Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

PUBLIC FISCAL INCENTIVES TO INCREASE FERTILITY RATE: ANALYSIS OF AUSTRALIA, JAPAN, DENMARK, FRANCE, CANADA, AND RUSSIA

Year 2022, Issue: 49, 69 - 87, 02.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.870493

Abstract

In the last thirty years, the share of the young population has been decreasing in the developed world thanks to a drop in the number of births, which results in an aging population. An aging population carries some other problems along with it. Most countries provide fiscal incentive programs for families to encourage higher levels of fertility rate. The current study investigates the fiscal incentive practices and their outcomes in the specific context of the following countries: France, Australia, Japan, Denmark, Canada and Russia. The fiscal incentive instruments include public expenditures in the form of cash and services, tax incentives and rights of leave. The findings of the study reveal that the fertility rate increased during those periods when there were sufficient incentive policies in place, and the pace of fertility rate was even higher in countries where stronger policy initiatives were adopted. The study concludes that fiscal incentives have probably contributed to this outcome by coordinating the work and family life especially for women.
This study underlines a relevant and current problem since there has been a number of recent policy initiatives aiming to increase the fertility rate in our country, and such practices which is in developed country set an example particularly for developing countries with an aging population. We hope to contribute to Turkish public finance literature from a government incentives framework which have largely been neglected to date.

