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Stress and Its Consequences from Prenatal Period to Older Ages

Year 2017, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 189 - 208, 30.06.2017
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.281392

Abstract

Human life includes numerous developmental changes starting from the mother’s womb to old ages. Both age related physical, cognitive, and emotional changes and social roles that are expected to be fulfilled at every age period require individual to adapt new conditions. Even if these new conditions are sometimes desirable, they lead individuals to feel stress. This review examined the important life events that are experienced respectively in the infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and older ages and the effects of these life events on the individuals’ health from the life span perspective. Accordingly, each individual’s conditions such as the amount of social support, living in a disadvantaged district, healthy life habits, and coping skills determine to what extent the individual experiences stress. The stress that the individual experiences with varying degrees in each age period may affect his/her physical and psychological health negatively. Although developmental stress is inevitable, having positive and supportive social relations helps coping with stress effectively.

References

  • Adamson S (1996) Teaching baby massage to new parents. Complement Ther Nurs Midwifery, 2: 151- 159.
  • Afifi TO, Mota N, MacMillan HL, Sareen J (2013) Harsh physical punishment in childhood and adult physical health. Pediatrics, 132:333-340.
  • Aldwin C (2011) Stress and coping across the lifespan. In The Oxford Handbook of Stress, Health, and Coping (Ed S Folkman):15-34. New York, Oxford University Press.
  • Aldwin CM, Sutton KJ, Chiara G, Spiro A (1996) Age differences in stress, coping, and appraisal: findings from the normative aging study. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci, 51:179-188.
  • Almeida DM (2005) Resilience and vulnerability to daily stressors assessed via diary methods. Curr Dir Psychol Sci, 14:64-68.
  • Arber S (1997) Comparing inequalities in women's and men's health: Britain in the 1990s. Soc Sci Med, 44:773-787.
  • Armsden GC, Greenberg MT (1987) The inventory of parent and peer attachment: Individual differences and their relationships to psychological well-being in adolescence. J Youth Adolesc, 16:427-454.
  • Arnett J (1992) Socialization and adolescent reckless behavior: A reply to Jessor. Dev Rev, 12:391-409.
  • Arnett JJ (1999) Adolescent storm and stress reconsidered. Am Psychol, 5:317-326.
  • Arnett JJ (1996) Sensation seeking, aggressiveness, and adolescent reckless behavior. Pers Individ Dif, 20:693-702.

Prenatal Dönemden Yaşlılığa Stres ve Sonuçları

Year 2017, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 189 - 208, 30.06.2017
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.281392

Abstract

İnsan yaşamı anne karnından yaşlılık dönemine kadar pek çok gelişimsel değişikliğe sahne olmaktadır. Hem yaşa bağlı olarak ortaya çıkan fiziksel, bilişsel ve duygusal değişiklikler, hem de her yaş döneminde toplumsal olarak gerçekleştirilmesi beklenen sosyal görevler, bireyin yeni koşullara uyum sağlamasını gerektirmektedir. Bu yeni koşullar kimi zaman istendik olsa bile bireyin stres yaşamasına neden olmaktadır. Bu gözden geçirme çalışmasında sırasıyla prenatal dönem, bebeklik, çocukluk, ergenlik, yetişkinlik ve yaşlılık dönemlerinde karşılaşılan yaşam olayları ve bu yaşam olaylarının bireyin sağlığı üzerindeki etkileri, yaşam boyu perspektiften ele alınmıştır. Buna göre her bireyin kendine özgü sosyal destek düzeyi, dezavantajlı bölgede yaşama, sağlıklı yaşam alışkanlıkları, başa çıkma becerileri gibi bireysel koşulları, stresin ne ölçüde yaşanacağını belirlemektedir. Bireyin her yaş döneminde farklı düzeylerde yaşadığı bu stres, hem fiziksel hem de psikolojik sağlığını olumsuz etkileyebilmektedir. Gelişimsel stres kaçınılmaz olmakla birlikte, her yaş döneminde olumlu ve destekleyici sosyal ilişkilere sahip olunması, stresle etkili bir biçimde başa çıkmaya yardımcı olmaktadır.  

References

  • Adamson S (1996) Teaching baby massage to new parents. Complement Ther Nurs Midwifery, 2: 151- 159.
  • Afifi TO, Mota N, MacMillan HL, Sareen J (2013) Harsh physical punishment in childhood and adult physical health. Pediatrics, 132:333-340.
  • Aldwin C (2011) Stress and coping across the lifespan. In The Oxford Handbook of Stress, Health, and Coping (Ed S Folkman):15-34. New York, Oxford University Press.
  • Aldwin CM, Sutton KJ, Chiara G, Spiro A (1996) Age differences in stress, coping, and appraisal: findings from the normative aging study. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci, 51:179-188.
  • Almeida DM (2005) Resilience and vulnerability to daily stressors assessed via diary methods. Curr Dir Psychol Sci, 14:64-68.
  • Arber S (1997) Comparing inequalities in women's and men's health: Britain in the 1990s. Soc Sci Med, 44:773-787.
  • Armsden GC, Greenberg MT (1987) The inventory of parent and peer attachment: Individual differences and their relationships to psychological well-being in adolescence. J Youth Adolesc, 16:427-454.
  • Arnett J (1992) Socialization and adolescent reckless behavior: A reply to Jessor. Dev Rev, 12:391-409.
  • Arnett JJ (1999) Adolescent storm and stress reconsidered. Am Psychol, 5:317-326.
  • Arnett JJ (1996) Sensation seeking, aggressiveness, and adolescent reckless behavior. Pers Individ Dif, 20:693-702.
There are 10 citations in total.

Details

Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Review
Authors

Nilay Pekel Uludağlı

Publication Date June 30, 2017
Acceptance Date July 5, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 9 Issue: 2

Cite

AMA Pekel Uludağlı N. Prenatal Dönemden Yaşlılığa Stres ve Sonuçları. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry. June 2017;9(2):189-208. doi:10.18863/pgy.281392

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