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Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri'nde Nükleer Enerji Gelişimi: Nükleer Enerji Talebinde Bulunan Diğer Ülkeler İçin Bir Model mi?

Year 2023, Volume: 12 Issue: Özel Sayı, 212 - 224, 29.10.2023

Abstract

Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri (BAE) sivil bir nükleer enerji programına sahip ilk Arap ülkesi olmak için iddialı bir plan oluşturmuş ve bu planını büyük ölçüde uygulamıştır. BAE'deki nükleer enerji gelişimine genel bir bakış sunan bu çalışma, belirli BAE politika ile ülkenin bu politikaları uygulamadaki ısrarı da dahil olmak üzere çok sayıda önemli temel unsurun ülkenin nükleer enerji programı oluşturmadaki başarısını açıklayacağını öne sürmektedir. İlk olarak, BAE sadece ülkenin bilimsel ve teknolojik kapasitesinin geliştirilmesinde değil, aynı zamanda yasal, düzenleyici ve kurumsal altyapısının oluşturulmasında da Uluslararası Atom Enerjisi Ajansı (UAEA) ile yakın işbirliği içinde çalışmıştır. İkinci olarak, BAE'nin zorunlu uluslararası nükleer hukuk anlaşmalarına, sözleşmelerine ve nükleer silahların yayılmasının önlenmesi, emniyet, güvenlik ve sorumluluğa dair uluslararası tedbirlere gönüllü olarak katılması kritik önem taşımıştır. Son olarak, yabancı hükümetler ve kuruluşlarla çeşitli ikili anlaşmaların imzalanması da ülkenin nükleer programının başarısında önemli bir rol oynamıştır. Çalışma aynı zamanda BAE'nin nükleere yeni giren bir ülke olarak yaşadığı tecrübenin, barışçıl nükleer enerji programı yürütmek isteyen nükleer enerjiye sahip olmayan devletler için bir model program olarak görülmesi önerisine verilen olumlu ve olumsuz yanıtları da değerlendirmektedir.

References

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  • International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). (2018). IAEA delivers report on nuclear power infrastructure development to United Arab Emirates. https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/iaea-delivers-report-on-nuclear-power-infrastructure-development-to-united-arab-emirates
  • International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). (2022). Country nuclear power profiles. United Arab Emirates. https://cnpp.iaea.org/countryprofiles/UnitedArabEmirates/UnitedArabEmirates.htm
  • Kerr, P. (et. al.) (2011). Nuclear energy cooperation with foreign countries: A primer. Congressional Research Service Report for Congress.
  • McGoldrick, F. (2010). The U.S.-UAE peaceful nuclear cooperation agreement: A gold standard or fool’s gold?. Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/pbei/csis/0020832/f_0020832_17316.pdf
  • McGoldrick, F. (et. al.) (2011). Limiting transfers of enrichment and reprocessing technology: Issues, constraints, options. Harvard Kennedy School. Belfer Center, 49. https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/legacy/files/MTA-NSG-report-color.pdf
  • Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI). (2011). Iran nuclear chronology. https://media.nti.org/pdfs/iran_nuclear.pdf Opatowski, S. R. (2023). Development and cooperation on nuclear research and energy in the Middle East: Workshop report. Geneva: UNIDIR. https://www.doi.org/10.37559/ MEWMDFZ/2023/NuclearEnergy
  • Rezai, F. (2007). Iran’s nuclear program: A study in proliferation and rollback. Springer.
  • Shaker, M. I. (2014). Regionalizing nuclear energy in the Middle East: Making progress on the nuclear- and WMD-free Zone. Global Governance, 20 (4). pp. 517-528.
  • Sim, LC. (2021). Powering the Middle East and North Africa with nuclear energy: Stakeholders and Technopolitics. in: Mills, R. And Sim, LC. (eds). Low Carbon Energy in the Middle East and North Africa. International Political Economy Series. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. pp. 263–297
  • Smith, R. K. (1987). Explaining the Non-Proliferation Regime: Anomalies for Contemporary International Relations Theory. International Organization, 41 (2). pp. 253-281
  • Smithsonian Magazine. How the UAE is Pioneering Peaceful Civilian Nuclear Energy in the Middle East Charles. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/sponsored/uae-pioneering-peaceful-nuclear-power-middle-east-180967322/
  • Squassoni, S. (2015). Unique Nuclear Allies: The New U.S.-South Korea Nuclear Cooperation Agreement. Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS).. https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/legacy_files/files/publication/151001_Sharon_Squassoni_Unique_Nuclear_allies.pdf
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  • The US Government Printing Office. (2009). Agreement for cooperation between the government of the United States and the government of the United Arab Emirates. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CDOC-111hdoc43/pdf/CDOC-111hdoc43.pdf
  • The US House of Representatives. (2009). Nuclear Cooperation with the United Arab Emirates: Review of the proposed US-U.A.E.Agreement: Hearing before the committee on foreign affairs, house of representatives, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, First Session, July 8, 2009. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GOVPUB-Y4_F76_1-PURL-FDLP1809/pdf/GOVPUB-Y4_F76_1-PURL-FDLP1809.pdf
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  • World Nuclear Association (WNA). (2023). Nuclear Power in the United Arab Emirates, Updated June 2023, https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/united-arab-emirates.aspx

