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Year 2014, Volume: 19 Issue: 4, 77 - 106, 01.01.2014

Abstract

References

  • Inis L. Claude Jr., Swords into Plowshares, The Problems and Progress of International Organizations, Random House Canada, New York, 1964, pp.3–17.
  • Fareed Zakaria, The Post-American World, Allen Lane, London, 2008, p. 2.
  • Matthew D. Stephen, “Rising Regional Powers and International Institutions: The Foreign Policy Orientations of India, Brazil and South Africa”, Global Society, Vol. 26, No. 3 (July, 2012), p. 289.
  • Louise Fawcett, “The History and Concept of Regionalism”, UNU-CRIS Working Papers W-2013/5, p. 4 at http://www.cris.unu.edu/fileadmin/workingpapers/W-2013-5_revised. pdf (last visited 12 February 2015).
  • Ramesh Thakur, “The United Nations in Global Governance: Rebalancing Organized Multilateralism For Currentand Future Challenges”, p.3 at http://www.un.org/en/ga/ president/65/initiatives/GlobalGovernance/Thakur_GA_Thematic_Debate_on_UN_in_ GG.pdf (last visited 4 January 2015).
  • Andrew Hurrell, “Brazil: What kind of a Rising State in what kind of Institutional Order?”, Alan S. Alexandroff and Andrew F. Cooper (eds.) Rising States, Rising Institutions: Challenges for Global Governance, Brookings Institution Press, Washington, DC, 2010, p. 139.
  • Ziya Öniş and Mustafa Kutlay, “Rising Powers in a Changing Global Order: The Political Economy of Turkey in the Age of BRICS”, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 34, No. 8 (2013), pp. 1409-1426. 8 André Barrinha, “The Ambitious Insulator: Revisiting Turkey’s Position in Regional Security Complex Theory”, Mediterranean Politics, Vol. 19, No. 2 (2014), p. 179.
  • “After BRIC comes MIST”, The Guardian, 1 February 2011.
  • Emel Parlar Dal, “Assessing Turkey’s “Normative” Power in the Middle East and North Africa Region: New Dynamics and their Limitations”, Turkish Studies, Vol. 14, No. 4 (2013), pp. 709-734.
  • Kemal Kirişci, “The transformation of Turkish foreign policy: The Rise of the Trading State”, New Perspectives on Turkey, No. 40 (2009), pp. 29-57; Öniş and Kutlay, “Rising Powers in a Changing Global Order”, pp. 1409-1426.
  • Meliha Altunışık, “The Turkish Model and Democratization in the Middle East”, Arab Studies Quarterly, Vol. 27 (2005), pp. 45-63; André Bank and Roy Karadag, “The “Ankara Moment”: The politics of Turkey’s Regional Power in the Middle East, 2007-11”, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 34, No.2 (2013), pp. 287-304; Şaban Kardaş, “Turkey: A Regional Power Facing a Changing International System”, Turkish Studies, Vol. 14, No. 4 (2013), pp. 637-660.
  • Abdullah Yuvaci and Muhittin Kaplan, “Testing the Axis-Shift Claim: An Empirical Analysis of Turkey’s Voting Alignment on Important Resolutions in the United Nations General Assembly during the Years 2000–10”, Turkish Studies, Vol. 14, No. 2 (2013), pp. 212-228; Aslı Ilgit and Binnur Özkeçeci-Taner, “Turkey at the United Nations Security Council: Rhythmic Diplomacy and A Quest for Global Influence”, Mediterranean Politics, Vol. 19, No. 2 (2013), pp. 183-202.
  • Andrew F. Hart and Bruce D. Jones, “How Do Rising Powers Rise?”, Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, Vol. 52, No.6 (2010), p. 65.
  • G. John Ikenberry and Thomas Wright, “Rising Powers and Global Institutions”, The Centurty Foundation Report, p:4. at http://72.32.39.237:8080/Plone/publications/2008/2/ pdfs/pb635/ikenberry.pdf (Last visited 10 December 2014).
  • Hart and Jones, p. 65.
  • Andrew Hurrell, “Hegemony, liberalism and Global Order: What space for would-be great powers?”, International Affairs, Vol. 82, No. 1,(2006), pp. 1-19. 18 Stephen, p. 289.
  • G. John Ikenberry, “The Rise of China and the Future of the West”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 87, No. 1 (January-February 2008). 20 Ibid.
  • Ikenberry and Wright, p. 5.
  • Andrew F. Cooper and Daniel Flemes, “Foreign Policy Strategies of Emerging Powers in a Multipolar World: An Introductory Review”, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 34, No. 6 (2013), p. 948.
  • Philip Nel, “Redistribution and Recognition: What Emerging Regional Powers Want”, Review of International Studies, Vol. 36 (2010), pp. 951- 974.
  • Richard Falk, “Geopolitical Turmoil and Civilizational Pluralism”, in Fred Dallmary, M. Akif Kayapınar and İsmail Yaylacı (eds.), Civilizations and World Order: Geopolitics and Cultural Difference, Lexignton Books: UK, 2014, p. 8.
  • Richard Fontaine and Daniel M. Kliman, “International Order and Global Swing States”, The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 36, No.1 (2013), p. 94.
  • Andrew Hurrell and Sandeep Sengupta, “Emerging Powers, North- South Relations and Global Climate Politics”, International Affairs, Vol. 88, No. 3(2012), p. 464.
  • Nathalie Tocci, “Profiling Normative Foreign Policy”, in Nathalie Tocci (ed.), Who is a Normative Foreign Policy Actor?, Brussels: Centre for European Policy Studies, 2008, p. 1. 28 Ibid, p. 11.
