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Assessing the Role of Trade in the Formation of Turkey’s Civilian Power in Africa

Year 2018, Volume: 23 Issue: 1, 63 - 94, 01.10.2018

Abstract

This paper attempts to assess the civilian character of Turkey’s political economy in sub-Saharan Africa with a special focus on its trade policy towards African countries. It also seeks to explore the degree to which its trade policies towards the continent contribute to the construction of a civilian foreign policy. Additionally, this study delves into the linkages between “power and trade” and between “civilian power and trade”. Assuming that Turkey is not usually conceived as a traditional civilian power in the IR literature and political debates, this paper aims to fill the lacuna in the existing literature focusing on the impact of trade on the making of civilian power. Applying Maull’s threefaceted framework of civilian power characteristics cooperation, use of economic means, development of supranational structures , this study concludes that in Turkey’s emerging “civilian power” objectives, trade’s role is larger in the use of economic means for securing national goals and cooperation in the pursuit of international objectives than in the development of supranational structures for international management level.

References

  • * This study has been supported by the Scientific Research and Technological Council of Turkey’s (TUBITAK) 1001 Project [TUBITAK-SOBAG project no: 114K783] titled ‘The Contribution of Rising Turkey and the BRICS Countries to Global Governance: A Comparative Analysis’.
  • 1 Francois Duchene, “Europe’s Role in World Peace”, in Richard Mayne (ed.), Europe Tomorrow: Sixteen Europeans Look Ahead, London: Fontana, 1972; “The European Community and the Uncertainties of Interdependence”, in Max Kohnstamm and Wolfgang Hager (eds.), A Nation Writ Large? Foreign-Policy Problems before the European Community, London, Macmillan, 1973, 1-21.
  • 2 See Sebastian Harnisch and Hanns W. Maull, Germany as a Civilian Power? The Foreign Policy of the Berlin Republic, Manchester and New York, Manchester University Press, 2001; Jonas Wolff, “Democracy Promotion, Empowerment, and Self-Determination: Conflicting Objectives in US and German Policies towards Bolivia”, Democratization, Vol. 19, No. 3 (2012), pp. 415- 437; Karen E. Smith, “Beyond the Civilian Power Debate”, Politique Europeénne, Vol. 1, No. 17 (2005), p. 63- 82.
  • 3 In literature, civilian power features have generally been associated with Europe, not just with Germany and Japan. In fact, the concept of Civilian Power initially coined by Francois Duchene in the 1970s has been frequently used in the EU studies literature focusing on the EU’s actorness, role and identity in international politics. See some of the works referring to the EU’s civilian power role are as such: Jan Orbie “Civilian Power Europe”, Cooperation and Conflict, Vol. 41, No. 1 (2006), pp. 123- 128.; Martin Beck, “The Comeback of the EU as a‘ Civilian Power’ through the Arab Spring?”, GIGA Focus International Edition English, No. 2 (2013), at https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/ publication/the-comeback-of-the-eu-as-a-civilian-power-through-the-arab-spring, (last visited 10 May 2017); Yonca Özer, “The European Union as a Civilian Power: The Case of the Eu’s Trade Policy”, Journal of European Studies, Vol. 20, No. 2(2012), pp. 63- 94; Veit Bachmann, “The EU’s Civilian/Power Dilemma”, Comparative European Politics, Vol. 11, No. 4 (1 July 2013), pp. 458- 480; doi:10.1057/cep.2012.25; Mario Telo, “Europe: A Civilian Power?: European Union, Global Governance, World Order”, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007; Sören Philipps, “The Birth of the European Union: Challenging the Myth of the Civilian Power Narrative”, Historical Social Research, Vol. 34, No. 2 (2009), pp. 203- 214; Stelios Stavridis, Why the Militarising of the European Union Is Strengthening the Concept of a Civilian Power Europe, European University Institute, Series No: EUI-RSC;2001/17, 2001, at http://hdl.handle.net/1814/1726 (last visited: 12 May 2017); There also exist some studies characterizing US foreign policy as civilian. See for example, Hillary Rodham Clinton, “Leading Through Civilian Power: Redefining American Diplomacy and Development”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 89, No. 6 (2010), pp. 13- 24; There also exist a growing number of policy papers and reports portraying Norway, Sweden and other Scandinavian countries as civilian powers. In addition to this, some countries outside the Western world like India, Brazil are also cited in some policy-based analysis as “civilian powers”.
