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Review of Substance-Related Dreams through Typical Dreams

Year 2025, Volume: 17 Issue: 2, 416 - 428
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1512280

Abstract

Drug-related dreams are defined as dreams experienced by individuals with a substance use disorder during the withdrawal or recovery process. Studies indicate that authors interpret all drug-related dreams as reflections of the attempts by individuals with addiction to fulfill their drug use desires at varying levels of satisfaction. The absence of an explanation in the literature regarding the manner and rationale behind the fulfilment of drug cravings by drug-related dreams (Type A or Type B) to varying degrees (sufficiently or insufficiently) indicates that the gratification derived from such dreams – presumed to alleviate the desire for drug use – has been inferred from prognostic findings and presumptions concerning patients’ periods of abstinence. It is noteworthy that there is a similarity between dreams experienced by individuals with substance use disorders who wish to use the substance but are unable to do so for various reasons and failure-related examination dreams. Instead of a hypothesis that drug-related dreams with different content and emotions provide varying levels of satisfaction, examining them through the lens of the censorship mechanism in dreams may reveal that these types of dreams attempt to fulfill distinct desires. The objective of the current paper is to analyse substance-related dreams and typical dreams, including those related to examinations, in light of neuroscientific evidence and interpretations. In particular, the focus will be on Freud's views on the censorship mechanism in dreams, as well as the theoretical perspectives of Jung and Kohut.

