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            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                    <journal-id></journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2147-5881</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Pamukkale University</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id/>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Engineering</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Mühendislik</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <article-title>The determination of optimal cluster number by Silhouette index at clustering of the European Union member countries and candidate Turkey by waste indicators</article-title>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <trans-title-group xml:lang="tr">
                                    <trans-title>Avrupa Birliği üye ülkeler ve aday olan Türkiye’nin atık indikatörlerine göre kümelenmesinde optimum küme sayısının Silhouette indeksi ile belirlenmesi</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Söküt Açar</surname>
                                    <given-names>Tuğba</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>CANAKKALE ONSEKIZ MART UNIVERSITY</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Ayman Öz</surname>
                                    <given-names>Nilgün</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>CANAKKALE ONSEKIZ MART UNIVERSITY</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20200608">
                    <day>06</day>
                    <month>08</month>
                    <year>2020</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>26</volume>
                                        <issue>3</issue>
                                        <fpage>481</fpage>
                                        <lpage>487</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20180713">
                        <day>07</day>
                        <month>13</month>
                        <year>2018</year>
                    </date>
                                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2013, Pamukkale University Journal of Engineering Sciences</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2013</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Pamukkale University Journal of Engineering Sciences</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <abstract><p>This study aims to identify cluster structure of European Union (EU) Member countries and Candidate Turkey in terms of environmental waste indicators and to determine the other member countries which are classified in the same cluster with Turkey. Hierarchical and non-hierarchical clustering methods were used to determine clusters of 28 member countries and Turkey according to the total 8 environmental waste indicators. The optimal cluster number and the best method were identified with the silhouette index which is a cluster validity index. The results from the cluster analysis using the hierarchical and non-hierarchical methods showed that there are six clusters according to the environmental waste indicators of EU countries and Turkey. The average Silhouette index shows that the k-means gives more valid results than the ward. According to the Silhouette index obtained by k-means method, Turkey has been found to be classified in the same cluster with 50% of the EU countries such as Poland, Hungary, and Latvia etc.</p></abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <trans-abstract xml:lang="tr">
                            <p>Bu çalışma Avrupa Birliği üye ülkeleri ve aday olan Türkiye’nin çevresel atık göstergeleri açısından kümelenme yapısını tanımlamayı ve Türkiye ile aynı kümede sınıflandırılan diğer üye ülkeleri belirlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. 28 üye ülkenin ve Türkiye&#039;nin toplam 8 çevresel atık göstergesine göre kümelenmesinin belirlenmesinde hiyerarşik ve hiyerarşik olmayan kümelenme yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. En iyi kümeleme metodu ve optimum küme sayısını belirlemek için küme geçerlilik indeksi olan Silhouette indeksi kullanılmıştır. Hiyerarşik ve hiyerarşik olmayan yöntemler kullanılarak elde edilen küme analizi sonuçları göstermiştir ki, AB üye ülkeleri ve Türkiye çevresel atık göstergelerine göre altı kümeden oluşmaktadır. Ortalama Silhouette indeksi göstermiştir ki, K-ortalamalar yöntemi Ward yöntemine göre daha geçerli sonuç vermiştir. K-ortalamalar yöntemi ile elde edilen Silhouette indeksine göre Türkiye; Polonya, Macaristan ve Letonya gibi AB ülkelerinin%50&#039;si ile aynı kümede sınıflandırmıştır.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                            <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Hierarchical and Non-Hierarchical clustering</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  K-Means</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Ward</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Silhouette index</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Waste</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Environmental indicator</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                        
                                                                            <kwd-group xml:lang="tr">
                                                    <kwd>Hiyerarşik ve hiyerarşik olmayan kümeleme</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  K-Ortalamalar</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Ward</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Silhouette indeksi</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Atık</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Çevresel indikatörler</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                            </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
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