  • 4 Hanns W. Maull, “Germany and Japan: The New Civilian Powers”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 69, No. 5 (Winter 1990), pp. 92-93.
  • 5 Patrick Hein, “Reluctant Civilian World Powers? How Nationalism Threatens the Soft Power Image of Japan and Germany”, Asian Journal of German and European Studies, Vol 14, No 1 (2016), p. 11.
  • 6 Maull, “German Foreign Policy”, p. 14.
  • 7 Maull, “Germany and Japan”, p. 92-93.
  • 8 Harnisch and Maull, “Germany as a Civilian Power”, pp. 66-67.
  • 9 Maull, “German Foreign Policy”,p. 14.
  • 10 Henning Tewes, “The Emergence of a Civilian Power: Germany and Central Europe”, German Politics, Vol. 6, No. 2 (1997), p. 96.
  • 11 Hanns W. Maull, “German Foreign Policy, Post‐Kosovo: Still a ‘civilian Power?,’” German Politics, Vol. 9, No. 2 (2000), p. 14.
  • 12 Ian Manners, “The European Union as a Normative Power : A Response to Thomas Diez”, Millenium Journal of International Studies, Vol. 35, No.1 (2006), p. 175; Thomas Diez, A Different Kind of Power?: The EU’s Role in International Politics, New York, Idebate Press, 2014, p. 178.
  • 13 Hedley Bull, “Civilian Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?”, JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 21, No. 2 (1982), p. 149- 170.
  • 14 Stelios Stavridis, “‘Militarising’ the EU: The Concept of Civilian Power Europe Revisited”, The International Spectator, Vol. 36, No. 4 (2001), p. 49.
  • 15 John Peterson, “EU Trade Policy as Foreign Policy: Does Strategy plus ActivityStrategic Action?”, Prepared for presentation at the 10th biennial conference of the European Union Studies Association (EUSA), Montreal, 17-19 May 2007, p. 1-33.
  • 16 Sophie Meunier and Kalypsı Nicolaidis, “The European Union as a Conflicted Trade Power”, Journal of European Public, Vol. 13, No. 6 (2006), p. 906-925.
  • 17 Ambassador Tom Wheeler, “Ankara to Africa: Turkey’s Outreach since 2005”, South African Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 18, No. 1 (2011), p. 43- 62.
  • 18 Patrick Sykes, “Roles and Reality: Turkish and Brazilian Engagement with Africa”, Africa Review, Vol. 5, No. 2 (2013), p. 140.
  • 19 Brendon J. Cannon, “Deconstructing Turkey’s Efforts in Somalia”, Bildhaan, at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2872980 (last visited 10 March 2017).
  • 20 “Turkish Airlines Will Add Six New Destinations for 2015 in Africa, for a Total of 48 Cities, CAPA - Centre for Aviation, at http://centreforaviation.com/analysis/ turkish-airlines-will-add-six-new-destinations-for-2015-in-africa-for-a-total-of-48- cities-202922. (last visited 10 November 2016).
  • 21 The Presidency for Religious Affairs of Turkey organized two summitry level meeting in Turkey bringing together African religious leaders as well as organizing numbers of humanitarian aid initiatives. Yusuf Kenan Küçük, Ten Years of Turkish Engagement with Africa: Discourse, Implementation and Perception in Somalia, Thesis, MSc in African Studies, Oxford University, 2015, Chp.1, p. 28 at http://www.academia.edu/ download/39341963/TEN_YEARS_OF_TURKISH_ENGAGEMENT_WITH_ AFRICA_DISCOURSE_IMPLEMENTATION_AND_PERCEPTION_IN_ SOMALIA.pdf. (last visited 10 November 2016).
