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Year 2025, Issue: 71, 355 - 375, 03.11.2025

Sevil Gözübüyük

https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1732187

Abstract

References

  • Arundell, F.Y.J. (1828). A Visit to the Seven Churches of Asia; with an Excursion into Pisidia; Containing Remarks on the Geography and Antiquities of Those Countries, A Map of the Author’s Routes, and Numerous Inscriptions, Rodwell, London.
  • Arundell, F.Y.J. (1834). Discoveries in Asia Minor: Including a Description of the Ruins of Several Ancient Cities, and Especially Antioch of Pisidia, Richard Bentley Library, c. 1-2, London.
  • Arundell, F.Y.J. (2016). Küçük Asya’da Keşifler, (Çev. Doğan Dereli), Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, c. 1-2, İstanbul.
  • Banse, E. (1916). Die Türkei, eine moderne Geographie, Westermann, Berlin.
  • Brice, W. C. (1978). “A Note On The Descent Into The Plutonium At Hierapolis Of Phrygia”, Journal of Semitic Studies, 23/2, 226–227.
  • Cantisani, E. vd. (2019). “The Ploutonion of the Archaeological Site of Hierapolis (Turkey): A Gate for the Underworld and the Knowledge”, Open Access Journal of Archaeology and Anthropology, 1/3, 1-8.
  • Chandler, R. (1971). Travels in Asia Minor (1764-1765), The Trustees of the British Museum, London.
  • Christmas, H. (2012). İstanbul ve Ege Yollarında İzmir, Efes, Bergama, Salihli, Alaşehir, Denizli, Akhisar 1851, (Çev. Mustafa Özbaş), Kitap Yayınevi, İstanbul.
  • Cochran, W. (1887). Pen and Pencil in Asia Minor; or, Notes from the Levant, Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, Rivington, London.
  • Cockerell, C.R. (1903). Travels in Southern Europe and The Levant, 1810-1817, London Longmans, London
  • Corancez, L.A.O. (1816). Itinéraire d’une Partie peu Connue de L’Asie Mineure, Ebehrard Imprimeur-Libraire, Paris
  • Corencezo, (2014). Halep’ten Denizli’ye Akdeniz’e Seyahat, (çev. Şevket Kacır), Denizli Büyükşehir Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları, Denizli.
  • Cuinet, V. (1894). La Turquie d’Asie Géographie Administrative: Statistique, Descriptive et Raisonnée de chaque Province de l’Asie Mineure, Ernest Leroux, c. 3, Paris.
  • Çetin, M. (2013). Denizli’nin Seyyahları, Denizli Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları, Denizli.
  • D’Andria, F. (2014). Cehennem’den Cennet’e Hierapolis (Pamukkale)-Ploutoniun. Aziz Philippus’un Mezarı ve Kutsal Alanı, Ege Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • D’Andria, F. (2017). “Hades ve Kybele Arasında Hierapolis Ploutonion’unda Yeni Arkeolojik Buluntular”, Colloquiun Anatolicum, 16, 217-244.
  • D’Andria, F. (2019). “The Ploutonion of Hierapolis in the 5th-7th c. A. D. Journal of Roman Archaelogy, 32, 505-515.
  • D’Andria, F. (2020). “Phrygia Hierapolisi. Türkiye’de İtalyan Arkeoloji Araştırmalarının Altmış Yılı”, Lycus Dergisi, 1, 99-119.
  • Davis, E.J. (1874). Anatolica; or, The Journal of a Visit to some of the Ancient ruined Cities or Caria, Phrygia, Lycia, and Pisidia, London: Grand and Co., London.
  • Davis, E.J. (2006). Anadolu: XIX. Yüzyılda Caria, Phrygia, Lycia ve Pisidia’nın Bazı Antik Kentlerine Yapılan Bir Gezinin Öyküsü, (Çev. Funda Yılmaz), Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Deschamps, G. (1894). Sur le Routes d’Asie, Libraires de la Société des Gens de Lettres, Paris.
  • Ellis, T. J. (1889). “Hierapolis and its White Terrace”, Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, 79/473, New York, 688-693.
  • Fellows, C. (1839). A Journal Written During an Excursion in Asia Minor, Murray, London.
  • Fellows, C. (1840). An Account of Discoveries in Lycia, Being A Journal Kept During A Second Excursion in Asia Minor, Murray, London.
  • Fellows, C. (1852). Travels and Researches in Asia Minor: More Particularly in the Province of Lycia, Murray, London.
  • Güven, G. (2012). “Hierapolis of Phrygia: From Foundation to Seljuk Period”, Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 13/22, 149-156.
  • Hamilton, W. J. (1842). Researches in Asia Minor, Pontus and Armenia: with some Account of Their Antiquities and Geology, Murray, c. 1, London.
  • Hamilton, W.J. (2013). Küçük Asya, (Çev. Kasım Toraman), Midas Kitap, İstanbul.
  • Hawley, W. A. (1918). Asia Minor, John Lane Company, London.
  • Kreitzer, L. J. (1998). “The Plutonium of Hierapolis and the Descent of Christ into the ‘Lowermost Parts of the Earth’ (Ephesians 4,9)”, Biblica, 79/3, 381-93.
  • Laborde, L. (1838). Voyage de l’Asie Mineure, Firmin Didot, Paris.
