'nin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları. 2004;7:61-75.
19. Lee J. Mental health effects of school closures during COVID-19. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020;4:397-404.
20. Tanir Y, Karayagmurlu A, Kaya İ et al. Exacerbation of obsessive compulsive disorder symptoms in children and adolescents during COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Res. 2020;293:113363.
21. Valderhaug R, Ivarsson T. Functional impairment in clinical samples of Norwegian and Swedish children and adolescents with obsessive–compulsive disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005;14:164–173.
22. Yıldız E, Erci B. Anne baba tutumları ile adölesan saldırganlığı arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Düzce Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2011;1:6-11.
23. Gündoğmuş G. Yalnızlık düzeyinin yordanmasında anne baba tutumları ve okul tükenmişliği (yüksek lisans tezi). İstanbul: Sabahattin Zaim Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü; 2017.
24. Chung G, Lanier P, Yuh Ju Wong P. Mediating effects of parental stress on harsh parenting and parent-child relationship during coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in Singapore. J Fam Violence. 2022;37:801–812.
25. Henin A, Kendall PC. Obsessive-compulsive disorder in childhood and adolescence. Advances in Clinical Child Psychology. 1997;19:75–131.
26. Gerra G, Zaimovic A, Garofano L et al. Perceived parenting behavior in the childhood of cocaine users: relationship with genotype and personality traits. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2007;144:52-7.
27. Baumrind D. Harmonious parents and their preschool children. Developmental Psychology. 1971;4:99-102.
28. Timpano KR, Keough ME, Mahaffey B et al. Parenting and obsessive compulsive symptoms: Implications of authoritarian parenting. J Cogn Psychother. 2010;24:151–164.
29. Kamali K, Yoosefi LM, Rashid R. The Influence of Parenting Styles on The Development and Maintenance Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. European Psychiatry. 2014;29:120-121.
30. Hoover CF, Insel TR. Families of origin in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1984;174:207-215.
31. Cerik S. Ailelerin Genclere Karsi Tutumlari ve Genclerin Ailelerinin Tutumlarini Algilayislarina Yonelik Universite Gencligi Uzerinde Bir Arastirma. Ege Academic Review. 2002;2:21–24.
32. Kılıç, A. Z. (2013). Ebeveynlerin toplumsal cinsiyet algısı ve çocuk yetiştirmeye etkileri. Araştırma Raporu. Retrieved from http://www.cocukhaklariizleme.org/wp-content/uploads/aile-%20araştırmarapor.pdf.
33. Tozkoparan S. (2014). Öğrenci algısına göre aileden alınan sosyal destek, anne baba tutumu ve akran ilişkileri (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Maltepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
34. Ataca B, Sunar D. Continuity and change in Turkish urban family life. Psychol Dev Soc J. 1999;11:77–90.
35. Ataca B, Sunar D, Kağıtçıbaşı C. (2018). Variance in fertility due to sex-related differentiation in child-rearing practices. In: Grad H, Blanco A, Georgas J, editors. Key issues in Cross-cultural Psychology. London: Garland Science.
36. Sunar D. (2009). Mothers’ and fathers’ child rearing practices and self-esteem in three generations of urban Turkish families. In: Bekman S, Aksu-Koç A, editors. Perspectives on human development, family and culture. New York: Cambridge University Press.
37. Lennertz L, Grabe HJ, Ruhrmann S et al. Perceived parental rearing in subjects with obsessive–compulsive disorder and their siblings. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2010;121:280–288.
38. Alonso P, Menchón JM, Mataix-Cols D et al. Perceived parental rearing style in obsessive–compulsive disorder: relation to symptom dimensions. Psychiatry Res. 2004;127:267–278.
39. Kanbur N, Akgül S. Quaranteenagers: A Single Country Pandemic Curfew Targeting Adolescents in Turkey. J Adolesc Health. 2020;67:296-297.
40. Bradbury-Jones C, Isham l. The pandemic paradox: The consequences of COVID-19 on domestic violence. J Clin Nurs. 2020;29:2047-9.
41. Ghosh R, Dubey MJ, Chatterjee S et al. Impact of COVID-19 on children: special focus on psychosocial aspect. Minerva Pediatr. 2020;72:226-235.
42. Grych J, Cardoza-Fernandes S. (2002). Interparental Conflict and Child Adjustment: An Overview. In Grych J, Fincham FD, editors. Interparental Conflict and Child Development: Theory, Research and Applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
43. Harold GT, Sellers R. Annual Research Review: Interparental conflict and youth psychopathology: an evidence review and practice focused update. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2018;59:374-402.
44. Iniewicz G, Wiśniewska D, Dziekan K et al. Attachment patterns and aggressive behaviours in adolescents suffering from mixed disorders of conduct and emotions. Psychiatr Pol. 2011;45:703–711.
45. Savage J. The association between attachment, parental bonds and physically aggressive and violent behavior: A comprehensive review. Aggress Violent Behav. 2014;19:164–178.
46. Wang Z, Li C, Ai K. Family Economic Strain and Adolescent Aggression during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Roles of Interparental Conflict and Parent–Child Conflict. Appl Res Qual Life. 2022;17:2369–2385.
47. Johnson PL, O’leary KD. Parental behavior patterns and conduct disorders in girls. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1987;15:573-581.
48. Cummings EM, Ionitti RJ, Zahn-waxler C. Influence of conflict between adults on the emotions and agression of young children. Developmental Psychology. 1985;21:495-507.
49. Block JH, Block J, Gjerde PJ. The personality of children prior to divorce: A prospective study. Child Dev. 1986;57:827-840.
50. Cohn LD. Sex differences in the course of personality development: A meta analysis. Psychol Bull. 1991;109: 252-266.
51. Cummings EM, Davies PT, Simpson KS. Marital conflict, gender and children’s appraisals and coping efficacy as mediators of child adjustment. Journal of Family Psychology. 1994;8:141-149.
52. Compas BE. Coping with stress during childhood and adolescence. Psychol Bull. 1987;101:393-403.
53. Grych JH, Fincham FD. Marital conflict and children’s adjustment: A cognitive-contextual framework. Psychol Bull. 1990;108: 267-290.
54. Li C, Jiang S, Fan X et al. Exploring the impact of marital relationship on the mental health of children: Does parent–child relationship matter?. J Health Psychol. 2020;25:1669–1680.
55. Engfer A. The interrelatedness of marriage and the mother-child relationship. (1988). In: Hinde RA, Hinde JS. Relationships within Families: Mutual Influences. Oxford University Press.
56. Toktamış A. (2008). Ergenlik dönemi öğrencilerin ebeveyn tutumları ile sosyal becerileri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Yeditepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Istanbul.
57. Adams TG, Kelmendi B, Brake CA et al. The role of stress in the pathogenesis and maintenance of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Chronic Stress. 2018;2:2470547018758043.
58. Yektaş Ç. Ergenlerde pandeminin ruhsal etkileri. (2020). İçinde: Ercan ES, Yektaş Ç, Tufan AE, Bilaç Ö, editörler. COVID-19 Pandemisi ve Çocuk ve Ergen Ruh Sağlığı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri.

