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Turkish-American Relations in the 2000s: Revisiting the Basic Parameters of Partnership?

Year 2011, Volume: 16 Issue: 3, 25 - 52, 01.10.2011

Abstract

This article studies developments in Turkish-American relations over the last decade. It starts with an analysis of the three parameters of the bilateral relationship that took shape at the height of the Cold War: Turkey’s geo-strategic and geo-political importance; cooperation in return for external assistance; and pursuit of a pro-US political-ideological role at the regional level. While the alliance relationship underwent transformations in following years, the learned behavioral habits from this era continued to impact Turkey’s foreign policy practices. The article argues thatTurkey’s policies over the last decade can be viewed as attempts to break those established behavioral patterns. In particular, it analyzes how the drive for autonomous action became a defining feature of Turkish foreign policy throughout the 2000s, as a result of which relations with the United States entered a new era, characterized by a growing number of frictions. Consequently, both cooperation and competition have become routine features of the bilateral ties, which is examined in various issue areas and regions

References

  • This section draws on: Şaban Kardaş, “Türk-Amerikan İlişkilerine Teorik Bakış: Neo-Klasik Realist Bir Çerçeve”, Demokrasi Platformu, Vol. 4 No.13, (2008), pp.1-36.
  • Ian O. Lesser, “From Advocate to Stakeholder: US Policy towards Turkey and Implications for EU-Turkey Relations”, in Nathalie Tocci (eds.), Talking Turkey in Europe: Towards a Differentiated Communication Strategy, Rome, Istituto Affari Internazionali, 2008, pp.215-29.
  • Çağrı Erhan, Türk Amerikan İlişkilerinin Tarihsel Kökenleri, Ankara, İmge, 2001.
  • Nasuh Uslu, Türk-Amerikan İlişkileri, Ankara, 21. Yüzyıl Yayınları, 2000.
  • Ramazan Gözen, “Türk-Amerikan İlişkileri ve Türk Demokrasisi: Realist Bağlantı”, in Şaban H. Çalış, İhsan D. Dağı and Ramazan Gözen (eds.), Türkiye’nin Dış Politika Gündemi; Kimlik, Demokrasi, Güvenlik, Ankara, Liberte Yayınları, 2001, pp.73-111.
  • Robert Chase, Emily Hill and Paul M. Kennedy (eds.), The Pivotal States: A New Framework for U.S. Policy in the Developing World, New York, W.W. Norton & Company, 1999.
  • Morton Abramowitz (ed.), Turkey’s Transformation and American Policy, New York, Century Foundation Press, 2001; F. Stephen Larrabee and Ian O. Lesser, Turkish Foreign Policy in an Age of Uncertainty, Santa Monica, RAND Corporation, 2003.
  • Stephen M. Walt, Taming American Power: The Global Response to U.S. Primacy, New York, W.W. Norton, 2005.
  • This section partly draws on: Şaban Kardaş, “Türk Dış Politikasında Eksen Kayması Mı?”, Akademik Orta Doğu, Vol.5, No.2 (2011), pp.19-42.
  • Bülent Aras and Hakan Fidan, “Turkey and Eurasia: Frontiers of a New Geographic Imagination”, New Perspectives on Turkey, No.40 (Spring 2009), pp.195-217.
  • David A. Lake and Patrick M. Morgan (eds.), Regional Orders: Building Security in a New World, University Park, Penn State University Press, 1997.
  • Mohammed Ayoob, “From Regional System to Regional Society: Exploring Key Variables in the Construction of Regional Order”, Australian Journal of International Affairs, Vol.53, No.3 (November 1999), pp.247-60.
  • Graham E. Fuller, “Turkey’s Strategic Model: Myths and Realities”, The Washington Quarterly, Vol.27, No.3 (Summer 2004), pp.51-64; Mehmet Şahin, “Türkiye’nin Orta Doğu Politikası: Süreklilik ve Değişim”, Akademik Orta Doğu, Vol.4, No.2 (2010), pp.9-21.
  • Şaban Kardaş, “Turkey’s Push for Caucasus Stability and Cooperation Platform”, ADA Biweekly Newsletter, Vol.1, No.14-15, (1 September 2008), pp.11-14; Kemal Kirişci, “The Transformation of Turkish Foreign Policy: The Rise of the Trading State”, New Perspectives on Turkey, No.40 (Spring 2009), pp.29-57.
  • İbrahim Kalın, “Turkey and the Middle East: Ideology or Geopolitics?”, Private View, (Fall 2008), pp.26-35; Şaban Kardaş, “Turkey: Redrawing the Middle East Map or Building Sandcastles?”, Middle East Policy, Vol.16, No.1 (Spring 2010), pp.115-36.
  • İbrahim Kalın, “Türkiye’nin 2010 Gündemi: Normalleşme”, Sabah, 9 January 2010.
  • R. Tayyip Erdoğan, The Alliance of Civilizations and World Peace: Charting a New Course in the Twenty- First Century, Oxford, Oxford Center for Islamic Studies, 2009.
  • Mustafa Aydın and Sinem A. Açıkmeşe, “Europeanization through EU Conditionality: Understanding the New Era in Turkish Foreign Policy”, Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans, Vol.9, No.3 (December 2007), pp.263-74; Tarık Oğuzlu, “Turkey and Europeanization of Foreign Policy?”, Political Science Quarterly, Vol.125, No.4 (2011), pp.657-82.
  • Hüseyin Bağcı and Bayram Sinkaya, “Büyük Orta Doğu Projesi ve Türkiye: AK Parti’nin Perspektifi”, Akademik Orta Doğu, Vol.1, No.1 (2006), pp.21-37.
  • Ömer Taşpınar, “The Anatomy of Anti-Americanism in Turkey”, Insight Turkey, Vol.7, No.2 (2005); Ioannis N. Grigoriadis, “Friends No. More?: The Rise of Anti-American Nationalism in Turkey”, Middle East Journal, Vol.64, No.1 (2010), pp.51-66.
  • PEW, Global Attitudes Survey (http://pewglobal.org/reports/pdf/264.pdf2009); German Marshall Fund, Transatlantic Trends 2009 (http://www.gmfus.org/trends/index.html2009).
  • Ramazan Gözen, “Turkish - American Relations in 2009”, Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs, Vol.15, No.3-4 (2010), pp.49-77.
  • İbrahim Kalın, “US–Turkish Relations under Obama: Promise, Challenge and Opportunity in the 21st Century”, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, Vol.12, No.1 (2010), pp.93-108.
  • F. Stephen Larrabe, “The “New Turkey” and American-Turkish Relations”, Insight Turkey, Vol.13, No.1 (2011), pp.1-9; Kardaş, “Turkey: Redrawing the Middle East Map”.
Year 2011, Volume: 16 Issue: 3, 25 - 52, 01.10.2011