Nuclear Energy Development in the United Arab Emirates: A Model for Other Nuclear Energy Aspirant States?

Year 2023, Volume: 12 Issue: Özel Sayı, 212 - 224, 29.10.2023

Abstract

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) established and largely carried out an ambitious plan to become the first Arab country to have a civilian nuclear energy program. By providing an overview of the nuclear energy development in the UAE, the study suggests that numerous important elements, including specific Emirati policies and methods, and the country's persistence in implementing these policies, would explain the country's success in building a nuclear energy program. Firstly, the UAE has worked closely with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) not only in building the scientific and technological capabilities of the country but also in legal, regulatory and institutional infrastructure. Secondly, it was critical for the UAE to join mandatory international nuclear law treaties, agreements, and even voluntary international measures for nuclear non-proliferation, safety, security, and liability. Finally, concluding various bilateral agreements with foreign governments and entities also played a major role for the success of the country’s nuclear program. The study also assesses both negative and positive responses to the suggestion that the UAE's nuclear experience as a newcomer country serves as a model program for a number of other non-nuclear states interested in pursuing a peaceful nuclear energy program.

References

  • Al Kaabi, H. (2011). United Arab Emirates and the experience of a Nuclear Newcomer. Bulletin of Atomic Scientists. 67 (4). pp. 52–59.
  • Al Kaabi, H. (2022). Nuclear Newcomer Countries—The Path of the United Arab Emirates. in IAEA (ed.) Nuclear Law: The Global Debate. M.C. Asser Press; The Hague. pp. 299-318.
  • Al Nahyan, A. Z. (2008). Why go nuclear? A perspective from the United Arab Emirates. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 64 (4). pp. 14-19.
  • Al Shamsi, A. (2018). The Peaceful Nuclear Energy Program in the United Arab Emirates: Background and history. Nuclear Law Bulletin. No.100/VOL. 2018/1. https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/49/072/49072169.pdf
  • BBC. (2006). Iran declares key nuclear advance. 11 April. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4900260.stm.
  • Carlson, J. (2022). Nuclear Verification in a Middle East WMD Free Zone. Geneva, Switzerland: UNIDIR.
  • Davenport, K. (2023). Timeline of Nuclear Diplomacy with Iran, 1967-2023. updated January 2023. Arms Control Association. https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/Timeline-of-Nuclear-Diplomacy-With-Iran
  • Dhanapala, J. and Rydell R. (1995). Multilateral Diplomacy and the NPT: an Insider's Account. UN Institute for Disarmament Research; Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.
  • Early, B. R. (2010). Acquiring foreign nuclear assistance in The Middle East. Nonproliferation Review. 17(2). pp. 259-280.
  • Ebinger, J. (et. al.). (2011). Models for aspirant civil nuclear energy: Nations in the Middle East. The Brookings Institution. Policy Brief. https://www.brookings.edu/wpcontent/uploads/11562016/06/0927_middle_east_nuclear_ebinger_banks.pdf.
  • ENEC (t.y.). Strategic roadmap. https://www.enec.gov.ae/about-us/overview/strategic-roadmap/
  • ENEC. (2008). Policy of the United Arab Emirates on the Evaluation and Potential Development of Peaceful Nuclear Energy. Abu Dhabi. https://www.enec.gov.ae/doc/uae-peaceful-nuclear-energy-policy-5722278a2952f.pdf
  • FANR. International & Domestic Cooperation. https://www.fanr.gov.ae/en/about-us/international-domestic-cooperation#iaea
  • FANR (2018). FANR Hosts IAEA nuclear infrastructure review mission. https://www.fanr.gov.ae/en/media-centre/news?g=5D277557-DA18-4A6C-B70C-8FFA1C40BE1C
  • Finlinson, K. C. (2022). The United Arab Emirates as a case study in assessing over-the-horizon nuclear proliferation. Journal of Advanced Military Studies. Special Issue on Strategic Culture, pp. 112-129.
