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Türkiye’ye İadesi İstenen Çocuk Hakkında Tokyo Mahkemelerince Verilmiş Kararlar ve Japonya Örneğine Genel Bakış

Year 2021, Volume: 41 Issue: 2, 421 - 461, 29.12.2021

Abstract

Japonya, Uluslararası Çocuk Kaçırmanın Hukuki Veçhelerine Dair Sözleşme'nin tamamlandığı 1980 yılından sonraki otuz yıl boyunca Sözleşme’ye taraf olmaktan kaçınmıştır. Bu tercih, uluslararası camiada Japonya’ya karşı yoğun tepkiler doğmasına yol açmış ve nihayetinde Sözleşme, Japonya'da 1 Nisan 2014 tarihinde yürürlüğe girmiştir. Japon uygulama kanunu, bir anlamda Sözleşme’nin yeniden yazılması halini almış, Japonya’nın ihtiyaçları ve öncelikleri doğrultusunda deyim yerindeyse “özel dikim” hazırlanmıştır. Sözleşme m.13/1-b hükmünde yer alan "ciddi risk" istisnası, Japon uygulama kanununda Sözleşme’deki aslından daha geniş bir kapsamda düzenlenmiş ve mahkemelere yol gösterecek bir fonksiyonda kaleme alınmıştır. Bu hüküm, ilk defa Türkiye'den yapılmış bir iade istemi hakkında uygulanmıştır. Bir başka deyişle, Sözleşme’nin Japonya’da yürürlüğe girdiği andan itibaren bir mahkeme tarafından “ciddi risk” istisnası kapsamında verilmiş ilk red kararı, Türkiye’de yaşayan Türk vatandaşı bir baba aleyhine verilmiştir. Tokyo Aile Mahkemesi'nin iade yönünde verdiği karar, Tokyo Bölge Mahkemesi'nce istisna hükmü işletilerek iptal edilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın ana konusu, söz konusu mahkeme kararlarının Türkçe'ye çevrilerek belirli bir sistematik dahilinde sunulmasıdır. Fakat öncelikle, Japonya’nın niçin uzun bir süre Sözleşme’ye taraf olmaktan özellikle kaçınmış olduğu ve nihayet taraf olacağı zaman da neden ilk olarak detaylı bir uygulama kanunu hazırlamak yolunu tercih ettiği hususlarına temas edilecektir. Ardından, Japon uygulamasında iade taleplerinin değerlendirilme süreci hakkında kısa bir bilgilendirme yapılacaktır. Japon uygulama kanununun bu istisnayı ne şekilde düzenlediği, özellikle de bu konuda Sözleşme metninden ne ölçüde farklılaştığı hususlarına temas edilecektir. Son olarak, ilgili mahkeme kararları sunulacak ve bu kararlara ilişkin değerlendirmemize yer verilecektir.

Supporting Institution

Yazar bu çalışma için finansal destek almadığını beyan etmiştir.

References

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Tokyo Court Decisions Regarding a Request for the Return of a Child to Turkey and a Brief Reference to the Japanese Practice

Year 2021, Volume: 41 Issue: 2, 421 - 461, 29.12.2021

Abstract

Japan refrained from becoming a party to the Convention of 25 October 1980 on Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction for nearly thirty years following its completion. Due to this choice, Japan received enormous pressure from numerous states, all of which eventually led to Japan becoming a member state, and thus, starting from 1 April 2014, applying the Convention. The Japanese implementation act was drafted completely mindful of the particular needs and priorities of Japan and therefore ended up being a customized text. In the Act, the provision related to the "grave risk" exception of art.13(1)b of the Convention was stipulated in a broader scope than the original rule, with an aim to guide Japanese courts dealing with matters which may fall under this exception. The first time this provision was ever applied, the application was made from Turkey and by a Turkish father. The return order given by Tokyo Family Court was challanged by the Japanese mother and ultimately cancelled by Tokyo District Court. This paper aims to translate the above decisions into Turkish and present them in a systematic way. For doing that, however, reasons for Japan's late ratification and for it's need of a detailed implementation act must be revealed. Then, following after a short introduction to the general application framework embraced by the Act, the approach regarding the grave risk exception and in which ways it differs from the Convention will be examined. Lastly, the abovementioned two decisions alongside our comments on them will be given.

