KİŞİ BAŞINA DÜŞEN GELİRİN STOKASTİK YAKINSAMASI: KIRILMALI LM VE RALS-LM BİRİM KÖK TESTLERİNDEN YENİ KANITLAR

Year 2025, Issue: 70, 203 - 215, 05.09.2025

Hoşeng Bülbül

https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1541698

Abstract

Ülkeler arasında kişi başına gelir düzeylerinde yakınsamanın gerçekleşmesi durumunda, uzun vadede ülkeler arasındaki ekonomik eşitsizliklerin azalacağı ileri sürülmektedir. Bu çalışmada Carlino ve Mills (1993) tarafından geliştirilen stokastik yakınsama hipotezini test etmek için LM ve RALS-LM birim kök testleri kullanılarak E7 ülkelerinde kişi başına düşen gelir yakınsaması incelenmiştir. Geleneksel birim kök testlerinde hataların normal dağılmaması limit dağılımını etkilemediği için genellikle dikkate alınmamakta ve hataların normal dağılmama bilgisi göz ardı edilmektedir. Ancak bu durum normal olmayan hatalar içinde yer alan bilgilerin yararsız olduğu ve göz ardı edilmesi gerektiği anlamı taşımamaktadır. Çalışmada, LM testine normal olmama bilgisi eklenerek daha yüksek güce sahip RALS-LM birim kök testleri kullanılmaktadır. Bu testler, zaman serisi verilerinin önemli bileşenlerini dikkate alınmasını ve kullanılmasına olanak tanımaktadır. Özellikle RALS-LM birim kök testleri, örnek birim sayısının kısıtlı olması durumunda birim kök testinin gücünün arttırma yeteneği nedeniyle oldukça avantaj sağlamaktadır. Birim kök testi sonuçlarına göre, kişi başına düşen nispi GSYİH için stokastik yakınsama hipotezi 7 ülkenin 4’ünde geçerlidir. Bulgular, Endonezya, Hindistan, Meksika, Türkiye’nin gelirlerinin zaman içinde birbirine yakınsadığını göstermektedir. Buna göre, ülkelerin gelirleri birbirinden bağımsız değildir ve gelecekteki gelirleri tahmin edilebilir. Brezilya, Çin ve Rusya için elde edilen bulgular ise, gelir serilerinin durağan olmadığını göstermekte; dolayısıyla bu ülkelerde şoklar uzun vadeli etkiler yaratmaktadır. Bu nedenle, gelir yakınsamasının sağlanabilmesi için uygulanacak politikalar kalıcı etkiye sahip olacaktır.

Keywords

Yakınsama , Gelir , RALS birim kök , Yapısal Kırılma

STOCHASTIC CONVERGENCE OF PER CAPITA INCOME: NEW EVIDENCE FROM LM AND RALS-LM UNIT ROOT TESTS WITH BREAKS

Abstract

It is suggested that if countries' convergence occurs, inequality will decrease in the long term. This study examined the convergence of per capita income in E7 countries using LM and RALS-LM unit root tests to test the stochastic convergence hypothesis developed by Carlino and Mills (1993). In traditional unit root tests, the non-normal distribution of errors is generally not taken into account because it does not affect the limit distribution, and the information about the non-normal distribution of errors is ignored. However, this does not mean that the information included in the non-normal errors is useless and should be ignored. The study uses RALS-LM unit root tests with higher power by adding non-normality information to the LM test. These tests allow the important components of time series data to be considered and used. In particular, RALS-LM unit root tests provide considerable advantages due to their ability to increase the power of the unit root test when the number of sample units is limited. According to the unit root test results, the stochastic convergence hypothesis for relative GDP per capita is valid in 4 out of 7 countries. The findings show that the incomes of Indonesia, India, Mexico, and Türkiye converge over time. Accordingly, the incomes of the countries are not independent from each other, and their future incomes can be predicted. The findings for Brazil, China, and Russia indicate that the income series are non-stationary; therefore, shocks have long-term effects in these countries. As a result, any policies aimed at achieving income convergence would need to have permanent and long-lasting impacts.

Keywords

Convergence , Income , RALS unit root , Structural Break

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