References

  • Antrobus J (2001) Rethinking the fundamental processes of dream and sleep mentation production: defining new questions, that avoid the distraction of REM versus NREM comparisons. Sleep Hypn, 3:1-3.
  • Boag S (2006) Freudian dream theory, dream bizarreness, and the disguise-censor controversy. Neuropsychoanalysis, 8:5-16.
  • Boag S (2017) On dreams and motivation: comparison of Freud’s and Hobson’s views. Front Psychol, 7:2001.
  • Choi SY (1973) Dreams as a prognostic factor in alcoholism. Am J Psychiatry, 130:699-702.
  • Christo G, Franey C (1996) Addicts drug-related dreams: their frequency and relationship to six-month outcomes. Subst Use Misuse, 31:1-15.
  • Colace C (2000) Dreams in abstinent heroin addicts: four case reports. Sleep Hypn, 2:160-163.
  • Colace C (2004) Dreaming in addiction: A study on the motivational bases of dreaming processes. Neuropsychoanalysis, 6:165-179.
  • Colace C (2018) Drug Dreams: Clinical and Research Implications of Dreams About Drugs in Drug-addicted Patients. London, Routledge.
  • Domhoff GW (2004) Why did empirical dream researchers reject Freud? A critique of historical claims by Mark Solms. Dreaming, 14:3-17.
  • Draaisma D (2015) Düş Dokumacısı (Çeviri T Yalnız). İstanbul, Metis Yayıncılık.
  • Flowers LK, Zweben JE (1998) The changing role of “using” dreams in addiction recovery. J Subst Abuse Treat, 15:193-200.
  • Freud S (1900) The Interpretation of Dreams. Vienna, Franz Deuticke.
  • Freud S (1901) Psychopathology of Everyday Life. London, WW Norton.
  • Freud S (1909) Notes Upon a Case of Obsessional Neurosis, The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud Vol 10 (Ed J Strachey):151-318. London, Hogarth Press.
  • Freud S (1913) Totem and Taboo. The Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Vol 13 (Ed J Strachey):1-255. London, Hogarth Press.
  • Freud S (1915) Instincts and Their Vicissitudes. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, 14:109-140. London, Hogarth Press.
  • Freud S (1916) Introductory Lectures on Psycho-analysis. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Vol. 15 (Ed J Strachey):1-6. London, Hogarth Press.
  • Freud S (1920) Beyond the Pleasure Principle. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud Vol 18 (Ed J Strachey):1-64. London, Hogarth Press.
  • Freud S (1923) The Ego and the Id. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud Vol 19 (Ed J Strachey):1-66. London, Hogarth Press.
  • Freud S (1925) Some Additional Notes on Dream-Interpretation as a Whole. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Vol 19 (Ed J Strachey):123-138. London, Hogarth Press.
  • Freud S (1933) New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud Vol 22 (Ed J Strachey):1-267. London, Hogarth Press.
  • Graf-Nold A (2005) Jung's lectures at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH): Collating the text of the course "Modern Psychology". Jung History, 1:12-14.
  • Hajek P, Belcher M (1991) Dream of absent-minded transgression: an empirical study of a cognitive withdrawal symptom. J Abnorm Psychol, 100:487-491.
  • Hobson J (1988) The dreaming brain. In Basic Books (Ed RY Moore):1078-1079. New York, Science.
  • Hobson JA (1999) The new neuropsychology of sleep: Implications for psychoanalysis. Neuropsychoanalysis, 1:157-183.
  • Hobson JA (2014) Lecture III: Philosophy. In Dream Consciousness: Allan Hobson’s New Approach to the Brain and its Mind (Eds N Tranquillo):51-79. New York, Springer.
  • Hobson JA, McCarley RW (1977) The brain as a dream state generator: an activation-synthesis hypothesis of the dream process. Am J Psychiatry, 134:1335-1348.
  • Hobson JA, Pace-Schott EF (1999) Response to commentaries by J. Allan Hobson and Edward F. Pace-Schott. Neuropsychoanalysis, 1:206-224.
  • Johnson B (2001) Drug dreams: a neuropsychoanalytic hypothesis. J Am Psychoanal Assoc, 49:75-96.
  • Johnson B (2003) Psychological addiction, physical addiction, addictive character, and addictive personality disorder: A nosology of addictive disorders. Can J Psychoanal, 11:135-160.
  • Johnson B (2012) Drug abuse, dreams, and nightmares. In Drug Abuse and Addiction in Medical Illness: Causes, Consequences and Treatment (Eds JC Verster, K Brady, M Galanter, P Conrod):385-392. New York, Springer.
  • Jung CG (1938) Psychology and Religion: West and East. New York, Routledge.
  • Jung CG (1964) Man and His Symbols. New York, Bantam.
  • Jung CG (1967) The Development of Personality. New York, Routledge.
  • Jung CG (1968) The Archetypes and The Collective Unconscious, 2nd ed. New York, Routledge.
  • Kassel JD, Shiffman S (1992) What can hunger teach us about drug craving? A comparative analysis of the two constructs. Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy, 14:141-167.
  • Kelly JF, Greene MC (2019) The reality of drinking and drug using dreams: A study of the prevalence, predictors, and decay with time in recovery in a national sample of US adults. J Subst Abuse Treat, 96:12-17.
  • Kohut H (1977) The Restoration of The Self. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
  • Lansky M (1992) Essential Papers on Dreams. New York, NYU Press.
  • Lemann N (2000) The Big Test: The Secret History of the American Meritocracy, 1st ed. New York, Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
  • Maze JR, Henry RM (1996) Problems in the concept of repression and proposals for their resolution. Int J Psychoanal, 6:1085-1100.
  • McCarley RW (1998) Dreams: disguise of forbidden wishes or transparent reflections of a distinct brain state? In Neuroscience of The Mind On The Centennial Of Freud's Project For A Scientific Psychology. (Eds RM Bilder, FF LeFever):115-133. New York, New York Academy of Sciences.
  • Miller NS, Gold MS (1994) Dissociation of “conscious desire”(craving) from and relapse in alcohol and cocaine dependence. Ann Clin Psychiatry, 6:99-106.
  • Myers WA (1989) The traumatic element in the typical dream of feeling embarrassed at being naked. J Am Psychoanal Assoc, 37:117-130.
  • Niaura RS, Rohsenow DJ, Binkoff JA, Monti PM, Pedraza M, Abrams DB (1988) Relevance of cue reactivity to understanding alcohol and smoking relapse. J Abnorm Psychol, 97:133-152.
  • Ornstein PH (1987) On self-state dreams in the psychoanalytic treatment process. In The Interpretations of Dreams in Clinical Work (Eds A Rothstein):87-104. Madison, CT, International Universities Press.
  • Reid SD, Simeon DT (2001) Progression of dreams of crack cocaine abusers as a predictor of treatment outcome: a preliminary report. J Nerv Ment Dis, 189:854-857.
  • Schredl M (2017) Pass or fail? Examination dreams in a long dream series. International Journal of Dream Research, 10:69-74.
  • Schredl M (2020) “Baby, you can drive my car”–Means of transportation in a long dream series. International Journal of Dream Research, 13:56-61.
  • Segal H (1977) The Work Of Hanna Segal: A Kleinian Approach To Clinical Practice,. New Jersey, Jason Aronson.
  • Solms M (2000) Dreaming and REM sleep are controlled by different brain mechanisms. Behav Brain Sci, 23:843-850.
  • Solms M, Turnbull O (2002) The Brain And The Inner World: An Introduction To The Neuroscience Of Subjective Experience. New York, Routledge.
  • Timms E (2013) Wilhelm Stekel's dialogue with Sigmund Freud: The case for brief therapy and the symbolism of dreams. Psychoanal Hist, 15:207-220.
  • Vaillant GE (1992) Ego Mechanisms Of Defense: A Guide For Clinicans And Researchers. Washington DC, American Psychiatric Association.
  • Valášek M, Watt C, Hutton J, Neill R, Nuttall R, Renwick G (2014) Testing the implicit processing hypothesis of precognitive dream experience. Conscious Cogn, 28:113-125.
  • West R, Brown J (2013) Theory of Addiction. Hoboken. NJ, Wiley.
  • Yee T, Perantie DC, Dhanani N, Brown ES (2004) Drug dreams in outpatients with bipolar disorder and cocaine dependence. J Nerv Ment Dis, 192:238-242.
  • Zhu C (2013) Jung on the nature and interpretation of dreams: A developmental delineation with cognitive neuroscientific responses. Behav Sci (Basel), 3:662-675.