References

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  • Nakamura M, ‘Haagu jouyaku -kokusaitekina ko no dasshu no minjijou no sokumen ni kansuru 1980nen 9gatsu 25nichi no jouyaku-’ (2013) 27 Kokusai josei 142-145 (中村恵, ‘ハーグ条約 -国際的な子の奪取の民事上の側面に関する1980年10月25日の条約- ’ (2013) 27 国際女性 頁142-145)
  • Nakanishi Y and Kitazawa A and Yokomizo D and Hayashi T, Kokusaishihou (Yuuhikaku 2014) (中西康, 北澤安紀, 横溝大, 林貴美, 国際私法 (有斐閣, 2014)
  • Nihon Bengoshi Renaikai, ‘Kokusaitekina ko no tsuresari ni kansuru ankeeto houkoku’ (nichibenren, 2011) (日本弁護士連合会『国際的な子の連れ去りに関するアンケート報告』2011) <https://www.nichibenren.or.jp/library/ja/jfba_info/publication/data/2011child_abduction-enquete.pdf> Erişim Tarihi 25 August 2020
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  • Nishitani Y, ‘Nihon ni okeru kodasshu jouyaku no unyou to kinji no doukou ni tsuite’ (2020/6) 26 Katei no hou to saiban 48-61 (西谷祐子, ‘日本における子奪取条約の運用と近時の動向について’ (2020/6) 26 家庭の法と裁判 頁48-61)
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There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Law in Context
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Onur Can Saatcıoğlu This is me 0000-0003-4894-3422

Early Pub Date July 13, 2021
Publication Date December 29, 2021
Submission Date September 20, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 41 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Saatcıoğlu, O. C. (2021). Türkiye’ye İadesi İstenen Çocuk Hakkında Tokyo Mahkemelerince Verilmiş Kararlar ve Japonya Örneğine Genel Bakış. Public and Private International Law Bulletin, 41(2), 421-461.
AMA Saatcıoğlu OC. Türkiye’ye İadesi İstenen Çocuk Hakkında Tokyo Mahkemelerince Verilmiş Kararlar ve Japonya Örneğine Genel Bakış. PPIL. December 2021;41(2):421-461.
Chicago Saatcıoğlu, Onur Can. “Türkiye’ye İadesi İstenen Çocuk Hakkında Tokyo Mahkemelerince Verilmiş Kararlar Ve Japonya Örneğine Genel Bakış”. Public and Private International Law Bulletin 41, no. 2 (December 2021): 421-61.
EndNote Saatcıoğlu OC (December 1, 2021) Türkiye’ye İadesi İstenen Çocuk Hakkında Tokyo Mahkemelerince Verilmiş Kararlar ve Japonya Örneğine Genel Bakış. Public and Private International Law Bulletin 41 2 421–461.
IEEE O. C. Saatcıoğlu, “Türkiye’ye İadesi İstenen Çocuk Hakkında Tokyo Mahkemelerince Verilmiş Kararlar ve Japonya Örneğine Genel Bakış”, PPIL, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 421–461, 2021.
ISNAD Saatcıoğlu, Onur Can. “Türkiye’ye İadesi İstenen Çocuk Hakkında Tokyo Mahkemelerince Verilmiş Kararlar Ve Japonya Örneğine Genel Bakış”. Public and Private International Law Bulletin 41/2 (December 2021), 421-461.
JAMA Saatcıoğlu OC. Türkiye’ye İadesi İstenen Çocuk Hakkında Tokyo Mahkemelerince Verilmiş Kararlar ve Japonya Örneğine Genel Bakış. PPIL. 2021;41:421–461.
MLA Saatcıoğlu, Onur Can. “Türkiye’ye İadesi İstenen Çocuk Hakkında Tokyo Mahkemelerince Verilmiş Kararlar Ve Japonya Örneğine Genel Bakış”. Public and Private International Law Bulletin, vol. 41, no. 2, 2021, pp. 421-6.
Vancouver Saatcıoğlu OC. Türkiye’ye İadesi İstenen Çocuk Hakkında Tokyo Mahkemelerince Verilmiş Kararlar ve Japonya Örneğine Genel Bakış. PPIL. 2021;41(2):421-6.