References

  • Aksu, L. (1998). Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Nüfus Analizleri. Sosyoloji Konferansları Dergisi. (25):119-309. https://dergipark.org.tr/download/article-file/101080, (28.03.2017).
  • Alçin Şahintürk, D. (2020). Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Nüfus Artışını Teşvik Eden Kamu Mali Politikalarının Analizi. (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Andreev, K., Kantorova, V. ve Bongaarts, J. (2013). Demographic Components of Future Population Growth. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division, Technical Paper 3. New York: United Nations, https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/technical/TP2013-3.pdf, (13.12.2016).
  • Başar, E. (2013). Demografiye Giriş, Gazi Kitabevi, Ankara.
  • Battle, Ken. (2015). Child Benefits in Canada-Politics Versus Policy. Renewing Canada’s Social Architecture, Research 7, Caledon Institute of Social Policy, Canada, https://maytree.com/wp-content/uploads/1074ENG.pdf. (17.06.2018).
  • Beaujot, R., Ravanera, Z. ve Du, C. J. (2012). Family Policies in Quebec and The Rest of Canada: Implications for Fertility, Child Care, Women’s Paid Work and Child Development Indicators, http://epc2012.princeton.edu/papers/120201. (19.07.2017).
  • Becker, S. G. (1960). An Economic Analysis of Fertility. Demographic and Economic Change in Developed Countries, (Ed: George B. Roberts), Columbia University Press. https://www.nber.org/chapters/c2387.pdf. (13.01.2017).
  • Bongaarts, J. (1978). A Framework for Analyzing the Proximate Determinants of Fertility. 105-132. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/27f8/2c7d2600f97014a116a8cada9a84c3867e69.pdf?_ga=2.207718034.1465503211.1596606535-831174121.1586723074. (24.08.2019).
  • Commaille, J. (1991). “Fransa” (Çev. Mehmet Yazgan), Avrupa Topluluğu Ülkelerinde Aile Politikası, (Ed:W. Dumon), T.C. Başbakanlık Aile Araştırma Kurumu Başkanlığı Yayınları, Ankara.
  • D’addıo, A. C. ve D’ercole, M. M. (2005). Trends and Determinants of Fertility Rates in OECD Countries: The Role of Policies. OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers 27. France: OECD. http://www.oecd.org/social/family/35304751.pdf, (29.08.2017).
  • Deliktaş, E. (2001). “Malthusgil Yaklaşımdan Modern Ekonomik Büyümeye”, Ege Akademik Bakış, 1/1, 92-114.
  • Demirtepe, M. T. ve Has, K. (2014). Rusya’nın Demografik Yapısındaki Değişim ve Nüfus Politikaları. Ahmet Yesevi Üniversitesi Rapor (20), SN Televizyon Tanıtım Tasarım Yayıncılık Ltd. Şti, Ankara.
  • Elizarov, V. ve Levin, V. (2015). Russian Federation Aging Project-Family Policies in Russia: Could Efforts to Raise Fertility Rates Slow Population Aging?. WorldBank Group, http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/257131468000013801/pdf/99503-WP-P143700-PUBLIC-Box393204B-Family-Policies-in-Russia-final-cover.pdf. (18.09.2018).
  • Eryurt, M.A. (2005). Türkiye’de Doğurganlığı Belirleyen Ara Değişkenler: Yakın Döneme Bakarken, Nüfusbilim Dergisi, 27,67-84. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/213575. (28.12.2021).
  • European Commission. (2002). Feasibility Study on The Availability of Comparable Child Care Statistics in The European Union, Lüksemburg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3888793/5816429/KS-CC-02-001-EN.PDF/7219da52-3fbe-4a4b-9664-a12efc54ec3f. (30.08.2016).
  • Fagan, C., Norman, H., Smith, M. ve Gonzalez Menendez, M.C. (2014). In Search of Good Quality Part-time Employment, Condition of Work and Employment Series 43. Geneva: ILO. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---travail/documents/publication/wcms_237781.pdf. (25.04.2018).
  • Feyrer, J., Sacerdote, B. ve Stern, A.D. (2008). Will the Stork Return to Europe and Japan? Understanding Fertility Within Developed Nations. Journal of Economic Perspectives 22(3), 3-22. https://www.nber.org/papers/w14114.pdf. (02.02.2016).
  • Guest, R. ve Parr, N. (2011). The Contribution of Recent Increases in Family Benefits to Australia’s Early 21st Century Fertility Increase: An Empirical Analysis. Demographic Research (25), 215-244. https://www.demographic-research.org/volumes/vol25/6/25-6.pdf. (09.08.2016).
  • Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü (HÜNEE) (2019), 2018 Türkiye Nüfus ve Sağlık Araştırması (TNSA), Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü, T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı ve TÜBİTAK, Elma Teknik Basım Matbaacılık Ltd. Şti, Ankara.
  • He, W., Goodkind, D. ve Kowal, P. (2016). An Aging World:2015-International Population Reports, Washington DC: United States Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2016/demo/p95-16-1.pdf, (30.04.2018).
  • Higgins, C., Duxbury, L. ve Johnson, K.L. (2000). Part-Time Work for Women: Does It Really Help Balance Work and Family?. Human Resource Management, 39(1),17-32. https://wall.oise.utoronto.ca/inequity/9higgins.pdf. (06.06.2017).
  • International Labour Organization (ILO) (2010), Maternity at Work-A Review of National Legislation-Findings From the ILO Database of Conditions of Work and Employment Laws, International Labour Office, Geneva. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_124442.pdf. (10.10.2018).
  • Ishıı, C. (2008). Japan’s Demographic Future and Policy Directions. Pacific News, (29, 18-21. http://pacific-geographies.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/06/pn29_ishii.pdf. (08.08.2016).
  • Kemaloğlu, İ. (2016). “21. Yüzyılın Başında Rusya Federasyonu”, Marmara Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, (III) 2, 1-14.
  • Koç, İ., Eryurt, M. A., Adalı, T. ve Seçkiner, P. (2009). Türkiye’nin Demografik Dönüşümü, Doğurganlık, Aile Planlaması, Anne-Çocuk Sağlığı ve Beş Yaş Altı Ölümlerdeki Değişiklikler:1968-2008, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü, Ankara. http://www.hips.hacettepe.edu.tr/TurkiyeninDemografikDonusumu_220410.pdf, (01.02.2019).
  • Köppen, K. (2006). Second Births in Western Germany and France. Demographic Research (14), 295-330. https://www.demographic-research.org/volumes/vol14/14/14-14.pdf. (08.08.2017).
  • Letablier, M. T. (2003). Fertility and Family Policies in France. Journal of Population and Social Security (Population) (1), 245-261. http://www.ipss.go.jp/webj-ad/webjournal.files/population/2003_6/9.Letablier.pdf. (04.12.2017).
  • Ma, L. (2009). Social Policy and Childbearing Behavior in Japan Since the 1960s. An Individual Level Perspective. Stockholm Research Reports in Demography (10). Stockholm University Demography Unit. https://www.suda.su.se/polopoly_fs/1.295395.1473146783!/menu/standard/file/SRRD_2009_10.pdf. (10.10.2017).
  • MacDonald, D. ve McInturff, K. (2015). Family Policies For The Way We Live Now. Our Schools/Our Selves. 39-52. https://www.policyalternatives.ca/sites/default/files/uploads/publications/National%20Office/2015/09/OS120_Summer2015_Family_policies.pdf, (24.07.2017).
  • Malanik, C. (2015). How Much Does the Federal Government Spend on Child Care and Who Benefits? Canada: Office of The Parliamentary Budget Officer. http://pbo-dpb.gc.ca/web/default/files/files/files/Child_Care_EN.pdf. (01.01.2018).
  • Murat, S. (2006). Dünden Bugüne İstanbul’un Nüfus ve Demografik Yapısı. İstanbul: İstanbul Ticaret Odası. https://docplayer.biz.tr/1977901-Istanbul-ticaret-odasi-dunden-bugune-istanbul-un-nufus-ve-demografik-yapisi-hazirlayan-prof-dr-sedat-murat.html. (12.03.2020).
  • Nakazato, H. ve Nishimura, J. (2017). “Japan”. 13th International Review of Leave Policies and Related Research 2017, (Ed: Sonja Blum, Alison Koslowski, Peter Moss), https://www.leavenetwork.org/fileadmin/user_upload/k_leavenetwork/annual_reviews/2017_Leave_Review_2017_final2.pdf. (12.12.2019).
  • Neyer, G. (2003). Family Policies and Low Fertility in Western Europe. MPIDR Working Paper. (021), 1-63. https://www.demogr.mpg.de/papers/working/wp-2003-021.pdf. (12.04.2017).
  • Piano, M. (2014). Are We Ready for Universal Childcare in Canada?, Canada 2020 Analytical Commentary. (6). http://canada2020.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Canada-2020-Analytical-Commentary-No.-6-Universal-childcare-Jan-29-2014.pdf. (02.02.2022).
  • Pison, G. (2009). Population Ageing Will be Faster in The South Than in The North. Population & Societies. (457). Institut National d'etudes Demographiques. https://www.ined.fr/fichier/s_rubrique/19125/pesa457.en.pdf, (08.07.2017).
  • Population Statistic of Japan 2008. http://www.ipss.go.jp/p-info/e/psj2008/PSJ2008-01.pdf, (01.01.2018).
  • Retherford, R. D. ve Ogawa, N. (2005). Japan’s Baby Bust: Cause, Implications, and Policy Responses. Population and Health Series (118), 1-44. Hawaii: East-West Center Working Papers. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/3757. (02.02.2017).
  • Robson, A. (2009). How Much Do We Actually Spend on Early Childhood? A Review of International Comparisons and the OECD’s Starting Strong II. Institute of Public Affairs. https://ipa.org.au/wp-content/uploads/archive/1255065925_document_robson-startingstrong.pdf, (20.02.2020).
  • Sinyavskaya, O. (2017). “Russian Federation”, 13th International Review of Leave Policies and Related Research 2017, (Ed: S. Blum, A. Koslowski, P. Moss). https://www.leavenetwork.org/fileadmin/user_upload/k_leavenetwork/annual_reviews/2017_Leave_Review_2017_final2.pdf. (12.12.2019).
  • Soren, J. ve Öğretir, İ. (1991). “Danimarka”, Avrupa Topluluğu Ülkelerinde Aile Politikası (Ed: W. Dumon), T.C. Başbakanlık Aile Araştırma Kurumu Başkanlığı Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Stewart, J. (2007). An Investigation into Japan's Population: The Current State of Decline. Portland State University. Geography Masters Research Papers. (17),1-19. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/geog_masterpapers/17/?utm_source=pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu%2Fgeog_masterpapers%2F17&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages. (07.07.2018).
  • Suzuki, T. (2006). Fertility Decline and Policy Development in Japan. The Japanese Journal of Population. 4 (1), 1-32. http://www.ipss.go.jp/webj-ad/WebJournal.files/population/2006_3/suzuki.pdf. (18.09.2018).
  • Taratukhina, M.S., Polyakova, M.N., Berezina, T.A., Notkina, N.A., Sheraizina R.M. ve Borovkov, M.I. (2006). Early Childhood Care and Education in the Russian Federation. United Nations, 2007/ED/EFA/MRT/PI/29. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000149142_eng. (09.09.2017).
  • The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECDa). Family Database Public Policies for Families and Children. http://www.oecd.org/els/family/database.htm#public_policy. (07.01.2016).
  • The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECDb) Family Database LMF 1.2 Maternal Employment Rate (xls). http://www.oecd.org/els/family/database.htm#labour_market. (01.08.2021).