  • Cooper and Flemes, p. 947. 30 Ibid, p. 8-9.
  • Ngaire Woods, “Global Governance after the Financial Crisis: A New Multilateralism or the Last Gasp of the Great Powers?”, Global Policy, Vol. 1, No.1 (January 2010), pp. 51- 63.
  • See for instance, Öniş and Kutlay, “Rising Powers in a Changing Global Order”, pp. 1409- 1426; Soner Cagatay, The Rise of Turkey: The Twenty-First Century’s First Muslim Power, University of Nebrasca Press, 2014, p. 15; Tarık Oğuzlu and Emel Parlar Dal, “Decoding Turkey’s Rise: An Introduction”, Turkish Studies, Vol. 14, No.4 (2013), pp. 617-636; Ayse Zarakol, “Problem Areas for the New Turkish Foreign Policy”, Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity, Vol.40, No.5, pp. 739-745.
  • Bernard Lewis, “Why Turkey Is the only Muslim Democracy”, Middle East Quarterly, (March 1994), pp.41-49.
  • Tevfik Rüştü Aras, Atatürk’ün Dış Politikası, İstanbul: Kaynak, 2003, p. 9.
  • Oral Sander, Türkiye’nin Dış Politikası, İstanbul, İmge, 1998, p. 141.
  • Mehmet Gönlübol and Türkkaya Ataöv, Turkey in the United Nations, A Legal and Political Appraisal, Ankara: Ajans Turk Press, 1960, p: 20.
  • Yücel Güçlü “Turkey’s entrance into the League of Nations”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 39, No.1 (2003), p: 197.
  • Statement by Permanenet Representative of Turkey before the United Nations Selim Sarper at UN General Assembly, 22 September 1947 at http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/ UNDOC/GEN/NL4/717/75/PDF/NL471775.pdf?OpenElement (last visited: 7.2.2015).
  • Bezen Balamir Coşkun and Halit Hakan Ediğ, “Uluslararası Örgütler ve Dış Politika: Türkiye’nin Uluslararası Örgütlerde Artan Görünürlüğü”, in Ertan Efegil, and Mehmet Seyfettin Erol (eds.), Dış Politika Analizinde Teorik Yaklaşımlar: Türk Dış Politikası Örneği, Ankara, Barış Kitap, 2012, p. 342.
  • “Dışişleri Bakanı Fuat Köprülü’nün 24 Şubat 1954 tarihinde TBMM’de yaptığı konuşma”, Ayın Tarihi, (Şubat 1954).
  • Berdal Aral, “Fifty years on: Turkey’s voting orientation at the UN General Assembly, 1948–97”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 40, No.2 (2004), p. 138. 42 Ibid, p. 139. 43 Ibid, p. 140.
  • http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/152/88/IMG/NR015288. pdf?OpenElement (last visited: 05 February 2015).
  • Aral, “Fifty years on”, p. 152. 46 Ibid, p. 156.
  • Gönlübol, pp. 154-155.
  • Statement by Permanenet Representative of Turkey before the United Nations Selim Sarper at UN General Assembly.
  • Parlar Dal, “Assessing Turkey’s “Normative” Power”, p. 715.
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  • Statement by President Suleyman Demirel in UN General Assembly, 22 October 1995, at http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N95/863/89/PDF/N9586389. pdf?OpenElement (last visited 21 March 2015).
  • Declaration by the Members of Turkish National Assembly, 12 January 1993. TBMM Tutanak Dergisi, Cilt 27, Birleşim 53, 1.Oturum.
  • http://unbisnet.un.org:8080/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=14226H0B848E8.27204&menu=se arch&aspect=power&npp=50&ipp=20&spp=20&profile=speech&ri=&index=.SM&term =&matchoptbox=0%7C0&oper=AND&aspect=power&index=.SP&term=&matchoptbo x=0%7C0&oper=AND&index=.SC&term=Turkey&matchoptbox=0%7C0&oper=AND &index=.SS&term=Bosnia&matchoptbox=0%7C0&ultype=&uloper=%3D&ullimit=&u ltype=&uloper=%3D&ullimit=&sort=&x=8&y=12 (last visited 14 February 2015) Ibid.
  • Milliyet orginized a signature campaign adressed to UN Secretary General Butros Gali in 1992.
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  • http://www.mfa.gov.tr/iv_-european-security-and-defence-identity_policy-_esdi_p_. en.mfa (last visited 15 March 2015).
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  • Bank and Karadag, p. 292.
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  • Öniş and Kutlay, “Rising Powers in a Changing Global Order”, p. 1412.
  • Oğuzlu and Dal, “Decoding Turkey's Rise”, p. 617-636.
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  • Öniş, “Turkey and the Arab Revolutions”, p. 216. 115 Ibid, p. 217.
  • Fulya Özerkan, “Domestic Double standards in Darfur policies”, Hürriyet, 4 February 2009.
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  • Julian Culp, “Rising Powers’ Responsibility for Reducing Global Distributive Injustice”, Journal of Global Ethics, Vol. 10, No. 3 (2014), p. 274.
  • Yesiltas, “The Transformation of the Geopolitical Vision in Turkish Foreign Policy”, p. 676.
  • Oğuzlu and Parlar Dal, “Decoding Turkeyıs Rise”, p. 620.
  • Cagatay, The Rise of Turkey, p. 808.
  • Emel Parlar Dal, “On Turkey’s Trail in the Network of Global Governance as a “Rising Middle Power”: Preferences, Capabilities and Strategies”, Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 19 No. 4 (Winter 2014), p.130.