  • Leake, W. M. (1824). Journal of a Tour in Asia Minor with Comparative Remarks on the Ancient and Modern Geography of that Country, Murray, London.
  • Lucas, P. (1714). Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas, Fait par Ordre du Roi dans la Grèce, L’Asie Mineure, la Macedoine et l’Afrique, Nicolas Simart, c. 1, Amsterdam.
  • Mazzorin, J., Minniti, C. (2021). “Bird and other animal sacrifice in the Ploutonion of Hierapolis, Phrygia (Turkey): some results from two votive deposits”, Roman animals in ritual and funerary 617 contexts, Proceedings of the 2nd Meeting of the Zooarchaeology of the Roman Period, 39-52.
  • Michaud, J.F., Poujoulat, J.J.F. (1841). Correspondance d’Orient (1830-1831), Imprimeurs-Libraires, c. 3, Bruxelles.
  • Miszczak, I. (2020). “Plutonium and the Sanctuary of Apollo in Hierapolis, a journey through the millennia”,1-44.https://www.academia.edu/38180761/Plutonium_and_the_Sanctuary_of_Apollo_in_Hierapolis_a_journey_through_the_millennia (02.10.2024)
  • Negri, S. ve Leucci, G. (2006). “Geophysical investigation of the Temple of Apollo (Hierapolis, Turkey)”, Journal of Archaeological Science, 33, 1505-1513.
  • Panarelli, P. (2018). “The Ploutonion of Hierapolis in Phrygia in the Late Ancient and Proto-Byzantine Period”, Geç Antik Çağ’da Lykos Vadisi ve Çevresi, (Ed. C. Şimşek ve T. Kaçar), Ege Yayınları, 325-342 İstanbul.
  • Pfanz, H. vd. (2014). “The Ancient Gates to Hell and Their Relevance to Geogenic CO2 Emission”, History of Toxicology and Environmental Health, (Ed: Philip Wexler, Elsevie), London, 92-117.
  • Pfanz, H. vd. (2019). “Deadly CO₂ gases in the Plutonium of Hierapolis (Denizli, Turkey)”, Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 11/4, 1359-1371.
  • Pococke, R. (1745). A Description of the East and Some Other Countries, Observation on the Islands of the Archipelago, Asia Minor, Thrace, Greece and some other parts of Europe, W. Bowyer, c. 2, London.
  • Poujoulat, B. (1840). Voyage dans l’Asie Mineure, en Mésopotamie, à Palmyre, en Syrie, en Palestine et en Égypte: Faisant Suite à la Correspondance d’Orient, Ducollet, c. 1, Paris.
  • Ramsay, A. D. (2015). Türkiye’de Günlük Yaşam, (Çev. R. Ç. Oban ve E. Uyanık), Say Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Ramsay, W. M. (1890). The Historical Geography of Asia Minor, Murray, c. 4, London.
  • Ramsay, W. M. (1960). Anadolu’nun Tarihi Coğrafyası, (Çev. Mihri Pektaş), MEB Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Sarre, F. (1896). Reise in Kleinasien Forschungen Seldjukısshen Kunst und Geographie des Landes, Dietrich Reimer, Berlin.
  • Sarre, F. (1998). Küçük Asya Seyahati -1895 Yazı-Selçuklu Sanatı ve Ülkenin Coğrafyası Üzerine Araştırmalar, (Çev. Dârâ Çolakoğlu), Pera Turizm Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Selous, F. C. (1900). Sports and Travel, Cosimo Classics, New York.
  • Selous, F. C. (1998). Av ve Gezi, (Çev. Derin Türkömer), Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Semeraro, G. (2016). “Ancient quarries and building sites in Asia Minor. Research on Hierapolis in Phrygia and other cities in south-western Anatolia: archaeology, archaeometry, conservation”, (Ed. T. Ismaelli ve G. Scardozzi), Bibliotecha Archaeologica, 45, Edipuglia, Bari, 777-785.
  • Spon, J., Wheler, G. (1678). Voyage d’Italie, de Dalmatie, de Grèce et du Levant: fait aux annéss 1675 et 1676, Ches Antoine Cellier, Lyon.
  • Strabon, (2000). Geographika Antik Anadolu Coğrafyası Kitap XII-XIII-XIV, (Çev. Adnan Pekman), Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Tchihatcheff, P. (1853). Asie Mineure Description Physique, Statistique et Archéologique de Cette Contrée, (Ed: Gide ve J. Baudry), c. 1, Paris.
  • Tennent, J.E. (1829). Letters From The Aegean Sea, Henry Colburn, c. 1, London.
  • Texier, C. (2002). Küçük Asya, (Çev. Ali Suat), Enformasyon ve Dokümantasyon Hizmetleri Vakfı, c. 2, Ankara.
  • Ustinova, Y. (2009a). “Cave Experiences and Ancient Greek Oracles”, Time and Mind: The Journal of Archaeology, Consciousness and Culture, 2/3, 265-286.
  • Ustinova, Y. (2009b). Caves and the Ancient Greek Mind: Descending Underground in the Search for Ultimate Truth, Oxford University Press.
  • Viquesnel, A. (1868). Voyage dans la Turquie d’Europe: Description Physique et Géologique de la Thrace, Imprimerie de E. Martinet c. 1, Paris.
  • Walsh, R. (1839). Constantinople and the Scenery of the Seven Churches of Asia Minor, c. 1, The Caxton Press, London.
  • Wheler, G. (1682). A Journey into Greece in the Company of Dr. Spon of Lyons, Cademan, Kettlewell, and Churchill, London.