  • The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECDc). Family Database. PF1.6 Public Spending by Age of Children. (xls). Social Policy Division - Directorate of Employment, Labour and Social Affairs. http://www.oecd.org/els/family/database.htm#labour_market. (03.07.2018).
  • The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECDd) Better Life Index – Work-Life Balance in Detail by Country. http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/topics/work-life-balance/, (03.07.2017).
  • The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECDe) Family Database. PF3.1 Public Spending on Childcare and Early Education. (xls). Family Database OECD - Social Policy Division - Directorate of Employment, Labour and Social Affairs. http://www.oecd.org/els/family/database.htm. (02.02.2020).
  • The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECDf). Family Database. PF1.1 Public Spending on Family Benefits (xls). Family Database OECD - Social Policy Division - Directorate of Employment, Labour and Social Affairs. http://www.oecd.org/els/family/database.htm.(02.02.2020).
  • The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECDg). Family Database. SF3.1 Marriage and Divorce Rate (xls). Family Database - Social Policy Division - Directorate of Employment, Labour and Social Affairs. http://www.oecd.org/els/family/database.htm#structure. (01.03.2020).
  • The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECDh). Family Database. PF2.5 Trends in leave entitlements around childbirth (xls). Social Policy Division - Directorate of Employment, Labour and Social Affairs. http://www.oecd.org/els/family/database.htm#public_policy (01.03.2020).
  • The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (byy). Country Notes on Birth-Related Leaves and Benefıts for the OECD Family Support Calculator 2014. http://www.oecd.org/els/family/Country-notes-birth-related-leaves-benefits-2014.pdf. (02.05.2017).
  • The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2001a). Country Policy Descriptions - Benefits and Wages—Australia 2001. http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/benefits-and-wages-country-specific-information.htm. (12.12.2016).
  • The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2001b). Country Policy Descriptions - Benefits and Wages—Japan 2001. http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/benefits-and-wages-country-specific-information.htm. (12.12.2016).
  • The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2002). Country Policy Descriptions - Benefits and Wages—Canada 2002. http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/benefits-and-wages-country-specific-information.htm. (12.12.2016).
  • The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2004a). Country Policy Descriptions - Benefits and Wages—Australia 2004. http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/benefits-and-wages-country-specific-information.htm.(12.12.2016).
  • The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2004b). Country Policy Descriptions - Benefits and Wages—Japan 2004. http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/benefits-and-wages-country-specific-information.htm. (12.12.2016).
  • The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2004c). Female Labour Force Participation: Past Trends and Main Determinants In OECD Countries. https://www.oecd.org/social/labour/31743836.pdf. (12.12.2020).
  • The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2005). Country Policy Descriptions - Benefits and Wages—Canada 2005. http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/benefits-and-wages-country-specific-information.htm. (12.12.2016).
  • The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2010). Country Policy Descriptions - Benefits and Wages-Japan 2010. http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/benefits-and-wages-country-specific-information.htm. (12.12.2016).
  • The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2014). Country Policy Descriptions - Benefits and Wages-Denmark 2014. http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/benefits-and-wages-country-specific-information.htm. (12.12.2016).
  • The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2015a). Country Policy Descriptions - Benefits and Wages-Australia 2015. http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/benefits-and-wages-country-specific-information.htm.(12.12.2016).
  • The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2015b). Country Policy Descriptions - Benefits and Wages-Japan 2015. http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/benefits-and-wages-country-specific-information.htm. (12.12.2016). The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2015c). OECD Family Database LMF 1.2 Maternal Employment Rate. https://www.oise.utoronto.ca/atkinson/UserFiles/File/Publications/LMF1_2_Maternal_Employment_July2013.pdf. (13.12.2018).
  • The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). (2016a). Family-Friendly Workplace Practices. Social Policy Division- Directorate of Employment, Labour and Social Affairs. http://www.oecd.org/els/family/LMF_2-4-Family-friendly-workplace-practices.pdf. (02.06.2018).
  • The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). (2016b). Detailed Information on The Impact of the Tax System on Social Expenditure. https://www.oecd.org/els/soc/OECD2016-Social-Expenditure-Update-Oct2016-Tax-Data-by-Country.pdf. (02.06.2019).
  • The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2018). The OECD Tax-Benefıt Model For Russia-Description of Policy Rules For 2018. http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/benefits-and-wages-country-specific-information.htm (14.08.2021).
  • The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). (2019a). Parental Leave Systems. Family Database - Social Policy Division - Directorate of Employment, Labour and Social Affairs. http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.pdf (02.12.2019).
  • The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2019b). Family Database. PF1.1 Public Spending on Family Benefits. Family Database OECD - Social Policy Division - Directorate of Employment, Labour and Social Affairs https://www.oecd.org/els/soc/PF1_1_Public_spending_on_family_benefits.pdf. (02.02.2020).
  • The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). (2019c). Trends in Parental Leave Policies Since 1970. Family Database - Social Policy Division - Directorate of Employment, Labour and Social Affairs. http://www.oecd.org/els/family/PF2_5_Trends_in_leave_entitlements_around_childbirth.pdf. (02.02.2020).
  • The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2019d). The OECD Tax-Benefıt Model For Canada-Description of Policy Rules For 2019. http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/benefits-and-wages-country-specific-information.htm. (14.08.2021).
  • The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). (2020a). Detail of Change in Parental Leave by Country. Family Database - Social Policy Division - Directorate of Employment, Labour and Social Affairs. https://www.oecd.org/els/family/PF2_5_Trends_in_leave_entitlements_around_childbirth_annex.pdf.(02.02.2020).
  • The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2020b). The OECD Tax-Benefıt Model For Japan-Description of Policy Rules For 2020. http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/benefits-and-wages-country-specific-information.htm. (10.08.2021).
  • The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2020c). The OECD Tax-Benefıt Model For Denmark-Description of Policy Rules For 2020. http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/benefits-and-wages-country-specific-information.htm. (14.08.2021).
  • The Worldbank (WBa). Fertility Rates. (xls). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN, (07.05.2018).
  • The Worldbank (WBb). Labor Force Participation Rate of Women. (xls) https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.ACTI.FE.ZS?end=2016&name_desc=false&start=1995&view=chart, (09.05.2018).
  • The Worldbank (WBc). Part Time Employment Rate of Women. (xls) https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.PART.ZS, (09.05.2018).
  • Thevenon, O. (2011). Family Policies in OECD Countries: A Comparative Analysis. Population and Development Review. 37(1), 57-87. https://www.vasa.abo.fi/users/minygard/Undervisning-filer/Th%C3%A9venon%202011.pdf. (11.05.2017).
  • Tümertekin, E. ve Özgüç, N. (2016). Beşeri Coğrafya – İnsan, Kültür, Mekan, Anka Matbaacılık, İstanbul.
  • United Nations (UN) (2013a), World Population Ageing 2013, United Nations, New York. https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/ageing/WorldPopulationAgeing2013.pdf. (31.03.2017).
  • United Nations (UN). (2013b), World Population Policies 2013, United Nations, New York. https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/policy/WPP2013/wpp2013.pdf#zoom=100. (29.04.2017).
  • United Nations (UN). (2014), Abortion Policies and Reproductive Health Around the World, United Nations, New York. https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/policy/AbortionPoliciesReproductiveHealth.pdf. (08.06.2017).
  • United Nations (UN) (2019a). World Population Prospects 2019. Total Fertility. https://population.un.org/wpp/DataQuery/. (23.02.2020).
  • United Nations (UN) (2019b). United Nations Desa/Population Division. Population By Age Groups. https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/. (05.02.2021).
  • United Nations Database (UN). (2020). Contraceptive Prevalence: Any Modern Method (Percent). https://population.un.org/dataportalng/data/indicators/1,2/locations/36,40,56,124,203,208,246,250,276,372,380,392,578,620,643,703,724,752/start/1995/end/2018/table/pivotbylocation, (03.03.2020).
  • United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) (2012), Population Matters for Sustainable Development. UNFPA, New York. https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/UNFPA%20Population%20matters%20for%20sustainable%20development_1.pdf. (28.06.2017).
  • Ünlütürk Ulutaş, Ç. (2015). “İş ve Aile Yaşamını Uzlaştırma Politikaları: Türkiye’de Yeni Politika Arayışları”. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 70(3),723-750.
  • Whitehouse, G., Baird, M., Brennan, D. ve Baxter, J. (2017). “Australia”, 13th International Review of Leave Policies and Related Research 2017. (Ed: S. Blum, A. Koslowski, P. Moss), https://www.leavenetwork.org/fileadmin/user_upload/k_leavenetwork/annual_reviews/2017_Leave_Review_2017_final2.pdf. (12.12.2019).
  • Yüceşahin, M. (2009). “Türkiye’nin Demografik Geçiş Sürecine Coğrafi Bir Yaklaşım”, Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi,7/ 1,1-25.