  • 22 Mark Langan, “Virtuous power Turkey in sub-Saharan Africa: the Neo-Ottoman challenge to the European Union”, Third World Quarterly, 2016, p. 1–16.
  • 23 Gonca Oğuz Gök and Emel Parlar Dal, “Understanding Turkey’s Emerging “Civilian” Foreign Policy Role in the 2000s through Development Cooperation in the Africa Region”, Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs, forthcoming Issue.
  • 24 “Turkish Aid Agency Digs 6,000 Water Wells across Africa”, Anadolu Agency, at http:// aa.com.tr/en/turkey/turkish-aid-agency-digs-6-000-water-wells-across-africa/525307. (last visited 10 March 2017).
  • 25 “Turkey’s Official Development Assistance (ODA) - OECD”, at http://www.oecd.org/ dac/stats/turkeys-official-development-assistanceoda.htm (last visited 27 June 2016).
  • 26 “TİKA Afrika’da 28 Ülkeye Yardım Ediyor,” TİKA, 2014, http://admin.tvkur.com/tr/ player/vod/id/3720.
  • 27 “Turkish Aid Agency Digs 6,000 Water Wells across Africa”.
  • 28 Only one single Turkish Humanitarian relief organization, IHH, reported that it has drilled more than 5300 water wells in Africa over the years. See https://www.ihh.org.tr/ en/water (last visited 10 March 2017).
  • 29 As of 2015, there are two Training and Research Hospitals established in Mogadishu and Sudan. Around 400,000 civilians have benefited so far from those medical institutions, according to data. Turkey also sends medical staff and equipment to these facilities. See: “Turkish Hospitals in Africa Serve Hundreds of Thousands”, Anadolu Agency, at http:// aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkish-hospitals-in-africa-serve-hundreds-of-thousands/694872 (last visited 10 December 2016).
  • 30 Jeannine Hausmann and Erik Lundsgaarde. “Turkey’s Role in Development Cooperation”, United Nations University Centre for Policy Research, at https://goo.gl/ eucinX, (last visited 26 February 2017).
  • 31 Mürsel Bayram, “Türk Dış Politikasının Dönüşüm Sürecinde Afrika”, in İdris Demir (ed.), Türkiye’nin Dış Politikası: Yeni Eğilimleri, Yeni Yönelimleri, Yeni Yalaşımları, Bursa: Dora, 2014, p. 265.
  • 32 “Ülkemizin STA’larını Yansıtan Tablo”, T.C. Ekonomi Bakanlığı, at http://bit.ly/2i7uT46, (last visited 26 December 2016).
  • 33 Mehmet Özkan and Birol Akgün, “Turkey’s Opening to Africa”, The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 48, No. 4 (2010), p. 525- 546.
  • 34 Ahmet Andaç and İrfan Ateşoğlu, “Türkiye’nin İhracatında Yeni Hedef Pazar Önerisi: Afrika Pazarı”, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, Vol. 6, No. 13 (2015), p. 102- 113.
  • 35 İbrahim Kalın, “A New Phase in Turkish-African Relations,” Daily Sabah, 22 November 2014.
  • 36 “Turkish Envoy Foresees Vibrant Cooperation with Africa”, Hürriyet Daily News, 26 March 2016.
  • 37 Volkan İpek and Gonca Biltekin, “Turkey’s Foreign Policy Implementation in SubSaharan Africa: A Post-International Approach”, New Perspectives on Turkey, Vol. 49 (2013), p. 121- 156.
  • 38 Nihat Çelik and Emre İşeri, “Islamically Oriented Humanitarian NGOs in Turkey: AKP Foreign Policy Parallelism”, Turkish Studies, Vol. 17, No. 3 (2016), pp.429- 448.
  • 39 Maull, “Germany and Japan: The New Civilian Powers”, pp. 92-93.
  • 40 Emel Parlar Dal, “On Turkey’s Trail as a ‘Rising Middle Power’ in the Network of Global Governance: Preferences, Capabilities and Strategies”, Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 19, No. 4 (Winter 2014, p. 110.