Year 2025, Issue: 71, 355 - 375, 03.11.2025

Sevil Gözübüyük

https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1732187

Abstract

References

  • Arundell, F.Y.J. (1828). A Visit to the Seven Churches of Asia; with an Excursion into Pisidia; Containing Remarks on the Geography and Antiquities of Those Countries, A Map of the Author’s Routes, and Numerous Inscriptions, Rodwell, London.
  • Arundell, F.Y.J. (1834). Discoveries in Asia Minor: Including a Description of the Ruins of Several Ancient Cities, and Especially Antioch of Pisidia, Richard Bentley Library, c. 1-2, London.
  • Arundell, F.Y.J. (2016). Küçük Asya’da Keşifler, (Çev. Doğan Dereli), Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, c. 1-2, İstanbul.
  • Banse, E. (1916). Die Türkei, eine moderne Geographie, Westermann, Berlin.
  • Brice, W. C. (1978). “A Note On The Descent Into The Plutonium At Hierapolis Of Phrygia”, Journal of Semitic Studies, 23/2, 226–227.
  • Cantisani, E. vd. (2019). “The Ploutonion of the Archaeological Site of Hierapolis (Turkey): A Gate for the Underworld and the Knowledge”, Open Access Journal of Archaeology and Anthropology, 1/3, 1-8.
  • Chandler, R. (1971). Travels in Asia Minor (1764-1765), The Trustees of the British Museum, London.
  • Christmas, H. (2012). İstanbul ve Ege Yollarında İzmir, Efes, Bergama, Salihli, Alaşehir, Denizli, Akhisar 1851, (Çev. Mustafa Özbaş), Kitap Yayınevi, İstanbul.
  • Cochran, W. (1887). Pen and Pencil in Asia Minor; or, Notes from the Levant, Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, Rivington, London.
  • Cockerell, C.R. (1903). Travels in Southern Europe and The Levant, 1810-1817, London Longmans, London
  • Corancez, L.A.O. (1816). Itinéraire d’une Partie peu Connue de L’Asie Mineure, Ebehrard Imprimeur-Libraire, Paris
  • Corencezo, (2014). Halep’ten Denizli’ye Akdeniz’e Seyahat, (çev. Şevket Kacır), Denizli Büyükşehir Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları, Denizli.
  • Cuinet, V. (1894). La Turquie d’Asie Géographie Administrative: Statistique, Descriptive et Raisonnée de chaque Province de l’Asie Mineure, Ernest Leroux, c. 3, Paris.
  • Çetin, M. (2013). Denizli’nin Seyyahları, Denizli Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları, Denizli.
  • D’Andria, F. (2014). Cehennem’den Cennet’e Hierapolis (Pamukkale)-Ploutoniun. Aziz Philippus’un Mezarı ve Kutsal Alanı, Ege Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • D’Andria, F. (2017). “Hades ve Kybele Arasında Hierapolis Ploutonion’unda Yeni Arkeolojik Buluntular”, Colloquiun Anatolicum, 16, 217-244.
  • D’Andria, F. (2019). “The Ploutonion of Hierapolis in the 5th-7th c. A. D. Journal of Roman Archaelogy, 32, 505-515.
  • D’Andria, F. (2020). “Phrygia Hierapolisi. Türkiye’de İtalyan Arkeoloji Araştırmalarının Altmış Yılı”, Lycus Dergisi, 1, 99-119.
  • Davis, E.J. (1874). Anatolica; or, The Journal of a Visit to some of the Ancient ruined Cities or Caria, Phrygia, Lycia, and Pisidia, London: Grand and Co., London.
  • Davis, E.J. (2006). Anadolu: XIX. Yüzyılda Caria, Phrygia, Lycia ve Pisidia’nın Bazı Antik Kentlerine Yapılan Bir Gezinin Öyküsü, (Çev. Funda Yılmaz), Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Deschamps, G. (1894). Sur le Routes d’Asie, Libraires de la Société des Gens de Lettres, Paris.
  • Ellis, T. J. (1889). “Hierapolis and its White Terrace”, Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, 79/473, New York, 688-693.
  • Fellows, C. (1839). A Journal Written During an Excursion in Asia Minor, Murray, London.
  • Fellows, C. (1840). An Account of Discoveries in Lycia, Being A Journal Kept During A Second Excursion in Asia Minor, Murray, London.
  • Fellows, C. (1852). Travels and Researches in Asia Minor: More Particularly in the Province of Lycia, Murray, London.
  • Güven, G. (2012). “Hierapolis of Phrygia: From Foundation to Seljuk Period”, Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 13/22, 149-156.
  • Hamilton, W. J. (1842). Researches in Asia Minor, Pontus and Armenia: with some Account of Their Antiquities and Geology, Murray, c. 1, London.
  • Hamilton, W.J. (2013). Küçük Asya, (Çev. Kasım Toraman), Midas Kitap, İstanbul.
  • Hawley, W. A. (1918). Asia Minor, John Lane Company, London.
  • Kreitzer, L. J. (1998). “The Plutonium of Hierapolis and the Descent of Christ into the ‘Lowermost Parts of the Earth’ (Ephesians 4,9)”, Biblica, 79/3, 381-93.
  • Laborde, L. (1838). Voyage de l’Asie Mineure, Firmin Didot, Paris.