Tracing the Shift in Turkey’s Normative Approach towards the International Order through Debates in the UN

Year 2014, Volume: 19 Issue: 4, 77 - 106, 01.01.2014

Abstract

The “normative turn” associated with the post-Cold War order has been influential in rising states’ increasing reference to normative issues like justice and fairness. Rising powers are expected to challenge the established institutions or at least attempt to revise the dominant norms of the system in order to reflect their own interests and values. This paper tentatively treats Turkey as a rising state and attempts to understand the gradual “normative shift” in Turkey’s approach towards international order in the context of Turkey-UN relations over the last decade. To this aim, Turkey’s normative approach towards the international order will be comparatively analyzed through the debates at the UN focusing specifically on two consecutive periods, the 1990s and the 2000s. By doing that, the paper will theoretically question and empirically analyze the extent to which Turkey took a revisionist or integrationist posture towards the international order in the UN platform over the last decade

References

  • Inis L. Claude Jr., Swords into Plowshares, The Problems and Progress of International Organizations, Random House Canada, New York, 1964, pp.3–17.
  • Fareed Zakaria, The Post-American World, Allen Lane, London, 2008, p. 2.
  • Matthew D. Stephen, “Rising Regional Powers and International Institutions: The Foreign Policy Orientations of India, Brazil and South Africa”, Global Society, Vol. 26, No. 3 (July, 2012), p. 289.
  • Louise Fawcett, “The History and Concept of Regionalism”, UNU-CRIS Working Papers W-2013/5, p. 4 at http://www.cris.unu.edu/fileadmin/workingpapers/W-2013-5_revised. pdf (last visited 12 February 2015).
  • Ramesh Thakur, “The United Nations in Global Governance: Rebalancing Organized Multilateralism For Currentand Future Challenges”, p.3 at http://www.un.org/en/ga/ president/65/initiatives/GlobalGovernance/Thakur_GA_Thematic_Debate_on_UN_in_ GG.pdf (last visited 4 January 2015).
  • Andrew Hurrell, “Brazil: What kind of a Rising State in what kind of Institutional Order?”, Alan S. Alexandroff and Andrew F. Cooper (eds.) Rising States, Rising Institutions: Challenges for Global Governance, Brookings Institution Press, Washington, DC, 2010, p. 139.
  • Ziya Öniş and Mustafa Kutlay, “Rising Powers in a Changing Global Order: The Political Economy of Turkey in the Age of BRICS”, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 34, No. 8 (2013), pp. 1409-1426. 8 André Barrinha, “The Ambitious Insulator: Revisiting Turkey’s Position in Regional Security Complex Theory”, Mediterranean Politics, Vol. 19, No. 2 (2014), p. 179.
  • “After BRIC comes MIST”, The Guardian, 1 February 2011.
  • Emel Parlar Dal, “Assessing Turkey’s “Normative” Power in the Middle East and North Africa Region: New Dynamics and their Limitations”, Turkish Studies, Vol. 14, No. 4 (2013), pp. 709-734.
  • Kemal Kirişci, “The transformation of Turkish foreign policy: The Rise of the Trading State”, New Perspectives on Turkey, No. 40 (2009), pp. 29-57; Öniş and Kutlay, “Rising Powers in a Changing Global Order”, pp. 1409-1426.
  • Meliha Altunışık, “The Turkish Model and Democratization in the Middle East”, Arab Studies Quarterly, Vol. 27 (2005), pp. 45-63; André Bank and Roy Karadag, “The “Ankara Moment”: The politics of Turkey’s Regional Power in the Middle East, 2007-11”, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 34, No.2 (2013), pp. 287-304; Şaban Kardaş, “Turkey: A Regional Power Facing a Changing International System”, Turkish Studies, Vol. 14, No. 4 (2013), pp. 637-660.
  • Abdullah Yuvaci and Muhittin Kaplan, “Testing the Axis-Shift Claim: An Empirical Analysis of Turkey’s Voting Alignment on Important Resolutions in the United Nations General Assembly during the Years 2000–10”, Turkish Studies, Vol. 14, No. 2 (2013), pp. 212-228; Aslı Ilgit and Binnur Özkeçeci-Taner, “Turkey at the United Nations Security Council: Rhythmic Diplomacy and A Quest for Global Influence”, Mediterranean Politics, Vol. 19, No. 2 (2013), pp. 183-202.
  • Andrew F. Hart and Bruce D. Jones, “How Do Rising Powers Rise?”, Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, Vol. 52, No.6 (2010), p. 65.