  • 41 Emel Parlar Dal, “Conceptualising and Testing the ‘Emerging Regional Power’ of Turkey in the Shifting International Order”, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 37, No. 4 (2016), p. 13.
  • 42 Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı “Afrika Kıtasının Geleceği Aydınlık ve Parlaktır”, at http://www.tccb.gov.tr/haberler/410/65263/afrika-kitasinin-gelecegiaydinlik-ve-parlaktir.html. (last visited 15 December 2016).
  • 43 “Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan’ın Afrika ziyareti tarihi nitelikte”, Anadolu Ajansı, at http:// aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/-cumhurbaskani-erdoganin-afrika-ziyareti-tarihi-nitelikte/583775 (last visited 25 December 2016).
  • 44 David Shinn, “Turkey’s Engagement in Sub-Saharan Africa: Shifting Alliances and Strategic Diversification”, Chatham House, at https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/files/ chathamhouse/field/field_document/20150909TurkeySubSaharanAfricaShinn.pdf (last visited 15 December 2016).
  • 45 Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs, at http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkey-africarelations.en.mfa (last visited 12 March 2017).
  • 46 Can Altan, “Afrika Ülkeleriyle Ekonomik ve Ticari İlişkilerimiz”, Uluslararası Ekonomik Sorunlar Dergisi, Vol. 17 (2005), at http://www.mfa.gov.tr/data/kutuphane/yayinlar/ ekonomiksorunlardergisi/sayi17/xvii_canaltan.pdf (last visited 15 December 2016).
  • 47 Turkey-Africa Economy and Business Forum, “Turkey-Africa Relations”, at http:// www.turkeyafricaforum.org/about-tabef-tr-tr/turkey-africa-relations-tr-tr/ (last visited 15 December 2016).
  • 48 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “Turkey-Africa Relations”, at http://www.mfa.gov.tr/ turkey-africa-relations.en.mfa (last visited 12 March 2017).
  • 49 Mehmet Özkan, “Turkey’s Political-Economic Engagement with Africa”, Emerging Powers in Africa, in Justin van der Merwe, Ian Taylor and Alexandra Arkhangelskaya (eds.), Palgrave Macmillan, 2016, p. 222.
  • 50 “Turkey-Africa Relations”, at http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkey-africa-relations.en.mfa (last visited 12 March 2017).
  • 51 “Arçelik purchases South African Giant”, Hürriyet Daily News, 2011.
  • 52 “Turkish firms create 10,000 jobs in Ethiopia”, Daily Sabah Business, 22 November 2016.
  • 53 Mehmet Özkan, “What drives Turkey’s involvement in Africa?”, Review of African Political Economy, Vol. 37, No. 126 (December 2010), p. 538.
  • 54 Emel Parlar Dal, “A Normative Approach to Contemporary Turkish Foreign Policy: The Cosmopolitanism-Communitarianism Divide”, International Journal, Vol. 70, No. 3 (2015), p. 7. 94
  • 55 “The İstanbul Declaration on Africa- Turkey Partnership”, at http://afrika.mfa.gov.tr/ turkiye-afrika-isbirligi-zirvesinde-19-agustos-2008-kabul-edilen-istanbul-bildirisi. tr.mfa, (last visited 18 December 2016).
  • 56 “Framework of Cooperation for Africa-Turkey Partnership”, at http://afrika.mfa.gov. tr/turkiye-afrika-isbirligi-zirvesinde-19-agustos-2008-kabul-edilen-isbirligi-cercevesibelgesi.tr.mfa, (last visited 21 December 2016)
  • 57 “Joint Implementation Plan of Africa-Turkey Partnership 2015-2019”, at http://afrika. mfa.gov.tr/%5Cdata%5Cturkey-africa-joint-implementation-plan-2015-2019.pdf, (Last visited 25 December 2017).
Year 2018, Volume: 23 Issue: 1, 63 - 94, 01.10.2018

Abstract

References

  • * This study has been supported by the Scientific Research and Technological Council of Turkey’s (TUBITAK) 1001 Project [TUBITAK-SOBAG project no: 114K783] titled ‘The Contribution of Rising Turkey and the BRICS Countries to Global Governance: A Comparative Analysis’.