  • Leake, W. M. (1824). Journal of a Tour in Asia Minor with Comparative Remarks on the Ancient and Modern Geography of that Country, Murray, London.
  • Lucas, P. (1714). Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas, Fait par Ordre du Roi dans la Grèce, L’Asie Mineure, la Macedoine et l’Afrique, Nicolas Simart, c. 1, Amsterdam.
  • Mazzorin, J., Minniti, C. (2021). “Bird and other animal sacrifice in the Ploutonion of Hierapolis, Phrygia (Turkey): some results from two votive deposits”, Roman animals in ritual and funerary 617 contexts, Proceedings of the 2nd Meeting of the Zooarchaeology of the Roman Period, 39-52.
  • Michaud, J.F., Poujoulat, J.J.F. (1841). Correspondance d’Orient (1830-1831), Imprimeurs-Libraires, c. 3, Bruxelles.
  • Miszczak, I. (2020). “Plutonium and the Sanctuary of Apollo in Hierapolis, a journey through the millennia”,1-44.https://www.academia.edu/38180761/Plutonium_and_the_Sanctuary_of_Apollo_in_Hierapolis_a_journey_through_the_millennia (02.10.2024)
  • Negri, S. ve Leucci, G. (2006). “Geophysical investigation of the Temple of Apollo (Hierapolis, Turkey)”, Journal of Archaeological Science, 33, 1505-1513.
  • Panarelli, P. (2018). “The Ploutonion of Hierapolis in Phrygia in the Late Ancient and Proto-Byzantine Period”, Geç Antik Çağ’da Lykos Vadisi ve Çevresi, (Ed. C. Şimşek ve T. Kaçar), Ege Yayınları, 325-342 İstanbul.
  • Pfanz, H. vd. (2014). “The Ancient Gates to Hell and Their Relevance to Geogenic CO2 Emission”, History of Toxicology and Environmental Health, (Ed: Philip Wexler, Elsevie), London, 92-117.
  • Pfanz, H. vd. (2019). “Deadly CO₂ gases in the Plutonium of Hierapolis (Denizli, Turkey)”, Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 11/4, 1359-1371.
  • Pococke, R. (1745). A Description of the East and Some Other Countries, Observation on the Islands of the Archipelago, Asia Minor, Thrace, Greece and some other parts of Europe, W. Bowyer, c. 2, London.
  • Poujoulat, B. (1840). Voyage dans l’Asie Mineure, en Mésopotamie, à Palmyre, en Syrie, en Palestine et en Égypte: Faisant Suite à la Correspondance d’Orient, Ducollet, c. 1, Paris.
  • Ramsay, A. D. (2015). Türkiye’de Günlük Yaşam, (Çev. R. Ç. Oban ve E. Uyanık), Say Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Ramsay, W. M. (1890). The Historical Geography of Asia Minor, Murray, c. 4, London.
  • Ramsay, W. M. (1960). Anadolu’nun Tarihi Coğrafyası, (Çev. Mihri Pektaş), MEB Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Sarre, F. (1896). Reise in Kleinasien Forschungen Seldjukısshen Kunst und Geographie des Landes, Dietrich Reimer, Berlin.
  • Sarre, F. (1998). Küçük Asya Seyahati -1895 Yazı-Selçuklu Sanatı ve Ülkenin Coğrafyası Üzerine Araştırmalar, (Çev. Dârâ Çolakoğlu), Pera Turizm Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Selous, F. C. (1900). Sports and Travel, Cosimo Classics, New York.
  • Selous, F. C. (1998). Av ve Gezi, (Çev. Derin Türkömer), Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Semeraro, G. (2016). “Ancient quarries and building sites in Asia Minor. Research on Hierapolis in Phrygia and other cities in south-western Anatolia: archaeology, archaeometry, conservation”, (Ed. T. Ismaelli ve G. Scardozzi), Bibliotecha Archaeologica, 45, Edipuglia, Bari, 777-785.
  • Spon, J., Wheler, G. (1678). Voyage d’Italie, de Dalmatie, de Grèce et du Levant: fait aux annéss 1675 et 1676, Ches Antoine Cellier, Lyon.
  • Strabon, (2000). Geographika Antik Anadolu Coğrafyası Kitap XII-XIII-XIV, (Çev. Adnan Pekman), Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Tchihatcheff, P. (1853). Asie Mineure Description Physique, Statistique et Archéologique de Cette Contrée, (Ed: Gide ve J. Baudry), c. 1, Paris.
  • Tennent, J.E. (1829). Letters From The Aegean Sea, Henry Colburn, c. 1, London.
  • Texier, C. (2002). Küçük Asya, (Çev. Ali Suat), Enformasyon ve Dokümantasyon Hizmetleri Vakfı, c. 2, Ankara.
  • Ustinova, Y. (2009a). “Cave Experiences and Ancient Greek Oracles”, Time and Mind: The Journal of Archaeology, Consciousness and Culture, 2/3, 265-286.
  • Ustinova, Y. (2009b). Caves and the Ancient Greek Mind: Descending Underground in the Search for Ultimate Truth, Oxford University Press.
  • Viquesnel, A. (1868). Voyage dans la Turquie d’Europe: Description Physique et Géologique de la Thrace, Imprimerie de E. Martinet c. 1, Paris.
  • Walsh, R. (1839). Constantinople and the Scenery of the Seven Churches of Asia Minor, c. 1, The Caxton Press, London.
  • Wheler, G. (1682). A Journey into Greece in the Company of Dr. Spon of Lyons, Cademan, Kettlewell, and Churchill, London.

