<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                    <journal-id></journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2147-5881</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Pamukkale University</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id/>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Information Systems (Other)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Bilgi Sistemleri (Diğer)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <article-title>Özellik seçim algoritmaları ve derin öğrenme tabanlı mimarilerin hibrit kullanımıyla akut lösemilerin sınıflandırılması</article-title>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>Classification of acute leukaemias with a hybrid use of feature selection algorithms and deep learning-based architectures</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Akalın</surname>
                                    <given-names>Fatma</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>SAKARYA ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Yumusak</surname>
                                    <given-names>Nejat</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>SAKARYA ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20230627">
                    <day>06</day>
                    <month>27</month>
                    <year>2023</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>29</volume>
                                        <issue>3</issue>
                                        <fpage>256</fpage>
                                        <lpage>263</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20220602">
                        <day>06</day>
                        <month>02</month>
                        <year>2022</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20220831">
                        <day>08</day>
                        <month>31</month>
                        <year>2022</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2013, Pamukkale University Journal of Engineering Sciences</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2013</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Pamukkale University Journal of Engineering Sciences</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <abstract><p>Tıp ve biyoloji alanlarında tercih edilen mikrodizi teknolojisi, kantitatif veya niteliksel veriler üreten bir analiz yöntemidir. Genler arasındaki örüntülerin açığa çıkartılarak yorumlanabilmesi için güçlü bir potansiyel barındırmaktadır. Bu potansiyeli ortaya çıkarmak için genler ile ilişkili kanser hastalıkları üzerinde moleküler değerlendirme sağlamak mümkündür. Ancak mikrodizi veri kümeleri, yüksek boyutlu bir yapıya sahiptir. Bu durum makine öğrenmesinde boyutluluğun laneti olarak bilinmektedir. Mikrodizi veri kümeleri üzerinde değerlendirme sürecinin kolaylaştırılması için bilgisayar destekli sistemler kullanılarak uzmanlara yardımcı bir fikir verilmesi temel amaçtır. Bu çalışmada akut lösemilerin sınıflandırılabilmesi için yüksek boyut sunan mikrodizi veri kümesi analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmanın ilk aşamasında, hastalıkla ilişkili genlerin veri kümesinden seçilebilmesi için karınca kolonisi, balina ve parçacık sürü optimizasyon algoritmaları kullanılmıştır. Seçilen potansiyel genler klasik makine öğrenmesi algoritmaları ile değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmanın ikinci aşamasında elde edilen bu genler, dalgacık dönüşümü yöntemi ile spektrogramlar olarak ifade edilmiştir. Çalışmanın üçüncü aşamasında, spektrogramlardaki yerel kontrastın iyileştirilmesi için CLAHE yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Son olarak elde edilen iyileştirilmiş spektrogramlar; aktarım öğrenme mimarileri ve DGCNN(derin graf evrişimsel sinir ağı) yaklaşımı ile sınıflandırılmıştır. Karınca, parçacık sürü ve balina özellik seçim algoritmaları kullanılarak seçilen genlerin spektral yoğunluk bilgisinin ifade edildiği spektrogramların DGCNN yaklaşımı ile sınıflandırılmasının sonucunda elde edilen maksimum başarı oranları sırasıyla %93.33, %86.6 ve %86.6 olarak bulunmuştur.</p></abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>The microarray technology which is preferred in the fields of medicine and biology is an analysis method that produces quantitative or qualitative data. It has a strong potential for revealing and interpreting patterns between genes. To reveal this potential, it is possible to provide a molecular evaluation of cancer diseases associated with genes. However, microarray datasets have a high dimensional structure. This is known as the curse of dimensionality in machine learning. The main aim is to give a helpful idea to the experts by using computer-aided systems to facilitate the evaluation process on microarray datasets. In this study, a high-dimensional microarray dataset is analyzed for the classification of acute leukaemias. In the first phase of the study, ant colony, whale and particle swarm optimization algorithms are used to select disease-related genes from the dataset. Selected potential genes were evaluated with classical machine learning algorithms. These genes obtained in the second stage of the study were expressed as spectrograms by the wavelet transform method. In the third stage of the study, the CLAHE method is used to improve the local contrast in the spectrograms. Finally, the obtained improved spectrograms are classified by transfer learning architectures and DGCNN (deep graph convolutional neural network) approach. The maximum success rates obtained as a result of the classification of the spectral density information of the selected genes using the ant, particle swarm and whale feature selection algorithms with the DGCNN approach are found to be 93.33%, 86.6% and 86.6%, respectively.