  • 1 Francois Duchene, “Europe’s Role in World Peace”, in Richard Mayne (ed.), Europe Tomorrow: Sixteen Europeans Look Ahead, London: Fontana, 1972; “The European Community and the Uncertainties of Interdependence”, in Max Kohnstamm and Wolfgang Hager (eds.), A Nation Writ Large? Foreign-Policy Problems before the European Community, London, Macmillan, 1973, 1-21.
  • 2 See Sebastian Harnisch and Hanns W. Maull, Germany as a Civilian Power? The Foreign Policy of the Berlin Republic, Manchester and New York, Manchester University Press, 2001; Jonas Wolff, “Democracy Promotion, Empowerment, and Self-Determination: Conflicting Objectives in US and German Policies towards Bolivia”, Democratization, Vol. 19, No. 3 (2012), pp. 415- 437; Karen E. Smith, “Beyond the Civilian Power Debate”, Politique Europeénne, Vol. 1, No. 17 (2005), p. 63- 82.
  • 3 In literature, civilian power features have generally been associated with Europe, not just with Germany and Japan. In fact, the concept of Civilian Power initially coined by Francois Duchene in the 1970s has been frequently used in the EU studies literature focusing on the EU’s actorness, role and identity in international politics. See some of the works referring to the EU’s civilian power role are as such: Jan Orbie “Civilian Power Europe”, Cooperation and Conflict, Vol. 41, No. 1 (2006), pp. 123- 128.; Martin Beck, “The Comeback of the EU as a‘ Civilian Power’ through the Arab Spring?”, GIGA Focus International Edition English, No. 2 (2013), at https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/ publication/the-comeback-of-the-eu-as-a-civilian-power-through-the-arab-spring, (last visited 10 May 2017); Yonca Özer, “The European Union as a Civilian Power: The Case of the Eu’s Trade Policy”, Journal of European Studies, Vol. 20, No. 2(2012), pp. 63- 94; Veit Bachmann, “The EU’s Civilian/Power Dilemma”, Comparative European Politics, Vol. 11, No. 4 (1 July 2013), pp. 458- 480; doi:10.1057/cep.2012.25; Mario Telo, “Europe: A Civilian Power?: European Union, Global Governance, World Order”, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007; Sören Philipps, “The Birth of the European Union: Challenging the Myth of the Civilian Power Narrative”, Historical Social Research, Vol. 34, No. 2 (2009), pp. 203- 214; Stelios Stavridis, Why the Militarising of the European Union Is Strengthening the Concept of a Civilian Power Europe, European University Institute, Series No: EUI-RSC;2001/17, 2001, at http://hdl.handle.net/1814/1726 (last visited: 12 May 2017); There also exist some studies characterizing US foreign policy as civilian. See for example, Hillary Rodham Clinton, “Leading Through Civilian Power: Redefining American Diplomacy and Development”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 89, No. 6 (2010), pp. 13- 24; There also exist a growing number of policy papers and reports portraying Norway, Sweden and other Scandinavian countries as civilian powers. In addition to this, some countries outside the Western world like India, Brazil are also cited in some policy-based analysis as “civilian powers”.
  • 4 Hanns W. Maull, “Germany and Japan: The New Civilian Powers”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 69, No. 5 (Winter 1990), pp. 92-93.
  • 5 Patrick Hein, “Reluctant Civilian World Powers? How Nationalism Threatens the Soft Power Image of Japan and Germany”, Asian Journal of German and European Studies, Vol 14, No 1 (2016), p. 11.
  • 6 Maull, “German Foreign Policy”, p. 14.
  • 7 Maull, “Germany and Japan”, p. 92-93.
  • 8 Harnisch and Maull, “Germany as a Civilian Power”, pp. 66-67.
  • 9 Maull, “German Foreign Policy”,p. 14.
  • 10 Henning Tewes, “The Emergence of a Civilian Power: Germany and Central Europe”, German Politics, Vol. 6, No. 2 (1997), p. 96.