DENİZLİ CEHENNEM KAPISINA YOLCULUK: ERKEN MODERN DÖNEM AVRUPALI SEYYAHLARIN GÖZÜNDEN PLUTONION

Year 2025, Issue: 71, 355 - 375, 03.11.2025

Sevil Gözübüyük

https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1732187

Abstract

Denizli Hierapolis Antik Kenti’nde yer alan Plutonion kutsal alanı, antik dünyada doğa olaylarının mitolojik ve dini yorumlarla nasıl anlamlandırıldığını gösteren özgün bir örnektir. Bu çalışma, Plutonion’un tarihsel, jeolojik ve kültürel niteliklerini seyyah anlatıları kapsamında ele almakta ve antik metinler, arkeolojik bulgular ve gezginlerin gözlemleri çerçevesinde karşılaştırmalı bir değerlendirme sunmaktadır. Çalışmada yer altından çıkan karbondioksit gazı nedeniyle tehlike arz eden bu yerin, antikçağda Hades’e açılan bir geçit ve ritüel mekânı olarak tasavvur edilmesinin ardındaki inanç sistemleri tetkik edilmiştir. Bilhassa Batılı seyyahların bıraktığı yazılı tanıklıklar, kutsal alanın tarihsel temsillerinin ve algısal dönüşümlerinin izlenebilmesi açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır. Sonuç olarak bu çalışmada, Plutonion’un çok yönlü yapısı ortaya konulurken, aynı zamanda kutsal alanın yüzyıllar boyunca nasıl izinin sürüldüğü ve nasıl yorumlandığı ele alınarak konuya özgün bir katkı sunulması amaçlanmaktadır.