DOĞURGANLIK HIZINI ARTTIRMAYA YÖNELİK KAMU MALİ TEŞVİKLERİ: AVUSTRALYA, JAPONYA, DANİMARKA, FRANSA, KANADA VE RUSYA ANALİZİ

Year 2022, Issue: 49, 69 - 87, 02.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.870493

Abstract

Son 30 yılda birçok gelişmiş ülkede doğumların azalmasıyla birlikte genç nüfusun toplam nüfus içindeki payı düşmekte ve buna bağlı olarak nüfus yaşlanmaktadır. Ülkeler için nüfusun yaşlanması birtakım sorunları da beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu nedenle birçok ülkede doğurganlık hızını arttırmak amacıyla ailelere yönelik mali teşvikler uygulanmaktadır. Çalışmada bu konuda Avustralya, Japonya, Danimarka, Fransa, Kanada ve Rusya’nın mali teşvik uygulamaları ve sonuçları analiz edilmiştir. Mali teşvik enstrümanları olarak; nakit ve hizmet cinsinden kamu harcamaları, vergi teşvikleri ve izin hakları incelenmiştir. Buna göre bu ülkelerde yeterli teşvik politikalarının uygulandığı dönemlerde doğurganlık hızının da arttığı izlenmiş, daha güçlü politikaların uygulandığı ülkelerde doğurganlık hızının genel olarak da daha yüksek seyrettiği ortaya çıkmıştır. Mali teşvikler, özellikle kadınlar açısından iş ve aile yaşamı arasında koordinasyonu sağladığı ölçüde bu farkı yaratmıştır.
Bilindiği gibi son yıllarda ülkemizde de doğurganlık hızının arttırılmasına yönelik devlet politikaları benimsendiğinden çalışma güncel bir soruna vurgu yapmakta ve özellikle nüfusu yaşlanmaya başlayan gelişmekte olan ülkeler için politika örneği oluşturmaktadır. Bunun yanında konunun Türkçe maliye literatüründe devlet teşvikleri çerçevesinde çok sık incelenmemesi çalışmanın alana katkısını güçlendirmektedir.