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                            <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Mikrodizi teknolojisi</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Doğadan ilham alan
optimizasyon algoritmaları</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Sürekli dalgacık dönüşümü tekniği</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Derin
graf evrişimli sinir ağı yaklaşımı</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  ALL ve AML malignitelerinin
sınıflandırılması</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                        
                                                                            <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>Microarray technology</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Nature-inspired optimization
algorithms</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Continuous wavelet transform technique</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Deep graph
convolutional neural network approach</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Classification of ALL and
AML malignancies</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                            </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[1] Kocabıyık VB. ALL ve KML&#039;li Hastalarda BCR ve ABL Genlerindeki Mutasyonların İncelenmesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi, Konya, Türkiye, 2011.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[2] Jauhari S, Rizvi SAM. &quot;Mining gene expression data focusing cancer therapeutics: A digest&quot;. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Bioinforma, 11(3), 533-547, 2014.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[3] Begum S, Sarkar R, Chakraborty D, Sen S, Maulik U. &quot;Application of active learning in DNA microarray data for cancerous gene identification&quot;. Expert Systems with Applications, 177, 1-8, 2021.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[4] Yang R, Paparini A, Monis P, Ryan U. &quot;Comparison of nextgeneration droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) with quantitative PCR (qPCR) for enumeration of Cryptosporidium oocysts in faecal samples&quot;. International Journal for Parasitology, 44(14), 1105-1113, 2014.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[5] Wang X, Simon R. &quot;Microarray-based cancer prediction using single genes&quot;. BMC Bioinformatics, 12, 1-9, 2011.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[6] Khorshed T, Moustafa MN, Rafea A. &quot;Learning visualizing genomic signatures of cancer tumors using deep neural networks&quot;. Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, Glasgow, UK, 19-24 July, 2020.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[7] Xu R, Anagnostopoulos GC, Wunsch DC. &quot;Multiclass cancer classification using semisupervised ellipsoid ARTMAP and particle swarm optimization with gene expression data&quot;. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, 4(1), 65-77, 2007.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[8] Peng S, Xu Q, Ling XB, Peng X, Du W, Chen L. &quot;Molecular classification of cancer types from microarray data using the combination of genetic algorithms and support vector machines&quot;. FEBS Letters, 555(2), 358-362, 2003.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[9] Ocampo-Vega R, Sanchez-Ante G, De Luna MA, Vega R, Falcón-Morales LE, Sossa H. &quot;Improving pattern classification of DNA microarray data by using PCA and logistic regression&quot;. Intelligent Data Analysis, 20, 53-67, 2016.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[10] Chen AH, Tsau YW, Lin CH. &quot;Novel methods to identify biologically relevant genes for leukemia and prostate cancer from gene expression profiles&quot;. BMC Genomics, 11, 1-21, 2010.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[11] Chakraborty D, Maulik U. &quot;Identifying cancer biomarkers from microarray data using feature selection and semisupervised learning&quot;. IEEE Journal of Translational Engineering in Health and Medicine, 2, 1-11, 2014.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[12] Mukhopadhyay A, Maulik U, Bandyopadhyay S. &quot;Gene expression data analysis using multiobjective clustering improved with SVM based ensemble&quot;. In Silico Biology, 11, 19-27, 2011.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[13] Chen Y, Zhao Y. &quot;A novel ensemble of classifiers for microarray data classification&quot;. Applied Soft Computing Journal, 8(4), 1664-1669, 2008.