Keywords

Denizli Hierapolis Cehennem Kapısı Plutonion Seyyah Anlatıları

References

  • Arundell, F.Y.J. (1828). A Visit to the Seven Churches of Asia; with an Excursion into Pisidia; Containing Remarks on the Geography and Antiquities of Those Countries, A Map of the Author’s Routes, and Numerous Inscriptions, Rodwell, London.
  • Arundell, F.Y.J. (1834). Discoveries in Asia Minor: Including a Description of the Ruins of Several Ancient Cities, and Especially Antioch of Pisidia, Richard Bentley Library, c. 1-2, London.
  • Arundell, F.Y.J. (2016). Küçük Asya’da Keşifler, (Çev. Doğan Dereli), Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, c. 1-2, İstanbul.
  • Banse, E. (1916). Die Türkei, eine moderne Geographie, Westermann, Berlin.
  • Brice, W. C. (1978). “A Note On The Descent Into The Plutonium At Hierapolis Of Phrygia”, Journal of Semitic Studies, 23/2, 226–227.
  • Cantisani, E. vd. (2019). “The Ploutonion of the Archaeological Site of Hierapolis (Turkey): A Gate for the Underworld and the Knowledge”, Open Access Journal of Archaeology and Anthropology, 1/3, 1-8.
  • Chandler, R. (1971). Travels in Asia Minor (1764-1765), The Trustees of the British Museum, London.
  • Christmas, H. (2012). İstanbul ve Ege Yollarında İzmir, Efes, Bergama, Salihli, Alaşehir, Denizli, Akhisar 1851, (Çev. Mustafa Özbaş), Kitap Yayınevi, İstanbul.
  • Cochran, W. (1887). Pen and Pencil in Asia Minor; or, Notes from the Levant, Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, Rivington, London.
  • Cockerell, C.R. (1903). Travels in Southern Europe and The Levant, 1810-1817, London Longmans, London
  • Corancez, L.A.O. (1816). Itinéraire d’une Partie peu Connue de L’Asie Mineure, Ebehrard Imprimeur-Libraire, Paris
  • Corencezo, (2014). Halep’ten Denizli’ye Akdeniz’e Seyahat, (çev. Şevket Kacır), Denizli Büyükşehir Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları, Denizli.
  • Cuinet, V. (1894). La Turquie d’Asie Géographie Administrative: Statistique, Descriptive et Raisonnée de chaque Province de l’Asie Mineure, Ernest Leroux, c. 3, Paris.
  • Çetin, M. (2013). Denizli’nin Seyyahları, Denizli Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları, Denizli.
  • D’Andria, F. (2014). Cehennem’den Cennet’e Hierapolis (Pamukkale)-Ploutoniun. Aziz Philippus’un Mezarı ve Kutsal Alanı, Ege Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • D’Andria, F. (2017). “Hades ve Kybele Arasında Hierapolis Ploutonion’unda Yeni Arkeolojik Buluntular”, Colloquiun Anatolicum, 16, 217-244.
  • D’Andria, F. (2019). “The Ploutonion of Hierapolis in the 5th-7th c. A. D. Journal of Roman Archaelogy, 32, 505-515.
  • D’Andria, F. (2020). “Phrygia Hierapolisi. Türkiye’de İtalyan Arkeoloji Araştırmalarının Altmış Yılı”, Lycus Dergisi, 1, 99-119.
  • Davis, E.J. (1874). Anatolica; or, The Journal of a Visit to some of the Ancient ruined Cities or Caria, Phrygia, Lycia, and Pisidia, London: Grand and Co., London.
  • Davis, E.J. (2006). Anadolu: XIX. Yüzyılda Caria, Phrygia, Lycia ve Pisidia’nın Bazı Antik Kentlerine Yapılan Bir Gezinin Öyküsü, (Çev. Funda Yılmaz), Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Deschamps, G. (1894). Sur le Routes d’Asie, Libraires de la Société des Gens de Lettres, Paris.
  • Ellis, T. J. (1889). “Hierapolis and its White Terrace”, Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, 79/473, New York, 688-693.
  • Fellows, C. (1839). A Journal Written During an Excursion in Asia Minor, Murray, London.
  • Fellows, C. (1840). An Account of Discoveries in Lycia, Being A Journal Kept During A Second Excursion in Asia Minor, Murray, London.
  • Fellows, C. (1852). Travels and Researches in Asia Minor: More Particularly in the Province of Lycia, Murray, London.
  • Güven, G. (2012). “Hierapolis of Phrygia: From Foundation to Seljuk Period”, Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 13/22, 149-156.
  • Hamilton, W. J. (1842). Researches in Asia Minor, Pontus and Armenia: with some Account of Their Antiquities and Geology, Murray, c. 1, London.
  • Hamilton, W.J. (2013). Küçük Asya, (Çev. Kasım Toraman), Midas Kitap, İstanbul.
  • Hawley, W. A. (1918). Asia Minor, John Lane Company, London.
  • Kreitzer, L. J. (1998). “The Plutonium of Hierapolis and the Descent of Christ into the ‘Lowermost Parts of the Earth’ (Ephesians 4,9)”, Biblica, 79/3, 381-93.
  • Laborde, L. (1838). Voyage de l’Asie Mineure, Firmin Didot, Paris.
  • Leake, W. M. (1824). Journal of a Tour in Asia Minor with Comparative Remarks on the Ancient and Modern Geography of that Country, Murray, London.
  • Lucas, P. (1714). Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas, Fait par Ordre du Roi dans la Grèce, L’Asie Mineure, la Macedoine et l’Afrique, Nicolas Simart, c. 1, Amsterdam.
  • Mazzorin, J., Minniti, C. (2021). “Bird and other animal sacrifice in the Ploutonion of Hierapolis, Phrygia (Turkey): some results from two votive deposits”, Roman animals in ritual and funerary 617 contexts, Proceedings of the 2nd Meeting of the Zooarchaeology of the Roman Period, 39-52.
  • Michaud, J.F., Poujoulat, J.J.F. (1841). Correspondance d’Orient (1830-1831), Imprimeurs-Libraires, c. 3, Bruxelles.
  • Miszczak, I. (2020). “Plutonium and the Sanctuary of Apollo in Hierapolis, a journey through the millennia”,1-44.https://www.academia.edu/38180761/Plutonium_and_the_Sanctuary_of_Apollo_in_Hierapolis_a_journey_through_the_millennia (02.10.2024)
  • Negri, S. ve Leucci, G. (2006). “Geophysical investigation of the Temple of Apollo (Hierapolis, Turkey)”, Journal of Archaeological Science, 33, 1505-1513.
  • Panarelli, P. (2018). “The Ploutonion of Hierapolis in Phrygia in the Late Ancient and Proto-Byzantine Period”, Geç Antik Çağ’da Lykos Vadisi ve Çevresi, (Ed. C. Şimşek ve T. Kaçar), Ege Yayınları, 325-342 İstanbul.
  • Pfanz, H. vd. (2014). “The Ancient Gates to Hell and Their Relevance to Geogenic CO2 Emission”, History of Toxicology and Environmental Health, (Ed: Philip Wexler, Elsevie), London, 92-117.
  • Pfanz, H. vd. (2019). “Deadly CO₂ gases in the Plutonium of Hierapolis (Denizli, Turkey)”, Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 11/4, 1359-1371.
  • Pococke, R. (1745). A Description of the East and Some Other Countries, Observation on the Islands of the Archipelago, Asia Minor, Thrace, Greece and some other parts of Europe, W. Bowyer, c. 2, London.
  • Poujoulat, B. (1840). Voyage dans l’Asie Mineure, en Mésopotamie, à Palmyre, en Syrie, en Palestine et en Égypte: Faisant Suite à la Correspondance d’Orient, Ducollet, c. 1, Paris.
  • Ramsay, A. D. (2015). Türkiye’de Günlük Yaşam, (Çev. R. Ç. Oban ve E. Uyanık), Say Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Ramsay, W. M. (1890). The Historical Geography of Asia Minor, Murray, c. 4, London.
  • Ramsay, W. M. (1960). Anadolu’nun Tarihi Coğrafyası, (Çev. Mihri Pektaş), MEB Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Sarre, F. (1896). Reise in Kleinasien Forschungen Seldjukısshen Kunst und Geographie des Landes, Dietrich Reimer, Berlin.
  • Sarre, F. (1998). Küçük Asya Seyahati -1895 Yazı-Selçuklu Sanatı ve Ülkenin Coğrafyası Üzerine Araştırmalar, (Çev. Dârâ Çolakoğlu), Pera Turizm Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Selous, F. C. (1900). Sports and Travel, Cosimo Classics, New York.
  • Selous, F. C. (1998). Av ve Gezi, (Çev. Derin Türkömer), Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Semeraro, G. (2016). “Ancient quarries and building sites in Asia Minor. Research on Hierapolis in Phrygia and other cities in south-western Anatolia: archaeology, archaeometry, conservation”, (Ed. T. Ismaelli ve G. Scardozzi), Bibliotecha Archaeologica, 45, Edipuglia, Bari, 777-785.
  • Spon, J., Wheler, G. (1678). Voyage d’Italie, de Dalmatie, de Grèce et du Levant: fait aux annéss 1675 et 1676, Ches Antoine Cellier, Lyon.
  • Strabon, (2000). Geographika Antik Anadolu Coğrafyası Kitap XII-XIII-XIV, (Çev. Adnan Pekman), Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Tchihatcheff, P. (1853). Asie Mineure Description Physique, Statistique et Archéologique de Cette Contrée, (Ed: Gide ve J. Baudry), c. 1, Paris.
  • Tennent, J.E. (1829). Letters From The Aegean Sea, Henry Colburn, c. 1, London.
  • Texier, C. (2002). Küçük Asya, (Çev. Ali Suat), Enformasyon ve Dokümantasyon Hizmetleri Vakfı, c. 2, Ankara.
  • Ustinova, Y. (2009a). “Cave Experiences and Ancient Greek Oracles”, Time and Mind: The Journal of Archaeology, Consciousness and Culture, 2/3, 265-286.
  • Ustinova, Y. (2009b). Caves and the Ancient Greek Mind: Descending Underground in the Search for Ultimate Truth, Oxford University Press.
  • Viquesnel, A. (1868). Voyage dans la Turquie d’Europe: Description Physique et Géologique de la Thrace, Imprimerie de E. Martinet c. 1, Paris.
  • Walsh, R. (1839). Constantinople and the Scenery of the Seven Churches of Asia Minor, c. 1, The Caxton Press, London.
  • Wheler, G. (1682). A Journey into Greece in the Company of Dr. Spon of Lyons, Cademan, Kettlewell, and Churchill, London.