The Relationship Between the OCD Symptoms of Children and Adolescents During the Pandemic, Parental Attitudes and Perceived Marital Conflict

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 45 Sayı: 2, 209 - 221, 15.03.2023

İrem Damla Çimen , Sinem Yavuz Şeyma Nur Akpınar Merve Dilli Gürkan , Aysel Denktaş Bülbül Aliyeva Nursu Çakın

https://doi.org/10.20515/otd.1186779

Öz

It was aimed to examine the relationship between OCD symptoms and parents' attitudes towards children/adolescents, and marital conflicts in children/adolescents followed up with the diagnosis of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) in the pandemic. Our study included 69 patients aged 7-18 years, who were followed up with the diagnosis of OCD in the child psychiatry outpatient clinic during the pandemic. The Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS) was administered to all patients by a pediatric psychiatrist. Sociodemographic information form, Children’s Perceptions of Interparental Conflict Scale (CPICS) and Parenting Style Scale (PSS) were given. The mean CY-BOCS obsession score was 9.0±3.0, compulsion score was 9.5±3.2, the total obsession/compulsion score was 18.6±5.8. There was no significant difference between CY-BOCS sub-scores and sociodemographic characteristics. A significant difference was found between conflict trait and aggression obsession and being female, self-blame and illiteracy of the father, when the CPICS subtypes were examined. The difference between the CPICS conflict characteristics subscale and the negligent parental attitude was found to be significant. Psychological autonomy score, one of the PSS subscale scores, was found to be significantly higher in adolescents whose mothers were university graduates. Although there are few studies in the literature examining the effects of pandemic-related restrictions, it has been observed that there is no publication about the effect of domestic problems on OCD of children/adolescents in this period. For this reason, it is thought that our study will both contribute to the literature and be useful in terms of making necessary suggestions to parents.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Obsessive compulsive disorder; parental attitude; marital relationship; pandemic; child/adolescent.

