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Uluslararası Hukuk Bağlamında Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Başkanı’nın Dış Politika ve Savaş Yetkileri

Year 2022, Volume: 42 Issue: 1, 293 - 332, 29.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.26650/ppil.2022.42.1.1017565

Abstract

Çalışmanın konusunu ABD Başkanı’nın dış politikanın yönetilmesine ilişkin yetkilerinin uluslararası hukuk, ABD Anayasası, ilgili mevzuat ve yargı kararları çerçevesinde değerlendirilmesi oluşturmaktadır. ABD’de yürütme erki olarak devlet başkanının dış ilişkilerin yürütülmesinde hükümetin temel organı olarak görevlendirilmesi öngörülmüştür. Öte yandan dış ilişkilerin yürütülmesi çerçevesinde değerlendirilen yetkilere dair kapsamlı bir düzenlemenin mevcut olmayışı tarih boyunca ABD Başkanı ile Kongre arasında söz konusu yetkilerin nasıl paylaşılması gerektiği hususunda tartışmalara yol açmıştır. İki bölümden oluşan çalışmada öncelikle uluslararası hukuk bağlamında devlet başkanının dış politika yetkilerinden diplomatik tanıma ile uluslararası antlaşma akdetme ve bu antlaşmaları sona erdirmeye ilişkin yetkileri irdelenmektedir. Tanıma meselesi özellikle yeni bir uluslararası hukuk kişisiyle diplomatik ilişkilerin başlatılması yahut önemli bir değişim sonrası bir devletin bu değişime dair kanaatinin netleştirilmesinde gündeme gelmektedir. Uluslararası antlaşmalar ise günümüzde devletlerin belirli konularda kurallar meydana getirmek amacıyla sıklıkla başvurduğu ve taraf olan devletler açısından bağlayıcılık taşıması nedeniyle özellikle önem arz eden bir dış politika aracı olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Çalışmanın ikinci bölümünde ise başkomutan olarak devlet başkanının savaş ve yurt dışındaki askeri operasyonlara dair yetkileri değerlendirilmektedir. Birleşmiş Milletler Antlaşması ile devletlerin kuvvet kullanması yahut kuvvet kullanma tehdidinde bulunması kural olarak yasaklanmışsa da bu yasağa ilişkin istisnalara da yer verilmiştir. Bu doğrultuda devletlerin Birleşmiş Milletler Antlaşması’nın 7. Bölümü’nde düzenlenen kolektif güvenlik normları uyarınca yahut 51. maddede yer verilen meşru müdafaa haklarına dayanarak silahlı kuvvetlerini üçüncü ülkelerde görevlendirdiği bilinmektedir. Her ne kadar ABD’de savaş ilan etme yetkisi Anayasa ile Kongre’ye tanınmışsa da uygulamada devlet başkanının yürütme erki ve başkomutanlık sıfatlarına dayanarak bu alandaki yetkilerini geniş yorumladığı gözlemlenmektedir.