  • G. John Ikenberry and Thomas Wright, “Rising Powers and Global Institutions”, The Centurty Foundation Report, p:4. at http://72.32.39.237:8080/Plone/publications/2008/2/ pdfs/pb635/ikenberry.pdf (Last visited 10 December 2014).
  • Hart and Jones, p. 65.
  • Andrew Hurrell, “Hegemony, liberalism and Global Order: What space for would-be great powers?”, International Affairs, Vol. 82, No. 1,(2006), pp. 1-19. 18 Stephen, p. 289.
  • G. John Ikenberry, “The Rise of China and the Future of the West”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 87, No. 1 (January-February 2008). 20 Ibid.
  • Ikenberry and Wright, p. 5.
  • Andrew F. Cooper and Daniel Flemes, “Foreign Policy Strategies of Emerging Powers in a Multipolar World: An Introductory Review”, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 34, No. 6 (2013), p. 948.
  • Philip Nel, “Redistribution and Recognition: What Emerging Regional Powers Want”, Review of International Studies, Vol. 36 (2010), pp. 951- 974.
  • Richard Falk, “Geopolitical Turmoil and Civilizational Pluralism”, in Fred Dallmary, M. Akif Kayapınar and İsmail Yaylacı (eds.), Civilizations and World Order: Geopolitics and Cultural Difference, Lexignton Books: UK, 2014, p. 8.
  • Richard Fontaine and Daniel M. Kliman, “International Order and Global Swing States”, The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 36, No.1 (2013), p. 94.
  • Andrew Hurrell and Sandeep Sengupta, “Emerging Powers, North- South Relations and Global Climate Politics”, International Affairs, Vol. 88, No. 3(2012), p. 464.
  • Nathalie Tocci, “Profiling Normative Foreign Policy”, in Nathalie Tocci (ed.), Who is a Normative Foreign Policy Actor?, Brussels: Centre for European Policy Studies, 2008, p. 1. 28 Ibid, p. 11.
  • Cooper and Flemes, p. 947. 30 Ibid, p. 8-9.
  • Ngaire Woods, “Global Governance after the Financial Crisis: A New Multilateralism or the Last Gasp of the Great Powers?”, Global Policy, Vol. 1, No.1 (January 2010), pp. 51- 63.
  • See for instance, Öniş and Kutlay, “Rising Powers in a Changing Global Order”, pp. 1409- 1426; Soner Cagatay, The Rise of Turkey: The Twenty-First Century’s First Muslim Power, University of Nebrasca Press, 2014, p. 15; Tarık Oğuzlu and Emel Parlar Dal, “Decoding Turkey’s Rise: An Introduction”, Turkish Studies, Vol. 14, No.4 (2013), pp. 617-636; Ayse Zarakol, “Problem Areas for the New Turkish Foreign Policy”, Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity, Vol.40, No.5, pp. 739-745.
  • Bernard Lewis, “Why Turkey Is the only Muslim Democracy”, Middle East Quarterly, (March 1994), pp.41-49.
  • Tevfik Rüştü Aras, Atatürk’ün Dış Politikası, İstanbul: Kaynak, 2003, p. 9.
  • Oral Sander, Türkiye’nin Dış Politikası, İstanbul, İmge, 1998, p. 141.
  • Mehmet Gönlübol and Türkkaya Ataöv, Turkey in the United Nations, A Legal and Political Appraisal, Ankara: Ajans Turk Press, 1960, p: 20.
  • Yücel Güçlü “Turkey’s entrance into the League of Nations”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 39, No.1 (2003), p: 197.
  • Statement by Permanenet Representative of Turkey before the United Nations Selim Sarper at UN General Assembly, 22 September 1947 at http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/ UNDOC/GEN/NL4/717/75/PDF/NL471775.pdf?OpenElement (last visited: 7.2.2015).
  • Bezen Balamir Coşkun and Halit Hakan Ediğ, “Uluslararası Örgütler ve Dış Politika: Türkiye’nin Uluslararası Örgütlerde Artan Görünürlüğü”, in Ertan Efegil, and Mehmet Seyfettin Erol (eds.), Dış Politika Analizinde Teorik Yaklaşımlar: Türk Dış Politikası Örneği, Ankara, Barış Kitap, 2012, p. 342.
  • “Dışişleri Bakanı Fuat Köprülü’nün 24 Şubat 1954 tarihinde TBMM’de yaptığı konuşma”, Ayın Tarihi, (Şubat 1954).
  • Berdal Aral, “Fifty years on: Turkey’s voting orientation at the UN General Assembly, 1948–97”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 40, No.2 (2004), p. 138. 42 Ibid, p. 139. 43 Ibid, p. 140.
  • http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/152/88/IMG/NR015288. pdf?OpenElement (last visited: 05 February 2015).
  • Aral, “Fifty years on”, p. 152. 46 Ibid, p. 156.
  • Gönlübol, pp. 154-155.
  • Statement by Permanenet Representative of Turkey before the United Nations Selim Sarper at UN General Assembly.
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There are 109 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Gonca Oğuz Gök