Tipik Rüyalar Üzerinden Madde Bağlantılı Rüyaların İncelenmesi

Year 2025, Volume: 17 Issue: 2, 416 - 428
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1512280

Abstract

Maddeyle bağlantılı rüyalar, bağımlı bireylerin yoksunluk veya iyileşme dönemlerinde görülen ve maddeyle ilişkili çeşitli içerikler barındıran rüyalardır. Yapılan çalışmalarda, uyuşturucu rüyalarının tümünün yazarlar tarafından, bağımlı bireylerin madde kullanma arzularını farklı tatmin düzeylerinde doyurmaya çalışan çabalarının bir ifadesi olarak değerlendirildiği anlaşılmaktadır. Literatürde, maddeyle bağlantılı rüyaların (Tip A veya Tip B) madde kullanım arzusunu nasıl ve neden farklı şekillerde (yeterli veya değil) tatmin edebileceğine dair bir açıklama bulunmaması; madde kullanma arzusunu gidermeye yönelik olduğu varsayılan bu tür rüyalara atfedilen tatminlik derecesinin, hastaların maddeden uzak kalma dönemlerine yönelik prognostik bulgu ve varsayımlar üstünden yapılmış olduğunu düşündürtmektedir. Maddeyle bağlantılı Tip B rüyalar olarak da değerlendirilen, madde bağımlısı olan kişilerin rüyalarında madde kullanmak istedikleri halde çeşitli nedenlerle bir türlü madde kullanamadıkları rüyalarla, başarısızlıkla sonuçlanan sınav rüyalarının benzerliği dikkat çekicidir. Birbirlerinden farklı içerik ve duygulara sahip madde bağlantılı rüyaların, farklı tatminlik düzeyleri sağladıklarına dair bir varsayım üstünden değil, rüyalardaki sansür mekanizması ile incelenmesi, bu tip rüyaların birbirlerinden farklı arzuların doyumlarını sağlamaya çalıştıklarını gösterebilir. Bu yazıda, nörobilimsel bulgu ve yorumlar eşliğinde, maddeyle bağlantılı rüyalar ve başta sınav rüyaları olmak üzere tipik rüyaların, Freud’un rüyalardaki sansür mekanizmasına dair görüşleri yanında Jung ve Kohut’un kuramsal perspektifleri çerçevesinde yorumlanması amaçlanmıştır.

Ethical Statement

Çalışmamız derleme özelliği taşıdığı için etik kurul onayı gerektirmemektedir.