JOURNEY TO THE GATE OF HELL IN DENİZLİ: PLUTONION THROUGH THE EYES OF EARLY MODERN EUROPEAN TRAVELERS

Year 2025, Issue: 71, 355 - 375, 03.11.2025

Sevil Gözübüyük

https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1732187

Abstract

The Plutonion sacred area, located in the ancient city of Hierapolis in Denizli, is a unique example of how natural phenomena were interpreted through mythological and religious explanations in the ancient world. This study addresses the historical, geological, and cultural characteristics of the Plutonion within the scope of travel accounts and presents a comparative evaluation based on ancient texts, archaeological findings, and the observations of travelers. The belief systems behind the conception of this site, which posed a danger due to carbon dioxide gas emerging from underground, as a gateway to Hades and a ritual space in antiquity, are examined. The written testimonies of Western travelers are of great importance for tracing the historical representations and perceptual transformations of the sacred area. As a result, this study aims to provide an original contribution by revealing the multifaceted structure of the Plutonion and by evaluating how the sacred site has been followed and interpreted over the centuries.

Keywords

Denizli Hierapolis Gate of Hell Plutonion Traveler Narratives

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  • D’Andria, F. (2020). “Phrygia Hierapolisi. Türkiye’de İtalyan Arkeoloji Araştırmalarının Altmış Yılı”, Lycus Dergisi, 1, 99-119.
  • Davis, E.J. (1874). Anatolica; or, The Journal of a Visit to some of the Ancient ruined Cities or Caria, Phrygia, Lycia, and Pisidia, London: Grand and Co., London.
  • Davis, E.J. (2006). Anadolu: XIX. Yüzyılda Caria, Phrygia, Lycia ve Pisidia’nın Bazı Antik Kentlerine Yapılan Bir Gezinin Öyküsü, (Çev. Funda Yılmaz), Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul.
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  • Fellows, C. (1852). Travels and Researches in Asia Minor: More Particularly in the Province of Lycia, Murray, London.
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  • Hamilton, W.J. (2013). Küçük Asya, (Çev. Kasım Toraman), Midas Kitap, İstanbul.
  • Hawley, W. A. (1918). Asia Minor, John Lane Company, London.
  • Kreitzer, L. J. (1998). “The Plutonium of Hierapolis and the Descent of Christ into the ‘Lowermost Parts of the Earth’ (Ephesians 4,9)”, Biblica, 79/3, 381-93.
  • Laborde, L. (1838). Voyage de l’Asie Mineure, Firmin Didot, Paris.
  • Leake, W. M. (1824). Journal of a Tour in Asia Minor with Comparative Remarks on the Ancient and Modern Geography of that Country, Murray, London.
  • Lucas, P. (1714). Voyage du Sieur Paul Lucas, Fait par Ordre du Roi dans la Grèce, L’Asie Mineure, la Macedoine et l’Afrique, Nicolas Simart, c. 1, Amsterdam.
  • Mazzorin, J., Minniti, C. (2021). “Bird and other animal sacrifice in the Ploutonion of Hierapolis, Phrygia (Turkey): some results from two votive deposits”, Roman animals in ritual and funerary 617 contexts, Proceedings of the 2nd Meeting of the Zooarchaeology of the Roman Period, 39-52.
  • Michaud, J.F., Poujoulat, J.J.F. (1841). Correspondance d’Orient (1830-1831), Imprimeurs-Libraires, c. 3, Bruxelles.
  • Miszczak, I. (2020). “Plutonium and the Sanctuary of Apollo in Hierapolis, a journey through the millennia”,1-44.https://www.academia.edu/38180761/Plutonium_and_the_Sanctuary_of_Apollo_in_Hierapolis_a_journey_through_the_millennia (02.10.2024)
  • Negri, S. ve Leucci, G. (2006). “Geophysical investigation of the Temple of Apollo (Hierapolis, Turkey)”, Journal of Archaeological Science, 33, 1505-1513.
  • Panarelli, P. (2018). “The Ploutonion of Hierapolis in Phrygia in the Late Ancient and Proto-Byzantine Period”, Geç Antik Çağ’da Lykos Vadisi ve Çevresi, (Ed. C. Şimşek ve T. Kaçar), Ege Yayınları, 325-342 İstanbul.
  • Pfanz, H. vd. (2014). “The Ancient Gates to Hell and Their Relevance to Geogenic CO2 Emission”, History of Toxicology and Environmental Health, (Ed: Philip Wexler, Elsevie), London, 92-117.
  • Pfanz, H. vd. (2019). “Deadly CO₂ gases in the Plutonium of Hierapolis (Denizli, Turkey)”, Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 11/4, 1359-1371.
  • Pococke, R. (1745). A Description of the East and Some Other Countries, Observation on the Islands of the Archipelago, Asia Minor, Thrace, Greece and some other parts of Europe, W. Bowyer, c. 2, London.
  • Poujoulat, B. (1840). Voyage dans l’Asie Mineure, en Mésopotamie, à Palmyre, en Syrie, en Palestine et en Égypte: Faisant Suite à la Correspondance d’Orient, Ducollet, c. 1, Paris.
  • Ramsay, A. D. (2015). Türkiye’de Günlük Yaşam, (Çev. R. Ç. Oban ve E. Uyanık), Say Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Ramsay, W. M. (1890). The Historical Geography of Asia Minor, Murray, c. 4, London.
  • Ramsay, W. M. (1960). Anadolu’nun Tarihi Coğrafyası, (Çev. Mihri Pektaş), MEB Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Sarre, F. (1896). Reise in Kleinasien Forschungen Seldjukısshen Kunst und Geographie des Landes, Dietrich Reimer, Berlin.
  • Sarre, F. (1998). Küçük Asya Seyahati -1895 Yazı-Selçuklu Sanatı ve Ülkenin Coğrafyası Üzerine Araştırmalar, (Çev. Dârâ Çolakoğlu), Pera Turizm Yayınları, İstanbul.
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  • Selous, F. C. (1998). Av ve Gezi, (Çev. Derin Türkömer), Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Semeraro, G. (2016). “Ancient quarries and building sites in Asia Minor. Research on Hierapolis in Phrygia and other cities in south-western Anatolia: archaeology, archaeometry, conservation”, (Ed. T. Ismaelli ve G. Scardozzi), Bibliotecha Archaeologica, 45, Edipuglia, Bari, 777-785.
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  • Strabon, (2000). Geographika Antik Anadolu Coğrafyası Kitap XII-XIII-XIV, (Çev. Adnan Pekman), Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Tchihatcheff, P. (1853). Asie Mineure Description Physique, Statistique et Archéologique de Cette Contrée, (Ed: Gide ve J. Baudry), c. 1, Paris.
  • Tennent, J.E. (1829). Letters From The Aegean Sea, Henry Colburn, c. 1, London.
  • Texier, C. (2002). Küçük Asya, (Çev. Ali Suat), Enformasyon ve Dokümantasyon Hizmetleri Vakfı, c. 2, Ankara.
  • Ustinova, Y. (2009a). “Cave Experiences and Ancient Greek Oracles”, Time and Mind: The Journal of Archaeology, Consciousness and Culture, 2/3, 265-286.
  • Ustinova, Y. (2009b). Caves and the Ancient Greek Mind: Descending Underground in the Search for Ultimate Truth, Oxford University Press.
  • Viquesnel, A. (1868). Voyage dans la Turquie d’Europe: Description Physique et Géologique de la Thrace, Imprimerie de E. Martinet c. 1, Paris.
  • Walsh, R. (1839). Constantinople and the Scenery of the Seven Churches of Asia Minor, c. 1, The Caxton Press, London.
  • Wheler, G. (1682). A Journey into Greece in the Company of Dr. Spon of Lyons, Cademan, Kettlewell, and Churchill, London.
There are 60 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Turkish Cultural History, Late Modern European History
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Sevil Gözübüyük 0000-0002-6900-2894