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[14] Wang X, Gotoh O. &quot;A robust gene selection method for microarray-based cancer classification&quot;. Cancer Informatics, 9, 15-30, 2010.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[15] Dagliyan O, Uney-Yuksektepe F, Kavakli IH, Turkay M. &quot;Optimization based tumor classification from microarray gene expression data&quot;. PLoS One, 6(2), 1-10, 2011.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[16] Golub T, Slonim DK, Tamayo P, Huard C, Gaasenbeek M, Mesirov JP, Coller H, Loh ML, Downing JR, Caligiuri MA, Bloomfield CD, Lander ES. &quot;Molecular classification of cancer: class discovery&quot;. Science, 286, 531-537, 1999.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[17] Doğan C. Balina Optimizasyon Algoritması ve Gri Kurt Optimizasyonu Algoritmaları Kullanılarak Yeni Hibrit Optimizasyon Algoritmalarının Geliştirilmesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Erciyes Üniversitesi, Kayseri, Türkiye, 2019.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[18] Fidan H. Dalgacık Dönüşümü Tekniği ile Motor Arıza Tespiti, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Isparta, Türkiye, 2006.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[19] Öner İV, Yeşilyurt K, Yılmaz EÇ. &quot;Wavelet analiz tekniği ve uygulama alanları&quot;. Ordu Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 7(1), 42-56, 2017.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[20] Aktürk SM. Grabcut Etkileşimli Bölütleme Yöntemi Üzerinde İyileştirme Çalışmaları, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Trabzon, Türkiye, 2018.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[21] Akalın F, Yumuşak N. &quot;DNA genom dizilimi üzerinde dijital sinyal işleme teknikleri kullanılarak elde edilen ekson ve intron bölgelerinin EfficientNetB7 mimarisi ile sınıflandırılması&quot;. Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University, 37(3), 1355-1372, 2022.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[22] Cancer Gene Expression Data Sets and Their Visualizations. “Data Set Name: Leukemia” https://file.biolab.si/biolab/supp/bicancer/projections/ (2022).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[23] Dias R, Torkamani A. &quot;Artificial intelligence in clinical and genomic diagnostics&quot;. Genome Medicine, 11(1), 1-12, 2019.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[24] El Mrabet MA, El Makkaoui K, Faize A, &quot;Supervised machine learning: a survey&quot;. Proceedings 4th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technologies and Networking, CommNet 2021, Rabat, Morocco, 03-05 December, 2021.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[25] Atila Ü, Uçar M, Akyol K, Uçar E. &quot;Plant leaf disease classification using EfficientNet deep learning model&quot;. Ecological Informatics, 61, 1-13, 2021.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[26] Karahan T, Nabiyev V. &quot;Plant identification with convolutional neural networks and transfer learning&quot;. Pamukkale University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 27(5), 638-645, 2021.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[27] Elmas B. &quot;Identifying species of trees through bark images by convolutional neural networks with transfer learning method&quot;. Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University, 36(3), 1253-1269, 2021.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[28] Sreng S, Maneerat N, Hamamoto K, Win KY. &quot;Deep learning for optic disc segmentation and glaucoma diagnosis on retinal images&quot;. Applied Sciences, 10(14), 1-19, 2020.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[29] Zhang M, Cui Z, Neumann M, Chen Y. &quot;An end-to-end deep learning architecture for graph classification&quot;. The ThirtySecond AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 32(1), 4438-4445, 2018.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[30] Wu Z, Pan S, Chen F, Long G, Zhang C, Yu PS. &quot;A Comprehensive Survey on Graph Neural Networks&quot;. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems, 32(1), 4-24, 2021.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[31] Xu R, Anagnostopoulos GC, Wunsch DC. &quot;Multi-class cancer classification by semi-supervised ellipsoid ARTMAP with gene expression data&quot;. The 26th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, San Francisco, CA, USA, 01-05 September, 2004.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[32] Wang X, Gotoh O. &quot;Cancer classification using single genes&quot;. Genome Informatics, 23(1), 179-188, 2009.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[33] Ghorai S, Mukherjee A, Dutta PK. &quot;Gene expression data classification by VVRKFA&quot;. Procedia Technology, 4, 330-335, 2014.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[34] Maulik U, Chakraborty D. &quot;Fuzzy preference based feature selection and semisupervised SVM for cancer classification&quot;. IEEE Transactions on Nanobioscience, 13(2), 152-160, 2014.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