References

  • Antrobus J (2001) Rethinking the fundamental processes of dream and sleep mentation production: defining new questions, that avoid the distraction of REM versus NREM comparisons. Sleep Hypn, 3:1-3.
  • Boag S (2006) Freudian dream theory, dream bizarreness, and the disguise-censor controversy. Neuropsychoanalysis, 8:5-16.
  • Boag S (2017) On dreams and motivation: comparison of Freud’s and Hobson’s views. Front Psychol, 7:2001.
  • Choi SY (1973) Dreams as a prognostic factor in alcoholism. Am J Psychiatry, 130:699-702.
  • Christo G, Franey C (1996) Addicts drug-related dreams: their frequency and relationship to six-month outcomes. Subst Use Misuse, 31:1-15.
  • Colace C (2000) Dreams in abstinent heroin addicts: four case reports. Sleep Hypn, 2:160-163.
  • Colace C (2004) Dreaming in addiction: A study on the motivational bases of dreaming processes. Neuropsychoanalysis, 6:165-179.
  • Colace C (2018) Drug Dreams: Clinical and Research Implications of Dreams About Drugs in Drug-addicted Patients. London, Routledge.
  • Domhoff GW (2004) Why did empirical dream researchers reject Freud? A critique of historical claims by Mark Solms. Dreaming, 14:3-17.
  • Draaisma D (2015) Düş Dokumacısı (Çeviri T Yalnız). İstanbul, Metis Yayıncılık.
  • Flowers LK, Zweben JE (1998) The changing role of “using” dreams in addiction recovery. J Subst Abuse Treat, 15:193-200.
  • Freud S (1900) The Interpretation of Dreams. Vienna, Franz Deuticke.
  • Freud S (1901) Psychopathology of Everyday Life. London, WW Norton.
  • Freud S (1909) Notes Upon a Case of Obsessional Neurosis, The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud Vol 10 (Ed J Strachey):151-318. London, Hogarth Press.
  • Freud S (1913) Totem and Taboo. The Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Vol 13 (Ed J Strachey):1-255. London, Hogarth Press.
  • Freud S (1915) Instincts and Their Vicissitudes. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, 14:109-140. London, Hogarth Press.
  • Freud S (1916) Introductory Lectures on Psycho-analysis. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Vol. 15 (Ed J Strachey):1-6. London, Hogarth Press.
  • Freud S (1920) Beyond the Pleasure Principle. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud Vol 18 (Ed J Strachey):1-64. London, Hogarth Press.
  • Freud S (1923) The Ego and the Id. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud Vol 19 (Ed J Strachey):1-66. London, Hogarth Press.
  • Freud S (1925) Some Additional Notes on Dream-Interpretation as a Whole. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Vol 19 (Ed J Strachey):123-138. London, Hogarth Press.
  • Freud S (1933) New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud Vol 22 (Ed J Strachey):1-267. London, Hogarth Press.
  • Graf-Nold A (2005) Jung's lectures at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH): Collating the text of the course "Modern Psychology". Jung History, 1:12-14.
  • Hajek P, Belcher M (1991) Dream of absent-minded transgression: an empirical study of a cognitive withdrawal symptom. J Abnorm Psychol, 100:487-491.
  • Hobson J (1988) The dreaming brain. In Basic Books (Ed RY Moore):1078-1079. New York, Science.
  • Hobson JA (1999) The new neuropsychology of sleep: Implications for psychoanalysis. Neuropsychoanalysis, 1:157-183.
  • Hobson JA (2014) Lecture III: Philosophy. In Dream Consciousness: Allan Hobson’s New Approach to the Brain and its Mind (Eds N Tranquillo):51-79. New York, Springer.
  • Hobson JA, McCarley RW (1977) The brain as a dream state generator: an activation-synthesis hypothesis of the dream process. Am J Psychiatry, 134:1335-1348.
  • Hobson JA, Pace-Schott EF (1999) Response to commentaries by J. Allan Hobson and Edward F. Pace-Schott. Neuropsychoanalysis, 1:206-224.
  • Johnson B (2001) Drug dreams: a neuropsychoanalytic hypothesis. J Am Psychoanal Assoc, 49:75-96.
  • Johnson B (2003) Psychological addiction, physical addiction, addictive character, and addictive personality disorder: A nosology of addictive disorders. Can J Psychoanal, 11:135-160.
  • Johnson B (2012) Drug abuse, dreams, and nightmares. In Drug Abuse and Addiction in Medical Illness: Causes, Consequences and Treatment (Eds JC Verster, K Brady, M Galanter, P Conrod):385-392. New York, Springer.
  • Jung CG (1938) Psychology and Religion: West and East. New York, Routledge.
  • Jung CG (1964) Man and His Symbols. New York, Bantam.