Kaynakça

1. Abay E, Pulular A, Memiş ÇÖ, Süt N. Edirne ili merkezindeki lise öğrencilerinde obsesif-kompulsif bozukluğun epidemiyolojisi. Düşünen Adam: Psikiyatri ve Nörolojik Bilimler Dergisi. 2010;23:230-237.
2. American Psychiatric Association [APA]. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed .Washington, DC. Am Psychiatr Assoc.
3. Tanidir C, Adaletli H, Gunes H et al. Impact of gender, age at onset and lifetime tic disorders on the clinical presentation and comorbidity pattern of obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2015;25:425–31.
4. Mataix-Cols D, Nakatani E, Micali N et al. Structure of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in pediatric OCD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008;47:773- 778.
5. Öner P, Aysev A. Çocuk ve ergenlerde obsesif kompulsif bozukluk. Sted. 2001;10:409-411.
6. Banerjee D. The other side of COVID-19: Impact on obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and hoarding. Psychiatry Res. 2020;288:112966.
7. French I, Lyne J. Acute exacerbation of OCD symptoms precipitated by media reports of COVID-19. Ir J Psychol Med. 2020;37,291–294. 8. Jassi A, Shahriyarmolki K, Taylor T et al. OCD and COVID-19: a new frontier. The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist. 2020;13:1-11.
9. Commonwealth Bank Group. An early look at how the Coronavirus is affecting household spending Global Economic & Markets Research; Commonwealth Bank Group Australia. [updated 2020 Mar 30; cited 2020 Apr 10] Available from: https://www.commbank.com.au/guidance/business/an-early-look-at-how-the-coronavirus-is-affectinghousehold-spen-202003.html.
10. Kennedy S. Jobs destroyed worldwide as coronavirus triggers deep recession. The Japan Times. [updated 2020 Apr 06; cited 2020 Apr 10] Available from: https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/04/06/business/economy-business/jobs-destroyedworldwide-coronavirus-recession/#. XpUVQcgzbD4.
11. .Richards, L. DASH: Domestic abuse, stalking and harassment and honour-based violence risk identification and assessment and management model, DASH risk checklist. [cited 2020 Apr 12]. Available from: www.dashriskchecklist.co.uk.
12. Goodman WK, Lawrance LH, Rasmussen SA et al. The yale brown obsessive compulsive scale. Part 1: development, use and reliability. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989;46:1006-11.
13. Goodman WK, Price LH, Rasmussen SA et al. The yale brown obsessive compulsive scale. Part 2: validity. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989;46:1012-6.
14. Yücelen AG, Rodopman-Arman A, Topcuoglu V et al. Interrater reliability and clinical efficacy of Children’s yale-brown obsessive compulsive scale in an outpatient setting. Compr Psychiatry. 2017;47:48-53.
15. Lamborn SD, Mounts NS, Steinberg L et al. Patterns of competence and adjustment among adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful families. Child Dev. 1991;62:1049-1065.
16. Yılmaz A. (2000). Esler arasındaki uyum ve çocuğun algıladığı anne-baba tutumu ile çocukların, ergenlerin, gençlerin akademik başarıları ve benlik algıları arasındaki ilişkiler (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
17. Grych JH, Seid M, Fincham, FD. Assessing marital conflict from the child’s perspective: The children’s perception of interparental conflict scale. Child Dev. 1992;63,558-572.
18. Ulu PI, Fışıloğlu H. Çocukların Evlilik Çatışmasını Algılaması Ölçeği'nin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları. 2004;7:61-75.
19. Lee J. Mental health effects of school closures during COVID-19. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020;4:397-404.
20. Tanir Y, Karayagmurlu A, Kaya İ et al. Exacerbation of obsessive compulsive disorder symptoms in children and adolescents during COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Res. 2020;293:113363.