References

  • Aksu, L. (1998). Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Nüfus Analizleri. Sosyoloji Konferansları Dergisi. (25):119-309. https://dergipark.org.tr/download/article-file/101080, (28.03.2017).
  • Alçin Şahintürk, D. (2020). Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Nüfus Artışını Teşvik Eden Kamu Mali Politikalarının Analizi. (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Andreev, K., Kantorova, V. ve Bongaarts, J. (2013). Demographic Components of Future Population Growth. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division, Technical Paper 3. New York: United Nations, https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/technical/TP2013-3.pdf, (13.12.2016).
  • Başar, E. (2013). Demografiye Giriş, Gazi Kitabevi, Ankara.
  • Battle, Ken. (2015). Child Benefits in Canada-Politics Versus Policy. Renewing Canada’s Social Architecture, Research 7, Caledon Institute of Social Policy, Canada, https://maytree.com/wp-content/uploads/1074ENG.pdf. (17.06.2018).
  • Beaujot, R., Ravanera, Z. ve Du, C. J. (2012). Family Policies in Quebec and The Rest of Canada: Implications for Fertility, Child Care, Women’s Paid Work and Child Development Indicators, http://epc2012.princeton.edu/papers/120201. (19.07.2017).
  • Becker, S. G. (1960). An Economic Analysis of Fertility. Demographic and Economic Change in Developed Countries, (Ed: George B. Roberts), Columbia University Press. https://www.nber.org/chapters/c2387.pdf. (13.01.2017).
  • Bongaarts, J. (1978). A Framework for Analyzing the Proximate Determinants of Fertility. 105-132. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/27f8/2c7d2600f97014a116a8cada9a84c3867e69.pdf?_ga=2.207718034.1465503211.1596606535-831174121.1586723074. (24.08.2019).
  • Commaille, J. (1991). “Fransa” (Çev. Mehmet Yazgan), Avrupa Topluluğu Ülkelerinde Aile Politikası, (Ed:W. Dumon), T.C. Başbakanlık Aile Araştırma Kurumu Başkanlığı Yayınları, Ankara.
  • D’addıo, A. C. ve D’ercole, M. M. (2005). Trends and Determinants of Fertility Rates in OECD Countries: The Role of Policies. OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers 27. France: OECD. http://www.oecd.org/social/family/35304751.pdf, (29.08.2017).
  • Deliktaş, E. (2001). “Malthusgil Yaklaşımdan Modern Ekonomik Büyümeye”, Ege Akademik Bakış, 1/1, 92-114.
  • Demirtepe, M. T. ve Has, K. (2014). Rusya’nın Demografik Yapısındaki Değişim ve Nüfus Politikaları. Ahmet Yesevi Üniversitesi Rapor (20), SN Televizyon Tanıtım Tasarım Yayıncılık Ltd. Şti, Ankara.
  • Elizarov, V. ve Levin, V. (2015). Russian Federation Aging Project-Family Policies in Russia: Could Efforts to Raise Fertility Rates Slow Population Aging?. WorldBank Group, http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/257131468000013801/pdf/99503-WP-P143700-PUBLIC-Box393204B-Family-Policies-in-Russia-final-cover.pdf. (18.09.2018).
  • Eryurt, M.A. (2005). Türkiye’de Doğurganlığı Belirleyen Ara Değişkenler: Yakın Döneme Bakarken, Nüfusbilim Dergisi, 27,67-84. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/213575. (28.12.2021).
  • European Commission. (2002). Feasibility Study on The Availability of Comparable Child Care Statistics in The European Union, Lüksemburg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3888793/5816429/KS-CC-02-001-EN.PDF/7219da52-3fbe-4a4b-9664-a12efc54ec3f. (30.08.2016).
  • Fagan, C., Norman, H., Smith, M. ve Gonzalez Menendez, M.C. (2014). In Search of Good Quality Part-time Employment, Condition of Work and Employment Series 43. Geneva: ILO. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---travail/documents/publication/wcms_237781.pdf. (25.04.2018).
  • Feyrer, J., Sacerdote, B. ve Stern, A.D. (2008). Will the Stork Return to Europe and Japan? Understanding Fertility Within Developed Nations. Journal of Economic Perspectives 22(3), 3-22. https://www.nber.org/papers/w14114.pdf. (02.02.2016).
  • Guest, R. ve Parr, N. (2011). The Contribution of Recent Increases in Family Benefits to Australia’s Early 21st Century Fertility Increase: An Empirical Analysis. Demographic Research (25), 215-244. https://www.demographic-research.org/volumes/vol25/6/25-6.pdf. (09.08.2016).
  • Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü (HÜNEE) (2019), 2018 Türkiye Nüfus ve Sağlık Araştırması (TNSA), Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü, T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı ve TÜBİTAK, Elma Teknik Basım Matbaacılık Ltd. Şti, Ankara.
  • He, W., Goodkind, D. ve Kowal, P. (2016). An Aging World:2015-International Population Reports, Washington DC: United States Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2016/demo/p95-16-1.pdf, (30.04.2018).
  • Higgins, C., Duxbury, L. ve Johnson, K.L. (2000). Part-Time Work for Women: Does It Really Help Balance Work and Family?. Human Resource Management, 39(1),17-32. https://wall.oise.utoronto.ca/inequity/9higgins.pdf. (06.06.2017).
  • International Labour Organization (ILO) (2010), Maternity at Work-A Review of National Legislation-Findings From the ILO Database of Conditions of Work and Employment Laws, International Labour Office, Geneva. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_124442.pdf. (10.10.2018).
  • Ishıı, C. (2008). Japan’s Demographic Future and Policy Directions. Pacific News, (29, 18-21. http://pacific-geographies.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/06/pn29_ishii.pdf. (08.08.2016).
  • Kemaloğlu, İ. (2016). “21. Yüzyılın Başında Rusya Federasyonu”, Marmara Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, (III) 2, 1-14.
  • Koç, İ., Eryurt, M. A., Adalı, T. ve Seçkiner, P. (2009). Türkiye’nin Demografik Dönüşümü, Doğurganlık, Aile Planlaması, Anne-Çocuk Sağlığı ve Beş Yaş Altı Ölümlerdeki Değişiklikler:1968-2008, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü, Ankara. http://www.hips.hacettepe.edu.tr/TurkiyeninDemografikDonusumu_220410.pdf, (01.02.2019).
  • Köppen, K. (2006). Second Births in Western Germany and France. Demographic Research (14), 295-330. https://www.demographic-research.org/volumes/vol14/14/14-14.pdf. (08.08.2017).
  • Letablier, M. T. (2003). Fertility and Family Policies in France. Journal of Population and Social Security (Population) (1), 245-261. http://www.ipss.go.jp/webj-ad/webjournal.files/population/2003_6/9.Letablier.pdf. (04.12.2017).
  • Ma, L. (2009). Social Policy and Childbearing Behavior in Japan Since the 1960s. An Individual Level Perspective. Stockholm Research Reports in Demography (10). Stockholm University Demography Unit. https://www.suda.su.se/polopoly_fs/1.295395.1473146783!/menu/standard/file/SRRD_2009_10.pdf. (10.10.2017).
  • MacDonald, D. ve McInturff, K. (2015). Family Policies For The Way We Live Now. Our Schools/Our Selves. 39-52. https://www.policyalternatives.ca/sites/default/files/uploads/publications/National%20Office/2015/09/OS120_Summer2015_Family_policies.pdf, (24.07.2017).
  • Malanik, C. (2015). How Much Does the Federal Government Spend on Child Care and Who Benefits? Canada: Office of The Parliamentary Budget Officer. http://pbo-dpb.gc.ca/web/default/files/files/files/Child_Care_EN.pdf. (01.01.2018).