  • Jung CG (1967) The Development of Personality. New York, Routledge.
  • Jung CG (1968) The Archetypes and The Collective Unconscious, 2nd ed. New York, Routledge.
  • Kassel JD, Shiffman S (1992) What can hunger teach us about drug craving? A comparative analysis of the two constructs. Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy, 14:141-167.
  • Kelly JF, Greene MC (2019) The reality of drinking and drug using dreams: A study of the prevalence, predictors, and decay with time in recovery in a national sample of US adults. J Subst Abuse Treat, 96:12-17.
  • Kohut H (1977) The Restoration of The Self. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
  • Lansky M (1992) Essential Papers on Dreams. New York, NYU Press.
  • Lemann N (2000) The Big Test: The Secret History of the American Meritocracy, 1st ed. New York, Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
  • Maze JR, Henry RM (1996) Problems in the concept of repression and proposals for their resolution. Int J Psychoanal, 6:1085-1100.
  • McCarley RW (1998) Dreams: disguise of forbidden wishes or transparent reflections of a distinct brain state? In Neuroscience of The Mind On The Centennial Of Freud's Project For A Scientific Psychology. (Eds RM Bilder, FF LeFever):115-133. New York, New York Academy of Sciences.
  • Miller NS, Gold MS (1994) Dissociation of “conscious desire”(craving) from and relapse in alcohol and cocaine dependence. Ann Clin Psychiatry, 6:99-106.
  • Myers WA (1989) The traumatic element in the typical dream of feeling embarrassed at being naked. J Am Psychoanal Assoc, 37:117-130.
  • Niaura RS, Rohsenow DJ, Binkoff JA, Monti PM, Pedraza M, Abrams DB (1988) Relevance of cue reactivity to understanding alcohol and smoking relapse. J Abnorm Psychol, 97:133-152.
  • Ornstein PH (1987) On self-state dreams in the psychoanalytic treatment process. In The Interpretations of Dreams in Clinical Work (Eds A Rothstein):87-104. Madison, CT, International Universities Press.
  • Reid SD, Simeon DT (2001) Progression of dreams of crack cocaine abusers as a predictor of treatment outcome: a preliminary report. J Nerv Ment Dis, 189:854-857.
  • Schredl M (2017) Pass or fail? Examination dreams in a long dream series. International Journal of Dream Research, 10:69-74.
  • Schredl M (2020) “Baby, you can drive my car”–Means of transportation in a long dream series. International Journal of Dream Research, 13:56-61.
  • Segal H (1977) The Work Of Hanna Segal: A Kleinian Approach To Clinical Practice,. New Jersey, Jason Aronson.
  • Solms M (2000) Dreaming and REM sleep are controlled by different brain mechanisms. Behav Brain Sci, 23:843-850.
  • Solms M, Turnbull O (2002) The Brain And The Inner World: An Introduction To The Neuroscience Of Subjective Experience. New York, Routledge.
  • Timms E (2013) Wilhelm Stekel's dialogue with Sigmund Freud: The case for brief therapy and the symbolism of dreams. Psychoanal Hist, 15:207-220.
  • Vaillant GE (1992) Ego Mechanisms Of Defense: A Guide For Clinicans And Researchers. Washington DC, American Psychiatric Association.
  • Valášek M, Watt C, Hutton J, Neill R, Nuttall R, Renwick G (2014) Testing the implicit processing hypothesis of precognitive dream experience. Conscious Cogn, 28:113-125.
  • West R, Brown J (2013) Theory of Addiction. Hoboken. NJ, Wiley.
  • Yee T, Perantie DC, Dhanani N, Brown ES (2004) Drug dreams in outpatients with bipolar disorder and cocaine dependence. J Nerv Ment Dis, 192:238-242.
  • Zhu C (2013) Jung on the nature and interpretation of dreams: A developmental delineation with cognitive neuroscientific responses. Behav Sci (Basel), 3:662-675.
There are 58 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Psychiatry
Journal Section Review
Authors

Mustafa Danışman 0000-0002-7403-8840

Kübra Sezer Katar 0000-0001-7184-7960

Zehra Uçar Hasanlı 0000-0001-7657-4973

Gamze Zengin İspir 0000-0003-3936-6619

Publication Date
Submission Date July 8, 2024
Acceptance Date October 15, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 17 Issue: 2

Cite

AMA Danışman M, Sezer Katar K, Uçar Hasanlı Z, Zengin İspir G. Review of Substance-Related Dreams through Typical Dreams. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry. 17(2):416-428. doi:10.18863/pgy.1512280

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Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.