Publication Date January 1, 2014
Published in Issue Year 2014 Volume: 19 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Gök, G. O. (2014). Tracing the Shift in Turkey’s Normative Approach towards the International Order through Debates in the UN. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs, 19(4), 77-106.
AMA Gök GO. Tracing the Shift in Turkey’s Normative Approach towards the International Order through Debates in the UN. PERCEPTIONS. January 2014;19(4):77-106.
Chicago Gök, Gonca Oğuz. “Tracing the Shift in Turkey’s Normative Approach towards the International Order through Debates in the UN”. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs 19, no. 4 (January 2014): 77-106.
EndNote Gök GO (January 1, 2014) Tracing the Shift in Turkey’s Normative Approach towards the International Order through Debates in the UN. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs 19 4 77–106.
IEEE G. O. Gök, “Tracing the Shift in Turkey’s Normative Approach towards the International Order through Debates in the UN”, PERCEPTIONS, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 77–106, 2014.
ISNAD Gök, Gonca Oğuz. “Tracing the Shift in Turkey’s Normative Approach towards the International Order through Debates in the UN”. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs 19/4 (January 2014), 77-106.
JAMA Gök GO. Tracing the Shift in Turkey’s Normative Approach towards the International Order through Debates in the UN. PERCEPTIONS. 2014;19:77–106.
MLA Gök, Gonca Oğuz. “Tracing the Shift in Turkey’s Normative Approach towards the International Order through Debates in the UN”. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs, vol. 19, no. 4, 2014, pp. 77-106.
Vancouver Gök GO. Tracing the Shift in Turkey’s Normative Approach towards the International Order through Debates in the UN. PERCEPTIONS. 2014;19(4):77-106.