  • Murat, S. (2006). Dünden Bugüne İstanbul’un Nüfus ve Demografik Yapısı. İstanbul: İstanbul Ticaret Odası. https://docplayer.biz.tr/1977901-Istanbul-ticaret-odasi-dunden-bugune-istanbul-un-nufus-ve-demografik-yapisi-hazirlayan-prof-dr-sedat-murat.html. (12.03.2020).
  • Nakazato, H. ve Nishimura, J. (2017). “Japan”. 13th International Review of Leave Policies and Related Research 2017, (Ed: Sonja Blum, Alison Koslowski, Peter Moss), https://www.leavenetwork.org/fileadmin/user_upload/k_leavenetwork/annual_reviews/2017_Leave_Review_2017_final2.pdf. (12.12.2019).
  • Neyer, G. (2003). Family Policies and Low Fertility in Western Europe. MPIDR Working Paper. (021), 1-63. https://www.demogr.mpg.de/papers/working/wp-2003-021.pdf. (12.04.2017).
  • Piano, M. (2014). Are We Ready for Universal Childcare in Canada?, Canada 2020 Analytical Commentary. (6). http://canada2020.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Canada-2020-Analytical-Commentary-No.-6-Universal-childcare-Jan-29-2014.pdf. (02.02.2022).
  • Pison, G. (2009). Population Ageing Will be Faster in The South Than in The North. Population & Societies. (457). Institut National d'etudes Demographiques. https://www.ined.fr/fichier/s_rubrique/19125/pesa457.en.pdf, (08.07.2017).
  • Population Statistic of Japan 2008. http://www.ipss.go.jp/p-info/e/psj2008/PSJ2008-01.pdf, (01.01.2018).
  • Retherford, R. D. ve Ogawa, N. (2005). Japan’s Baby Bust: Cause, Implications, and Policy Responses. Population and Health Series (118), 1-44. Hawaii: East-West Center Working Papers. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/3757. (02.02.2017).
  • Robson, A. (2009). How Much Do We Actually Spend on Early Childhood? A Review of International Comparisons and the OECD’s Starting Strong II. Institute of Public Affairs. https://ipa.org.au/wp-content/uploads/archive/1255065925_document_robson-startingstrong.pdf, (20.02.2020).
  • Sinyavskaya, O. (2017). “Russian Federation”, 13th International Review of Leave Policies and Related Research 2017, (Ed: S. Blum, A. Koslowski, P. Moss). https://www.leavenetwork.org/fileadmin/user_upload/k_leavenetwork/annual_reviews/2017_Leave_Review_2017_final2.pdf. (12.12.2019).
  • Soren, J. ve Öğretir, İ. (1991). “Danimarka”, Avrupa Topluluğu Ülkelerinde Aile Politikası (Ed: W. Dumon), T.C. Başbakanlık Aile Araştırma Kurumu Başkanlığı Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Stewart, J. (2007). An Investigation into Japan's Population: The Current State of Decline. Portland State University. Geography Masters Research Papers. (17),1-19. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/geog_masterpapers/17/?utm_source=pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu%2Fgeog_masterpapers%2F17&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages. (07.07.2018).
  • Suzuki, T. (2006). Fertility Decline and Policy Development in Japan. The Japanese Journal of Population. 4 (1), 1-32. http://www.ipss.go.jp/webj-ad/WebJournal.files/population/2006_3/suzuki.pdf. (18.09.2018).
  • Taratukhina, M.S., Polyakova, M.N., Berezina, T.A., Notkina, N.A., Sheraizina R.M. ve Borovkov, M.I. (2006). Early Childhood Care and Education in the Russian Federation. United Nations, 2007/ED/EFA/MRT/PI/29. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000149142_eng. (09.09.2017).
  • The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECDa). Family Database Public Policies for Families and Children. http://www.oecd.org/els/family/database.htm#public_policy. (07.01.2016).
  • The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECDb) Family Database LMF 1.2 Maternal Employment Rate (xls). http://www.oecd.org/els/family/database.htm#labour_market. (01.08.2021).
  • The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECDc). Family Database. PF1.6 Public Spending by Age of Children. (xls). Social Policy Division - Directorate of Employment, Labour and Social Affairs. http://www.oecd.org/els/family/database.htm#labour_market. (03.07.2018).
  • The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECDd) Better Life Index – Work-Life Balance in Detail by Country. http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/topics/work-life-balance/, (03.07.2017).
  • The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECDe) Family Database. PF3.1 Public Spending on Childcare and Early Education. (xls). Family Database OECD - Social Policy Division - Directorate of Employment, Labour and Social Affairs. http://www.oecd.org/els/family/database.htm. (02.02.2020).
  • The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECDf). Family Database. PF1.1 Public Spending on Family Benefits (xls). Family Database OECD - Social Policy Division - Directorate of Employment, Labour and Social Affairs. http://www.oecd.org/els/family/database.htm.(02.02.2020).
  • The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECDg). Family Database. SF3.1 Marriage and Divorce Rate (xls). Family Database - Social Policy Division - Directorate of Employment, Labour and Social Affairs. http://www.oecd.org/els/family/database.htm#structure. (01.03.2020).
  • The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECDh). Family Database. PF2.5 Trends in leave entitlements around childbirth (xls). Social Policy Division - Directorate of Employment, Labour and Social Affairs. http://www.oecd.org/els/family/database.htm#public_policy (01.03.2020).
  • The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (byy). Country Notes on Birth-Related Leaves and Benefıts for the OECD Family Support Calculator 2014. http://www.oecd.org/els/family/Country-notes-birth-related-leaves-benefits-2014.pdf. (02.05.2017).
  • The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2001a). Country Policy Descriptions - Benefits and Wages—Australia 2001. http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/benefits-and-wages-country-specific-information.htm. (12.12.2016).
  • The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2001b). Country Policy Descriptions - Benefits and Wages—Japan 2001. http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/benefits-and-wages-country-specific-information.htm. (12.12.2016).
  • The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2002). Country Policy Descriptions - Benefits and Wages—Canada 2002. http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/benefits-and-wages-country-specific-information.htm. (12.12.2016).
  • The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2004a). Country Policy Descriptions - Benefits and Wages—Australia 2004. http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/benefits-and-wages-country-specific-information.htm.(12.12.2016).
  • The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2004b). Country Policy Descriptions - Benefits and Wages—Japan 2004. http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/benefits-and-wages-country-specific-information.htm. (12.12.2016).
  • The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2004c). Female Labour Force Participation: Past Trends and Main Determinants In OECD Countries. https://www.oecd.org/social/labour/31743836.pdf. (12.12.2020).
  • The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2005). Country Policy Descriptions - Benefits and Wages—Canada 2005. http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/benefits-and-wages-country-specific-information.htm. (12.12.2016).