  • 11 Hanns W. Maull, “German Foreign Policy, Post‐Kosovo: Still a ‘civilian Power?,’” German Politics, Vol. 9, No. 2 (2000), p. 14.
  • 12 Ian Manners, “The European Union as a Normative Power : A Response to Thomas Diez”, Millenium Journal of International Studies, Vol. 35, No.1 (2006), p. 175; Thomas Diez, A Different Kind of Power?: The EU’s Role in International Politics, New York, Idebate Press, 2014, p. 178.
  • 13 Hedley Bull, “Civilian Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?”, JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 21, No. 2 (1982), p. 149- 170.
  • 14 Stelios Stavridis, “‘Militarising’ the EU: The Concept of Civilian Power Europe Revisited”, The International Spectator, Vol. 36, No. 4 (2001), p. 49.
  • 15 John Peterson, “EU Trade Policy as Foreign Policy: Does Strategy plus ActivityStrategic Action?”, Prepared for presentation at the 10th biennial conference of the European Union Studies Association (EUSA), Montreal, 17-19 May 2007, p. 1-33.
  • 16 Sophie Meunier and Kalypsı Nicolaidis, “The European Union as a Conflicted Trade Power”, Journal of European Public, Vol. 13, No. 6 (2006), p. 906-925.
  • 17 Ambassador Tom Wheeler, “Ankara to Africa: Turkey’s Outreach since 2005”, South African Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 18, No. 1 (2011), p. 43- 62.
  • 18 Patrick Sykes, “Roles and Reality: Turkish and Brazilian Engagement with Africa”, Africa Review, Vol. 5, No. 2 (2013), p. 140.
  • 19 Brendon J. Cannon, “Deconstructing Turkey’s Efforts in Somalia”, Bildhaan, at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2872980 (last visited 10 March 2017).
  • 20 “Turkish Airlines Will Add Six New Destinations for 2015 in Africa, for a Total of 48 Cities, CAPA - Centre for Aviation, at http://centreforaviation.com/analysis/ turkish-airlines-will-add-six-new-destinations-for-2015-in-africa-for-a-total-of-48- cities-202922. (last visited 10 November 2016).
  • 21 The Presidency for Religious Affairs of Turkey organized two summitry level meeting in Turkey bringing together African religious leaders as well as organizing numbers of humanitarian aid initiatives. Yusuf Kenan Küçük, Ten Years of Turkish Engagement with Africa: Discourse, Implementation and Perception in Somalia, Thesis, MSc in African Studies, Oxford University, 2015, Chp.1, p. 28 at http://www.academia.edu/ download/39341963/TEN_YEARS_OF_TURKISH_ENGAGEMENT_WITH_ AFRICA_DISCOURSE_IMPLEMENTATION_AND_PERCEPTION_IN_ SOMALIA.pdf. (last visited 10 November 2016).
  • 22 Mark Langan, “Virtuous power Turkey in sub-Saharan Africa: the Neo-Ottoman challenge to the European Union”, Third World Quarterly, 2016, p. 1–16.
  • 23 Gonca Oğuz Gök and Emel Parlar Dal, “Understanding Turkey’s Emerging “Civilian” Foreign Policy Role in the 2000s through Development Cooperation in the Africa Region”, Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs, forthcoming Issue.
  • 24 “Turkish Aid Agency Digs 6,000 Water Wells across Africa”, Anadolu Agency, at http:// aa.com.tr/en/turkey/turkish-aid-agency-digs-6-000-water-wells-across-africa/525307. (last visited 10 March 2017).
  • 25 “Turkey’s Official Development Assistance (ODA) - OECD”, at http://www.oecd.org/ dac/stats/turkeys-official-development-assistanceoda.htm (last visited 27 June 2016).
  • 26 “TİKA Afrika’da 28 Ülkeye Yardım Ediyor,” TİKA, 2014, http://admin.tvkur.com/tr/ player/vod/id/3720.
  • 27 “Turkish Aid Agency Digs 6,000 Water Wells across Africa”.
  • 28 Only one single Turkish Humanitarian relief organization, IHH, reported that it has drilled more than 5300 water wells in Africa over the years. See https://www.ihh.org.tr/ en/water (last visited 10 March 2017).