21. Valderhaug R, Ivarsson T. Functional impairment in clinical samples of Norwegian and Swedish children and adolescents with obsessive–compulsive disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005;14:164–173.
22. Yıldız E, Erci B. Anne baba tutumları ile adölesan saldırganlığı arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Düzce Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2011;1:6-11.
23. Gündoğmuş G. Yalnızlık düzeyinin yordanmasında anne baba tutumları ve okul tükenmişliği (yüksek lisans tezi). İstanbul: Sabahattin Zaim Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü; 2017.
24. Chung G, Lanier P, Yuh Ju Wong P. Mediating effects of parental stress on harsh parenting and parent-child relationship during coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in Singapore. J Fam Violence. 2022;37:801–812.
25. Henin A, Kendall PC. Obsessive-compulsive disorder in childhood and adolescence. Advances in Clinical Child Psychology. 1997;19:75–131.
26. Gerra G, Zaimovic A, Garofano L et al. Perceived parenting behavior in the childhood of cocaine users: relationship with genotype and personality traits. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2007;144:52-7.
27. Baumrind D. Harmonious parents and their preschool children. Developmental Psychology. 1971;4:99-102.
28. Timpano KR, Keough ME, Mahaffey B et al. Parenting and obsessive compulsive symptoms: Implications of authoritarian parenting. J Cogn Psychother. 2010;24:151–164.
29. Kamali K, Yoosefi LM, Rashid R. The Influence of Parenting Styles on The Development and Maintenance Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. European Psychiatry. 2014;29:120-121.
30. Hoover CF, Insel TR. Families of origin in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1984;174:207-215.
31. Cerik S. Ailelerin Genclere Karsi Tutumlari ve Genclerin Ailelerinin Tutumlarini Algilayislarina Yonelik Universite Gencligi Uzerinde Bir Arastirma. Ege Academic Review. 2002;2:21–24.
32. Kılıç, A. Z. (2013). Ebeveynlerin toplumsal cinsiyet algısı ve çocuk yetiştirmeye etkileri. Araştırma Raporu. Retrieved from http://www.cocukhaklariizleme.org/wp-content/uploads/aile-%20araştırmarapor.pdf.
33. Tozkoparan S. (2014). Öğrenci algısına göre aileden alınan sosyal destek, anne baba tutumu ve akran ilişkileri (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Maltepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
34. Ataca B, Sunar D. Continuity and change in Turkish urban family life. Psychol Dev Soc J. 1999;11:77–90.
35. Ataca B, Sunar D, Kağıtçıbaşı C. (2018). Variance in fertility due to sex-related differentiation in child-rearing practices. In: Grad H, Blanco A, Georgas J, editors. Key issues in Cross-cultural Psychology. London: Garland Science.
36. Sunar D. (2009). Mothers’ and fathers’ child rearing practices and self-esteem in three generations of urban Turkish families. In: Bekman S, Aksu-Koç A, editors. Perspectives on human development, family and culture. New York: Cambridge University Press.
37. Lennertz L, Grabe HJ, Ruhrmann S et al. Perceived parental rearing in subjects with obsessive–compulsive disorder and their siblings. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2010;121:280–288.
38. Alonso P, Menchón JM, Mataix-Cols D et al. Perceived parental rearing style in obsessive–compulsive disorder: relation to symptom dimensions. Psychiatry Res. 2004;127:267–278.
39. Kanbur N, Akgül S. Quaranteenagers: A Single Country Pandemic Curfew Targeting Adolescents in Turkey. J Adolesc Health. 2020;67:296-297.
40. Bradbury-Jones C, Isham l. The pandemic paradox: The consequences of COVID-19 on domestic violence. J Clin Nurs. 2020;29:2047-9.
41. Ghosh R, Dubey MJ, Chatterjee S et al. Impact of COVID-19 on children: special focus on psychosocial aspect. Minerva Pediatr. 2020;72:226-235.
42. Grych J, Cardoza-Fernandes S. (2002). Interparental Conflict and Child Adjustment: An Overview. In Grych J, Fincham FD, editors. Interparental Conflict and Child Development: Theory, Research and Applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