Early Pub Date October 16, 2025
Publication Date November 3, 2025
Submission Date July 1, 2025
Acceptance Date September 11, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Issue: 71

Cite

APA Gözübüyük, S. (2025). DENİZLİ CEHENNEM KAPISINA YOLCULUK: ERKEN MODERN DÖNEM AVRUPALI SEYYAHLARIN GÖZÜNDEN PLUTONION. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(71), 355-375. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1732187
AMA Gözübüyük S. DENİZLİ CEHENNEM KAPISINA YOLCULUK: ERKEN MODERN DÖNEM AVRUPALI SEYYAHLARIN GÖZÜNDEN PLUTONION. PAUSBED. November 2025;(71):355-375. doi:10.30794/pausbed.1732187
Chicago Gözübüyük, Sevil. “DENİZLİ CEHENNEM KAPISINA YOLCULUK: ERKEN MODERN DÖNEM AVRUPALI SEYYAHLARIN GÖZÜNDEN PLUTONION”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, no. 71 (November 2025): 355-75. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1732187.
EndNote Gözübüyük S (November 1, 2025) DENİZLİ CEHENNEM KAPISINA YOLCULUK: ERKEN MODERN DÖNEM AVRUPALI SEYYAHLARIN GÖZÜNDEN PLUTONION. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 71 355–375.
IEEE S. Gözübüyük, “DENİZLİ CEHENNEM KAPISINA YOLCULUK: ERKEN MODERN DÖNEM AVRUPALI SEYYAHLARIN GÖZÜNDEN PLUTONION”, PAUSBED, no. 71, pp. 355–375, November2025, doi: 10.30794/pausbed.1732187.
ISNAD Gözübüyük, Sevil. “DENİZLİ CEHENNEM KAPISINA YOLCULUK: ERKEN MODERN DÖNEM AVRUPALI SEYYAHLARIN GÖZÜNDEN PLUTONION”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 71 (November2025), 355-375. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1732187.
JAMA Gözübüyük S. DENİZLİ CEHENNEM KAPISINA YOLCULUK: ERKEN MODERN DÖNEM AVRUPALI SEYYAHLARIN GÖZÜNDEN PLUTONION. PAUSBED. 2025;:355–375.
MLA Gözübüyük, Sevil. “DENİZLİ CEHENNEM KAPISINA YOLCULUK: ERKEN MODERN DÖNEM AVRUPALI SEYYAHLARIN GÖZÜNDEN PLUTONION”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, no. 71, 2025, pp. 355-7, doi:10.30794/pausbed.1732187.
Vancouver Gözübüyük S. DENİZLİ CEHENNEM KAPISINA YOLCULUK: ERKEN MODERN DÖNEM AVRUPALI SEYYAHLARIN GÖZÜNDEN PLUTONION. PAUSBED. 2025(71):355-7.
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