Abstract

References

  • This section draws on: Şaban Kardaş, “Türk-Amerikan İlişkilerine Teorik Bakış: Neo-Klasik Realist Bir Çerçeve”, Demokrasi Platformu, Vol. 4 No.13, (2008), pp.1-36.
  • Ian O. Lesser, “From Advocate to Stakeholder: US Policy towards Turkey and Implications for EU-Turkey Relations”, in Nathalie Tocci (eds.), Talking Turkey in Europe: Towards a Differentiated Communication Strategy, Rome, Istituto Affari Internazionali, 2008, pp.215-29.
  • Çağrı Erhan, Türk Amerikan İlişkilerinin Tarihsel Kökenleri, Ankara, İmge, 2001.
  • Nasuh Uslu, Türk-Amerikan İlişkileri, Ankara, 21. Yüzyıl Yayınları, 2000.
  • Ramazan Gözen, “Türk-Amerikan İlişkileri ve Türk Demokrasisi: Realist Bağlantı”, in Şaban H. Çalış, İhsan D. Dağı and Ramazan Gözen (eds.), Türkiye’nin Dış Politika Gündemi; Kimlik, Demokrasi, Güvenlik, Ankara, Liberte Yayınları, 2001, pp.73-111.
  • Robert Chase, Emily Hill and Paul M. Kennedy (eds.), The Pivotal States: A New Framework for U.S. Policy in the Developing World, New York, W.W. Norton & Company, 1999.
  • Morton Abramowitz (ed.), Turkey’s Transformation and American Policy, New York, Century Foundation Press, 2001; F. Stephen Larrabee and Ian O. Lesser, Turkish Foreign Policy in an Age of Uncertainty, Santa Monica, RAND Corporation, 2003.
  • Stephen M. Walt, Taming American Power: The Global Response to U.S. Primacy, New York, W.W. Norton, 2005.
  • This section partly draws on: Şaban Kardaş, “Türk Dış Politikasında Eksen Kayması Mı?”, Akademik Orta Doğu, Vol.5, No.2 (2011), pp.19-42.
  • Bülent Aras and Hakan Fidan, “Turkey and Eurasia: Frontiers of a New Geographic Imagination”, New Perspectives on Turkey, No.40 (Spring 2009), pp.195-217.
  • David A. Lake and Patrick M. Morgan (eds.), Regional Orders: Building Security in a New World, University Park, Penn State University Press, 1997.
  • Mohammed Ayoob, “From Regional System to Regional Society: Exploring Key Variables in the Construction of Regional Order”, Australian Journal of International Affairs, Vol.53, No.3 (November 1999), pp.247-60.
  • Graham E. Fuller, “Turkey’s Strategic Model: Myths and Realities”, The Washington Quarterly, Vol.27, No.3 (Summer 2004), pp.51-64; Mehmet Şahin, “Türkiye’nin Orta Doğu Politikası: Süreklilik ve Değişim”, Akademik Orta Doğu, Vol.4, No.2 (2010), pp.9-21.
  • Şaban Kardaş, “Turkey’s Push for Caucasus Stability and Cooperation Platform”, ADA Biweekly Newsletter, Vol.1, No.14-15, (1 September 2008), pp.11-14; Kemal Kirişci, “The Transformation of Turkish Foreign Policy: The Rise of the Trading State”, New Perspectives on Turkey, No.40 (Spring 2009), pp.29-57.
  • İbrahim Kalın, “Turkey and the Middle East: Ideology or Geopolitics?”, Private View, (Fall 2008), pp.26-35; Şaban Kardaş, “Turkey: Redrawing the Middle East Map or Building Sandcastles?”, Middle East Policy, Vol.16, No.1 (Spring 2010), pp.115-36.
  • İbrahim Kalın, “Türkiye’nin 2010 Gündemi: Normalleşme”, Sabah, 9 January 2010.
  • R. Tayyip Erdoğan, The Alliance of Civilizations and World Peace: Charting a New Course in the Twenty- First Century, Oxford, Oxford Center for Islamic Studies, 2009.