43. Harold GT, Sellers R. Annual Research Review: Interparental conflict and youth psychopathology: an evidence review and practice focused update. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2018;59:374-402.
44. Iniewicz G, Wiśniewska D, Dziekan K et al. Attachment patterns and aggressive behaviours in adolescents suffering from mixed disorders of conduct and emotions. Psychiatr Pol. 2011;45:703–711.
45. Savage J. The association between attachment, parental bonds and physically aggressive and violent behavior: A comprehensive review. Aggress Violent Behav. 2014;19:164–178.
46. Wang Z, Li C, Ai K. Family Economic Strain and Adolescent Aggression during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Roles of Interparental Conflict and Parent–Child Conflict. Appl Res Qual Life. 2022;17:2369–2385.
47. Johnson PL, O’leary KD. Parental behavior patterns and conduct disorders in girls. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1987;15:573-581.
48. Cummings EM, Ionitti RJ, Zahn-waxler C. Influence of conflict between adults on the emotions and agression of young children. Developmental Psychology. 1985;21:495-507.
49. Block JH, Block J, Gjerde PJ. The personality of children prior to divorce: A prospective study. Child Dev. 1986;57:827-840.
50. Cohn LD. Sex differences in the course of personality development: A meta analysis. Psychol Bull. 1991;109: 252-266.
51. Cummings EM, Davies PT, Simpson KS. Marital conflict, gender and children’s appraisals and coping efficacy as mediators of child adjustment. Journal of Family Psychology. 1994;8:141-149.
52. Compas BE. Coping with stress during childhood and adolescence. Psychol Bull. 1987;101:393-403.
53. Grych JH, Fincham FD. Marital conflict and children’s adjustment: A cognitive-contextual framework. Psychol Bull. 1990;108: 267-290.
54. Li C, Jiang S, Fan X et al. Exploring the impact of marital relationship on the mental health of children: Does parent–child relationship matter?. J Health Psychol. 2020;25:1669–1680.
55. Engfer A. The interrelatedness of marriage and the mother-child relationship. (1988). In: Hinde RA, Hinde JS. Relationships within Families: Mutual Influences. Oxford University Press.
56. Toktamış A. (2008). Ergenlik dönemi öğrencilerin ebeveyn tutumları ile sosyal becerileri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Yeditepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Istanbul.
57. Adams TG, Kelmendi B, Brake CA et al. The role of stress in the pathogenesis and maintenance of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Chronic Stress. 2018;2:2470547018758043.
58. Yektaş Ç. Ergenlerde pandeminin ruhsal etkileri. (2020). İçinde: Ercan ES, Yektaş Ç, Tufan AE, Bilaç Ö, editörler. COVID-19 Pandemisi ve Çocuk ve Ergen Ruh Sağlığı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri.

Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	Türkçe
Konular	Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm	ORİJİNAL MAKALELER / ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Yazarlar	İrem Damla Çimen 0000-0002-5312-6681 Sinem Yavuz Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-8410-8964 Şeyma Nur Akpınar Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-1586-3306 Merve Dilli Gürkan 0000-0002-0528-6373 Aysel Denktaş Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-1124-6965 Bülbül Aliyeva Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-7406-7932 Nursu Çakın 0000-0001-9029-3457
Yayımlanma Tarihi	15 Mart 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2023 Cilt: 45 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver	Çimen İD, Yavuz S, Akpınar ŞN, Dilli Gürkan M, Denktaş A, Aliyeva B, Çakın N. OKB Tanılı Çocuk ve Ergenlerin Belirtilerinin, Anne Baba Tutumları ve Algılanan Evlilik Çatışması ile İlişkisi. Osmangazi Tıp Dergisi. 2023;45(2):209-21.

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