  • The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2010). Country Policy Descriptions - Benefits and Wages-Japan 2010. http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/benefits-and-wages-country-specific-information.htm. (12.12.2016).
  • The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2014). Country Policy Descriptions - Benefits and Wages-Denmark 2014. http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/benefits-and-wages-country-specific-information.htm. (12.12.2016).
  • The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2015a). Country Policy Descriptions - Benefits and Wages-Australia 2015. http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/benefits-and-wages-country-specific-information.htm.(12.12.2016).
  • The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2015b). Country Policy Descriptions - Benefits and Wages-Japan 2015. http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/benefits-and-wages-country-specific-information.htm. (12.12.2016). The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2015c). OECD Family Database LMF 1.2 Maternal Employment Rate. https://www.oise.utoronto.ca/atkinson/UserFiles/File/Publications/LMF1_2_Maternal_Employment_July2013.pdf. (13.12.2018).
  • The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). (2016a). Family-Friendly Workplace Practices. Social Policy Division- Directorate of Employment, Labour and Social Affairs. http://www.oecd.org/els/family/LMF_2-4-Family-friendly-workplace-practices.pdf. (02.06.2018).
  • The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). (2016b). Detailed Information on The Impact of the Tax System on Social Expenditure. https://www.oecd.org/els/soc/OECD2016-Social-Expenditure-Update-Oct2016-Tax-Data-by-Country.pdf. (02.06.2019).
  • The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2018). The OECD Tax-Benefıt Model For Russia-Description of Policy Rules For 2018. http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/benefits-and-wages-country-specific-information.htm (14.08.2021).
  • The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). (2019a). Parental Leave Systems. Family Database - Social Policy Division - Directorate of Employment, Labour and Social Affairs. http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.pdf (02.12.2019).
  • The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2019b). Family Database. PF1.1 Public Spending on Family Benefits. Family Database OECD - Social Policy Division - Directorate of Employment, Labour and Social Affairs https://www.oecd.org/els/soc/PF1_1_Public_spending_on_family_benefits.pdf. (02.02.2020).
  • The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). (2019c). Trends in Parental Leave Policies Since 1970. Family Database - Social Policy Division - Directorate of Employment, Labour and Social Affairs. http://www.oecd.org/els/family/PF2_5_Trends_in_leave_entitlements_around_childbirth.pdf. (02.02.2020).
  • The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2019d). The OECD Tax-Benefıt Model For Canada-Description of Policy Rules For 2019. http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/benefits-and-wages-country-specific-information.htm. (14.08.2021).
  • The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). (2020a). Detail of Change in Parental Leave by Country. Family Database - Social Policy Division - Directorate of Employment, Labour and Social Affairs. https://www.oecd.org/els/family/PF2_5_Trends_in_leave_entitlements_around_childbirth_annex.pdf.(02.02.2020).
  • The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2020b). The OECD Tax-Benefıt Model For Japan-Description of Policy Rules For 2020. http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/benefits-and-wages-country-specific-information.htm. (10.08.2021).
  • The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2020c). The OECD Tax-Benefıt Model For Denmark-Description of Policy Rules For 2020. http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/benefits-and-wages-country-specific-information.htm. (14.08.2021).
  • The Worldbank (WBa). Fertility Rates. (xls). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN, (07.05.2018).
  • The Worldbank (WBb). Labor Force Participation Rate of Women. (xls) https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.ACTI.FE.ZS?end=2016&name_desc=false&start=1995&view=chart, (09.05.2018).
  • The Worldbank (WBc). Part Time Employment Rate of Women. (xls) https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.PART.ZS, (09.05.2018).
  • Thevenon, O. (2011). Family Policies in OECD Countries: A Comparative Analysis. Population and Development Review. 37(1), 57-87. https://www.vasa.abo.fi/users/minygard/Undervisning-filer/Th%C3%A9venon%202011.pdf. (11.05.2017).
  • Tümertekin, E. ve Özgüç, N. (2016). Beşeri Coğrafya – İnsan, Kültür, Mekan, Anka Matbaacılık, İstanbul.
  • United Nations (UN) (2013a), World Population Ageing 2013, United Nations, New York. https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/ageing/WorldPopulationAgeing2013.pdf. (31.03.2017).
  • United Nations (UN). (2013b), World Population Policies 2013, United Nations, New York. https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/policy/WPP2013/wpp2013.pdf#zoom=100. (29.04.2017).
  • United Nations (UN). (2014), Abortion Policies and Reproductive Health Around the World, United Nations, New York. https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/policy/AbortionPoliciesReproductiveHealth.pdf. (08.06.2017).
  • United Nations (UN) (2019a). World Population Prospects 2019. Total Fertility. https://population.un.org/wpp/DataQuery/. (23.02.2020).
  • United Nations (UN) (2019b). United Nations Desa/Population Division. Population By Age Groups. https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/. (05.02.2021).
  • United Nations Database (UN). (2020). Contraceptive Prevalence: Any Modern Method (Percent). https://population.un.org/dataportalng/data/indicators/1,2/locations/36,40,56,124,203,208,246,250,276,372,380,392,578,620,643,703,724,752/start/1995/end/2018/table/pivotbylocation, (03.03.2020).
  • United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) (2012), Population Matters for Sustainable Development. UNFPA, New York. https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/UNFPA%20Population%20matters%20for%20sustainable%20development_1.pdf. (28.06.2017).
  • Ünlütürk Ulutaş, Ç. (2015). “İş ve Aile Yaşamını Uzlaştırma Politikaları: Türkiye’de Yeni Politika Arayışları”. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 70(3),723-750.
  • Whitehouse, G., Baird, M., Brennan, D. ve Baxter, J. (2017). “Australia”, 13th International Review of Leave Policies and Related Research 2017. (Ed: S. Blum, A. Koslowski, P. Moss), https://www.leavenetwork.org/fileadmin/user_upload/k_leavenetwork/annual_reviews/2017_Leave_Review_2017_final2.pdf. (12.12.2019).
  • Yüceşahin, M. (2009). “Türkiye’nin Demografik Geçiş Sürecine Coğrafi Bir Yaklaşım”, Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi,7/ 1,1-25.
There are 88 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Deniz Alçin Şahintürk 0000-0003-1261-3392