  • Mustafa Aydın and Sinem A. Açıkmeşe, “Europeanization through EU Conditionality: Understanding the New Era in Turkish Foreign Policy”, Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans, Vol.9, No.3 (December 2007), pp.263-74; Tarık Oğuzlu, “Turkey and Europeanization of Foreign Policy?”, Political Science Quarterly, Vol.125, No.4 (2011), pp.657-82.
  • Hüseyin Bağcı and Bayram Sinkaya, “Büyük Orta Doğu Projesi ve Türkiye: AK Parti’nin Perspektifi”, Akademik Orta Doğu, Vol.1, No.1 (2006), pp.21-37.
  • Ömer Taşpınar, “The Anatomy of Anti-Americanism in Turkey”, Insight Turkey, Vol.7, No.2 (2005); Ioannis N. Grigoriadis, “Friends No. More?: The Rise of Anti-American Nationalism in Turkey”, Middle East Journal, Vol.64, No.1 (2010), pp.51-66.
  • PEW, Global Attitudes Survey (http://pewglobal.org/reports/pdf/264.pdf2009); German Marshall Fund, Transatlantic Trends 2009 (http://www.gmfus.org/trends/index.html2009).
  • Ramazan Gözen, “Turkish - American Relations in 2009”, Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs, Vol.15, No.3-4 (2010), pp.49-77.
  • İbrahim Kalın, “US–Turkish Relations under Obama: Promise, Challenge and Opportunity in the 21st Century”, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, Vol.12, No.1 (2010), pp.93-108.
  • F. Stephen Larrabe, “The “New Turkey” and American-Turkish Relations”, Insight Turkey, Vol.13, No.1 (2011), pp.1-9; Kardaş, “Turkey: Redrawing the Middle East Map”.
There are 24 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Şaban Kardaş This is me

Publication Date October 1, 2011
Published in Issue Year 2011 Volume: 16 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Kardaş, Ş. (2011). Turkish-American Relations in the 2000s: Revisiting the Basic Parameters of Partnership?. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs, 16(3), 25-52.
AMA Kardaş Ş. Turkish-American Relations in the 2000s: Revisiting the Basic Parameters of Partnership?. PERCEPTIONS. October 2011;16(3):25-52.
Chicago Kardaş, Şaban. “Turkish-American Relations in the 2000s: Revisiting the Basic Parameters of Partnership?”. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs 16, no. 3 (October 2011): 25-52.
EndNote Kardaş Ş (October 1, 2011) Turkish-American Relations in the 2000s: Revisiting the Basic Parameters of Partnership?. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs 16 3 25–52.
IEEE Ş. Kardaş, “Turkish-American Relations in the 2000s: Revisiting the Basic Parameters of Partnership?”, PERCEPTIONS, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 25–52, 2011.
ISNAD Kardaş, Şaban. “Turkish-American Relations in the 2000s: Revisiting the Basic Parameters of Partnership?”. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs 16/3 (October 2011), 25-52.
JAMA Kardaş Ş. Turkish-American Relations in the 2000s: Revisiting the Basic Parameters of Partnership?. PERCEPTIONS. 2011;16:25–52.
MLA Kardaş, Şaban. “Turkish-American Relations in the 2000s: Revisiting the Basic Parameters of Partnership?”. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs, vol. 16, no. 3, 2011, pp. 25-52.
Vancouver Kardaş Ş. Turkish-American Relations in the 2000s: Revisiting the Basic Parameters of Partnership?. PERCEPTIONS. 2011;16(3):25-52.