  • Fisher, M. (2021). UAE’s Nuclear power journey has lessons for newcomers as IAEA Restarts in-person reviews. IAEA Department of Nuclear Energy. https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/uaes-nuclear-power-journey-has-lessons-for-newcomers-as-iaea-restarts-in-person-reviews.
  • Gulf News. (2009). A new global gold standard for peaceful civilian N-cooperation, says UAE envoy. December 18. https://gulfnews.com/uae/government/a-new-global-gold-standard-for-peaceful-civilian-n-cooperation-says-uae-envoy-1.555199
  • International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEAa). Nuclear Technology and Applications. https://www.iaea.org/topics/nuclear-technology-and-applications
  • International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEAb). Basics of Safeguards. https://www.iaea.org/topics/basics-of-iaea-safeguards
  • International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). (1997). Model Additional Protocol. INFCIRC/540 (Corrected), https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/20/01/sg-ap-status.pdf
  • International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). (2011). Reviews progress of UAE nuclear power programme. International Atomic Energy Agency Staff Report. http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/2011/npprogramme.html
  • International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). (2012). UAE national report to the second CNS extraordinary meeting, .https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/uae_2nd_em_2012.pdf
  • International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). (2015). Milestones in the Development of a National Infrastructure for Nuclear Power. Nuclear Energy Series, No. NG-G-3.1. (Rev.1).https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/Pub1704_web.pdf
  • International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Bulletin. (2017). The UAE’s nuclear path: Q&A with Ambassador Hamad Al Kaabi. https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/publications/magazines/bulletin/bull58-4/5841011.pdf
  • International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). (2018). IAEA delivers report on nuclear power infrastructure development to United Arab Emirates. https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/iaea-delivers-report-on-nuclear-power-infrastructure-development-to-united-arab-emirates
  • International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). (2022). Country nuclear power profiles. United Arab Emirates. https://cnpp.iaea.org/countryprofiles/UnitedArabEmirates/UnitedArabEmirates.htm
  • Kerr, P. (et. al.) (2011). Nuclear energy cooperation with foreign countries: A primer. Congressional Research Service Report for Congress.
  • McGoldrick, F. (2010). The U.S.-UAE peaceful nuclear cooperation agreement: A gold standard or fool’s gold?. Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/pbei/csis/0020832/f_0020832_17316.pdf
  • McGoldrick, F. (et. al.) (2011). Limiting transfers of enrichment and reprocessing technology: Issues, constraints, options. Harvard Kennedy School. Belfer Center, 49. https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/legacy/files/MTA-NSG-report-color.pdf
  • Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI). (2011). Iran nuclear chronology. https://media.nti.org/pdfs/iran_nuclear.pdf Opatowski, S. R. (2023). Development and cooperation on nuclear research and energy in the Middle East: Workshop report. Geneva: UNIDIR. https://www.doi.org/10.37559/ MEWMDFZ/2023/NuclearEnergy
  • Rezai, F. (2007). Iran’s nuclear program: A study in proliferation and rollback. Springer.
  • Shaker, M. I. (2014). Regionalizing nuclear energy in the Middle East: Making progress on the nuclear- and WMD-free Zone. Global Governance, 20 (4). pp. 517-528.
  • Sim, LC. (2021). Powering the Middle East and North Africa with nuclear energy: Stakeholders and Technopolitics. in: Mills, R. And Sim, LC. (eds). Low Carbon Energy in the Middle East and North Africa. International Political Economy Series. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. pp. 263–297