Ahmet Kemal Çelebi 0000-0003-3584-8397

Early Pub Date March 15, 2022
Publication Date March 2, 2022
Acceptance Date September 30, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022 Issue: 49

Cite

APA Alçin Şahintürk, D., & Çelebi, A. K. (2022). DOĞURGANLIK HIZINI ARTTIRMAYA YÖNELİK KAMU MALİ TEŞVİKLERİ: AVUSTRALYA, JAPONYA, DANİMARKA, FRANSA, KANADA VE RUSYA ANALİZİ. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(49), 69-87. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.870493
AMA Alçin Şahintürk D, Çelebi AK. DOĞURGANLIK HIZINI ARTTIRMAYA YÖNELİK KAMU MALİ TEŞVİKLERİ: AVUSTRALYA, JAPONYA, DANİMARKA, FRANSA, KANADA VE RUSYA ANALİZİ. PAUSBED. March 2022;(49):69-87. doi:10.30794/pausbed.870493
Chicago Alçin Şahintürk, Deniz, and Ahmet Kemal Çelebi. “DOĞURGANLIK HIZINI ARTTIRMAYA YÖNELİK KAMU MALİ TEŞVİKLERİ: AVUSTRALYA, JAPONYA, DANİMARKA, FRANSA, KANADA VE RUSYA ANALİZİ”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, no. 49 (March 2022): 69-87. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.870493.
EndNote Alçin Şahintürk D, Çelebi AK (March 1, 2022) DOĞURGANLIK HIZINI ARTTIRMAYA YÖNELİK KAMU MALİ TEŞVİKLERİ: AVUSTRALYA, JAPONYA, DANİMARKA, FRANSA, KANADA VE RUSYA ANALİZİ. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 49 69–87.
IEEE D. Alçin Şahintürk and A. K. Çelebi, “DOĞURGANLIK HIZINI ARTTIRMAYA YÖNELİK KAMU MALİ TEŞVİKLERİ: AVUSTRALYA, JAPONYA, DANİMARKA, FRANSA, KANADA VE RUSYA ANALİZİ”, PAUSBED, no. 49, pp. 69–87, March 2022, doi: 10.30794/pausbed.870493.
ISNAD Alçin Şahintürk, Deniz - Çelebi, Ahmet Kemal. “DOĞURGANLIK HIZINI ARTTIRMAYA YÖNELİK KAMU MALİ TEŞVİKLERİ: AVUSTRALYA, JAPONYA, DANİMARKA, FRANSA, KANADA VE RUSYA ANALİZİ”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 49 (March 2022), 69-87. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.870493.
JAMA Alçin Şahintürk D, Çelebi AK. DOĞURGANLIK HIZINI ARTTIRMAYA YÖNELİK KAMU MALİ TEŞVİKLERİ: AVUSTRALYA, JAPONYA, DANİMARKA, FRANSA, KANADA VE RUSYA ANALİZİ. PAUSBED. 2022;:69–87.
MLA Alçin Şahintürk, Deniz and Ahmet Kemal Çelebi. “DOĞURGANLIK HIZINI ARTTIRMAYA YÖNELİK KAMU MALİ TEŞVİKLERİ: AVUSTRALYA, JAPONYA, DANİMARKA, FRANSA, KANADA VE RUSYA ANALİZİ”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, no. 49, 2022, pp. 69-87, doi:10.30794/pausbed.870493.
Vancouver Alçin Şahintürk D, Çelebi AK. DOĞURGANLIK HIZINI ARTTIRMAYA YÖNELİK KAMU MALİ TEŞVİKLERİ: AVUSTRALYA, JAPONYA, DANİMARKA, FRANSA, KANADA VE RUSYA ANALİZİ. PAUSBED. 2022(49):69-87.