  • 29 As of 2015, there are two Training and Research Hospitals established in Mogadishu and Sudan. Around 400,000 civilians have benefited so far from those medical institutions, according to data. Turkey also sends medical staff and equipment to these facilities. See: “Turkish Hospitals in Africa Serve Hundreds of Thousands”, Anadolu Agency, at http:// aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkish-hospitals-in-africa-serve-hundreds-of-thousands/694872 (last visited 10 December 2016).
  • 30 Jeannine Hausmann and Erik Lundsgaarde. “Turkey’s Role in Development Cooperation”, United Nations University Centre for Policy Research, at https://goo.gl/ eucinX, (last visited 26 February 2017).
  • 31 Mürsel Bayram, “Türk Dış Politikasının Dönüşüm Sürecinde Afrika”, in İdris Demir (ed.), Türkiye’nin Dış Politikası: Yeni Eğilimleri, Yeni Yönelimleri, Yeni Yalaşımları, Bursa: Dora, 2014, p. 265.
  • 32 “Ülkemizin STA’larını Yansıtan Tablo”, T.C. Ekonomi Bakanlığı, at http://bit.ly/2i7uT46, (last visited 26 December 2016).
  • 33 Mehmet Özkan and Birol Akgün, “Turkey’s Opening to Africa”, The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 48, No. 4 (2010), p. 525- 546.
  • 34 Ahmet Andaç and İrfan Ateşoğlu, “Türkiye’nin İhracatında Yeni Hedef Pazar Önerisi: Afrika Pazarı”, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, Vol. 6, No. 13 (2015), p. 102- 113.
  • 35 İbrahim Kalın, “A New Phase in Turkish-African Relations,” Daily Sabah, 22 November 2014.
  • 36 “Turkish Envoy Foresees Vibrant Cooperation with Africa”, Hürriyet Daily News, 26 March 2016.
  • 37 Volkan İpek and Gonca Biltekin, “Turkey’s Foreign Policy Implementation in SubSaharan Africa: A Post-International Approach”, New Perspectives on Turkey, Vol. 49 (2013), p. 121- 156.
  • 38 Nihat Çelik and Emre İşeri, “Islamically Oriented Humanitarian NGOs in Turkey: AKP Foreign Policy Parallelism”, Turkish Studies, Vol. 17, No. 3 (2016), pp.429- 448.
  • 39 Maull, “Germany and Japan: The New Civilian Powers”, pp. 92-93.
  • 40 Emel Parlar Dal, “On Turkey’s Trail as a ‘Rising Middle Power’ in the Network of Global Governance: Preferences, Capabilities and Strategies”, Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 19, No. 4 (Winter 2014, p. 110.
  • 41 Emel Parlar Dal, “Conceptualising and Testing the ‘Emerging Regional Power’ of Turkey in the Shifting International Order”, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 37, No. 4 (2016), p. 13.
  • 42 Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı “Afrika Kıtasının Geleceği Aydınlık ve Parlaktır”, at http://www.tccb.gov.tr/haberler/410/65263/afrika-kitasinin-gelecegiaydinlik-ve-parlaktir.html. (last visited 15 December 2016).
  • 43 “Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan’ın Afrika ziyareti tarihi nitelikte”, Anadolu Ajansı, at http:// aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/-cumhurbaskani-erdoganin-afrika-ziyareti-tarihi-nitelikte/583775 (last visited 25 December 2016).
  • 44 David Shinn, “Turkey’s Engagement in Sub-Saharan Africa: Shifting Alliances and Strategic Diversification”, Chatham House, at https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/files/ chathamhouse/field/field_document/20150909TurkeySubSaharanAfricaShinn.pdf (last visited 15 December 2016).
  • 45 Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs, at http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkey-africarelations.en.mfa (last visited 12 March 2017).
  • 46 Can Altan, “Afrika Ülkeleriyle Ekonomik ve Ticari İlişkilerimiz”, Uluslararası Ekonomik Sorunlar Dergisi, Vol. 17 (2005), at http://www.mfa.gov.tr/data/kutuphane/yayinlar/ ekonomiksorunlardergisi/sayi17/xvii_canaltan.pdf (last visited 15 December 2016).