  • Smith, R. K. (1987). Explaining the Non-Proliferation Regime: Anomalies for Contemporary International Relations Theory. International Organization, 41 (2). pp. 253-281
  • Smithsonian Magazine. How the UAE is Pioneering Peaceful Civilian Nuclear Energy in the Middle East Charles. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/sponsored/uae-pioneering-peaceful-nuclear-power-middle-east-180967322/
  • Squassoni, S. (2015). Unique Nuclear Allies: The New U.S.-South Korea Nuclear Cooperation Agreement. Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS).. https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/legacy_files/files/publication/151001_Sharon_Squassoni_Unique_Nuclear_allies.pdf
  • The US Department of Commerce (DOC). (2019). United Arab Emirates country commercial guide: Water. https://www.export.gov/apex/article2?id=UnitedArabEmiratesWater#:~:text=The%20UAE%20has%20one%20of,(500%20liters%20per%20day).
  • The US Department of State (DOS). (2008). U.S.-United Arab Emirates Memorandum of Understanding on Nuclear Energy Cooperation. http://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2008/apr/103859.htm.
  • The US Government Printing Office. (2009). Agreement for cooperation between the government of the United States and the government of the United Arab Emirates. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CDOC-111hdoc43/pdf/CDOC-111hdoc43.pdf
  • The US House of Representatives. (2009). Nuclear Cooperation with the United Arab Emirates: Review of the proposed US-U.A.E.Agreement: Hearing before the committee on foreign affairs, house of representatives, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, First Session, July 8, 2009. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GOVPUB-Y4_F76_1-PURL-FDLP1809/pdf/GOVPUB-Y4_F76_1-PURL-FDLP1809.pdf
  • The White House. Office of the Press Secretary. (2009). Press Release. http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/Message-fromthe-President-on-the-US-UAE-Peaceful-Uses-of-Nuclear-Energy-Agreement/.
  • Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). (1970). INFCIRC/140. https://www.iaea.org/publications/documents/infcircs/treaty-non-proliferation-nuclear-weapons
  • The UAE Embassy in Washington DC. (2009). US-UAE 123 Agreement Enters into Force. Press Release. http://www.uae-embassy.org/media/press-releases/17-Dec-2009
  • The UAE Government. Emirates Nuclear Energy Corporation. Homepage. https://www.enec.gov.ae/
  • The UAE Government. (2009). Federal Law by Decree No. 6 of 2009 Concerning the Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy (Nuclear Law). https://fanr.gov.ae/ar/Documents/20101024_nuclear-law-scan-eng.pdf
  • The UAE Energy Strategy. (2018). The UAE Energy Strategy 2050. https:// u.ae/en/about-the-uae/strategies-initiatives-and-awards/federal-governmentsstrategies-and-plans/uae-energy-strategy-2050
  • Varnum, J. C. (2012). U.S. Nuclear Cooperation as Nonproliferation: Reforms or the Devil You Know?. Nuclear threat initiative. http://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/us-nuclear-cooperationnonproliferation-reforms-or-devil-you-know/#_ednref24.
  • World Nuclear Association (WNA). (2023). Nuclear Power in the United Arab Emirates, Updated June 2023, https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/united-arab-emirates.aspx
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects International Politics
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Cıgdem Pekar 0000-0002-4407-5763

Early Pub Date October 27, 2023
Publication Date October 29, 2023
Submission Date August 30, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 12 Issue: Özel Sayı

Cite

APA Pekar, C. (2023). Nuclear Energy Development in the United Arab Emirates: A Model for Other Nuclear Energy Aspirant States?. Paradigma: İktisadi Ve İdari Araştırmalar Dergisi, 12(Özel Sayı), 212-224.