  • 47 Turkey-Africa Economy and Business Forum, “Turkey-Africa Relations”, at http:// www.turkeyafricaforum.org/about-tabef-tr-tr/turkey-africa-relations-tr-tr/ (last visited 15 December 2016).
  • 48 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “Turkey-Africa Relations”, at http://www.mfa.gov.tr/ turkey-africa-relations.en.mfa (last visited 12 March 2017).
  • 49 Mehmet Özkan, “Turkey’s Political-Economic Engagement with Africa”, Emerging Powers in Africa, in Justin van der Merwe, Ian Taylor and Alexandra Arkhangelskaya (eds.), Palgrave Macmillan, 2016, p. 222.
  • 50 “Turkey-Africa Relations”, at http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkey-africa-relations.en.mfa (last visited 12 March 2017).
  • 51 “Arçelik purchases South African Giant”, Hürriyet Daily News, 2011.
  • 52 “Turkish firms create 10,000 jobs in Ethiopia”, Daily Sabah Business, 22 November 2016.
  • 53 Mehmet Özkan, “What drives Turkey’s involvement in Africa?”, Review of African Political Economy, Vol. 37, No. 126 (December 2010), p. 538.
  • 54 Emel Parlar Dal, “A Normative Approach to Contemporary Turkish Foreign Policy: The Cosmopolitanism-Communitarianism Divide”, International Journal, Vol. 70, No. 3 (2015), p. 7. 94
  • 55 “The İstanbul Declaration on Africa- Turkey Partnership”, at http://afrika.mfa.gov.tr/ turkiye-afrika-isbirligi-zirvesinde-19-agustos-2008-kabul-edilen-istanbul-bildirisi. tr.mfa, (last visited 18 December 2016).
  • 56 “Framework of Cooperation for Africa-Turkey Partnership”, at http://afrika.mfa.gov. tr/turkiye-afrika-isbirligi-zirvesinde-19-agustos-2008-kabul-edilen-isbirligi-cercevesibelgesi.tr.mfa, (last visited 21 December 2016)
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There are 58 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Emel Parlar Dal This is me

Ali Murat Kurşun This is me

Publication Date October 1, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 23 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Dal, E. P., & Kurşun, A. M. (2018). Assessing the Role of Trade in the Formation of Turkey’s Civilian Power in Africa. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs, 23(1), 63-94.
AMA Dal EP, Kurşun AM. Assessing the Role of Trade in the Formation of Turkey’s Civilian Power in Africa. PERCEPTIONS. October 2018;23(1):63-94.
Chicago Dal, Emel Parlar, and Ali Murat Kurşun. “Assessing the Role of Trade in the Formation of Turkey’s Civilian Power in Africa”. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs 23, no. 1 (October 2018): 63-94.
EndNote Dal EP, Kurşun AM (October 1, 2018) Assessing the Role of Trade in the Formation of Turkey’s Civilian Power in Africa. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs 23 1 63–94.
IEEE E. P. Dal and A. M. Kurşun, “Assessing the Role of Trade in the Formation of Turkey’s Civilian Power in Africa”, PERCEPTIONS, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 63–94, 2018.
ISNAD Dal, Emel Parlar - Kurşun, Ali Murat. “Assessing the Role of Trade in the Formation of Turkey’s Civilian Power in Africa”. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs 23/1 (October 2018), 63-94.
JAMA Dal EP, Kurşun AM. Assessing the Role of Trade in the Formation of Turkey’s Civilian Power in Africa. PERCEPTIONS. 2018;23:63–94.
MLA Dal, Emel Parlar and Ali Murat Kurşun. “Assessing the Role of Trade in the Formation of Turkey’s Civilian Power in Africa”. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs, vol. 23, no. 1, 2018, pp. 63-94.
Vancouver Dal EP, Kurşun AM. Assessing the Role of Trade in the Formation of Turkey’s Civilian Power in Africa. PERCEPTIONS. 2018;23(1):63-94.