References

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  • Borchard E, ‘The Charter and the Constitution’ (1945) 39 The American Journal of International Law 767-771.
  • Bradley CA ve Goldsmith JL, ‘Presidential Control over International Law’ (2018) 131 Harvard Law Review 1201-1297.
  • Bradley CA ve Goldsmith JL, ‘Treaties, Human Rights, and Conditional Consent’ (2000) 149 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 399-468.
  • Brownlie I, Principles of Public International Law (Oxford University Press, 1990).
  • Bush G, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States - 1991 (United States Government Printing Office 1992).
  • Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities In and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America); Merits, International Court of Justice (ICJ), 27 June 1986.
  • Celikbas H, ‘Turkey Calls on US to end Support for PYD/YPG’ (Anadolu Ajansı, 12 February 2021) <https://www.aa.com.tr/en/americas/turkey-calls-on-us-to-end-support-for-pyd-ypg/2142235> Erişim Tarihi 1 Kasım 2021.
  • Chen T, The International Law of Recognition: With Special Reference to Practice in Great Britain and the United States, (Frederick a. Praeger, Inc, 1951).
  • Committee on Armed Services, Crisis in the Gulf Region: U.S. Policy Options and Implications, Hearings Before the Committee on Armed Services United States Senate, One Hundred First Congress, Second Session (U.S. Government Printing Office 1990).
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  • Dellums v. Bush, 752 F. Supp. 1141 (DDC 1990).
  • Dinstein Y, War, Aggression and Self-Defence (Cambridge University Press, 2011).
  • Edmondson C, ‘In Bipartisan Bid to Restrain Trump, Senate Passes Iran War Powers Resolution’ (The New York Times, 13 February 2020) <https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/13/us/politics/iran-war-powers-trump.html> Erişim Tarihi 17 Ağustos 2021.
  • Elsea JK, Defense Primer: Legal Authorities for the Use of Military Forces’ (2021) Congressional Research Service.
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  • Focarelli C, International Law (Edward Elgar Publishing 2019).
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  • Gramer R, ‘Trump Cant’t Do That. Can He?’ (Foreign Policy, 17 Ocak 2019) <https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/01/16/trump-cant-do-that-can-he-nato-russia-congress/> Erişim Tarihi 18 Ağustos 2021.
  • Gray C, International Law and the Use of Force (Oxford University Press, 2008).
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  • Harmon JM, ‘Presidential Power to Expel Diplomatic Personnel from the United States, Memorandum Opinion for the Deputy Attorney General and the Associate Attorney General’ (4 April 1980), 207 <https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/olc/opinions/1980/04/31/op-olc-v004a-p0207_0.pdf> Erişim Tarihi 31 Ekim 2021.
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  • Johnson v. Eisentrager, 339 U.S. 763 (1950).
  • Kane T ‘Global U.S. Troops Deployment, 1950-2005’ (2006) the Heritage Center for Data Analysis.
  • Kennedy KC, Conditional Approval of Treaties by the US Senate’ (1996) 19 Loyola Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review 89-172.
  • Lobel J, ‘Conflicts between the Commander in Chief and Congress: Concurrent Power over the Conduct of War’ (2008) 69(3) Ohio State Law Journal 391-468.
  • Makielski DC, ‘Foreign Policy: Can the President Act Alone? Gaps and Conflicts in the Constitutional Grants of Power’ (1996) 1 Richmand Public Interest Law Review 87-100.
  • Monte MD VE Lazarou E, ‘How Congress and President Shape US Foreign Policy’, (2017) European Parliamentary Research Service Briefing.
  • Mulligan SP, ‘International Law and Agreements: Their Effect upon U.S. Law’ (2018) Congressional Research Service.
  • Mulligan SP, ‘Withdrawal from International Agreements: Legal Framework, the Paris Agreement, and the Iran Nuclear Agreement’ (2018) Congressional Research Service.
  • Nelson AE, ‘From Muddled to Medellin: A Legal History of Sole Executive Agreements’, (2009) 51 Arizona Law Review 1035-1068.
  • Powell JH, ‘The President’s Authority over Foreign Affairs: An Executive Branch Perspective’ (1998) 67 The George Washington Law Review 527-576.
  • Prakash S, ‘Exhuming the Seemingly Moribund Declaration of War’ (2008) The George Washington Law Review 89-140.
  • Prakash S, ‘Unleashing the Dog of War: What the Constitution Means by “Declare War”’ (2007) Cornell Law Review 45-122.
  • Prakash SB, The Living Presidency: An Originalist Argument Against ist Ever-Expanding Powers (The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2020).
  • Prakash SB ve Ramsey MD, ‘The Executive Power over Foreign Affairs’, (2001) 111 The Yale Law Journal 231-356. Prize Cases, 67 U.S. 635 (1863).
  • Pub. L. 79-264 AN ACT To provide for the appointment of representatives of the United States in the organs and agencies of the United Nations, and to make other provision with respect to the participation of the United States in such organization, (22 U.S.C. 287d) <https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-1090/pdf/COMPS-1090.pdf> Erişim Tarihi 14 Ağustos 2021.
  • Reinstein RJ, ‘Recognition: A Case Study on the Original Understanding of Executive Power’ (2011) 45 University of Richmond Law Review 801-862.
  • Senator Barry Goldwater et al. v. James Earl Carter, President of the United States et al., No. 79-2246, 617 F.2d 697, 199 (1979) <https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/goldwater-v-carter-617-F.2d-697-1979.pdf> Erişim Tarihi 27 Ağustos 2021.
  • Shaw M, International Law (Cambridge University Press 2008).
  • Supreme Court of the United States, Baker v. Carr, 369 U.S. 186 (1962).
  • Supreme Court of the United States, Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino, 376 U.S. 398 (1964).
  • Supreme Court of the United States, Bas v. Tingy, 4 U.S. 37 (1800).
  • Supreme Court of the United States, Chicago & S. Air Lines, Inc. v. Waterman S.S. Corp., 333 U.S. 103 (1948).
  • Supreme Court of the United States, Fleming v. Page, 50 U.S. 603 (1850).
  • Supreme Court of the United States, Geofroy v. Riggs, 133 U.S. 266 (1890).
  • Supreme Court of the United States, Goldwater v. Carter, 444 U.S. 996 (1979).
  • Supreme Court of the United States, Haver v. Yaker, 76 U.S. 32 (1869).
  • Supreme Court of the United States, Johnson v. Eisentrager, 339 U.S. 763 (1950).
  • Supreme Court of the United States, National City Bank v. Republic of China, 348 U.S. 356 (1955).
  • Supreme Court of the United States, Prize Cases, 67 U.S. 635 (1863).
  • Supreme Court of the United States, United States v. Belmont, 301 U.S. 324 (1939).
  • Supreme Court of the United States, United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp., 299 U.S. 304 (1936).
  • Supreme Court of the United States, United States v. Pink, 315 U.S. 203 (1942).
  • Supreme Court of the United States, Williams v. Suffolk Ins. Co., 38 U.S. 415 (1839).
  • Supreme Court of the United States, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 343 U.S. 579 (1952).
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  • Stromseth JE, ‘Rethinking War Powers: Congress, the President and the United Nations’ (1993) 81 The Georgetown Law Journal 597-673.
  • United Nations, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 23 May 1969, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1155.
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  • U.S. Department of State, ‘Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties’, <https://2009-2017.state.gov/s/l/treaty/faqs/70139.htm#:~:text=No.,on%20the%20law%20of%20treaties.>Erişim Tarihi 20 Haziran 2021.
  • U.S. Department of State, ‘Foreign Affairs Manual and Handbook, 11 F.A.M. 723’ <https://fam.state.gov/fam/11fam/11fam0720.html> Erişim Tarihi 20 Haziran 2021.
  • United States of America Department of State Office of the Historian, ‘U.S. Involvement in the Vietnam War: the Gulf of Tonkin and Escalation’ (1964) <https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/gulf-of-tonkin> Erişim Tarihi 13 Ağustos 2021.
  • Weissman v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co, 112 F. Supp. 420 (S.D. Val. 1953).
  • Yoo JC, ‘The Continuation of Politics by Other Means: The Original Understanding of War Powers’ (1996) California Law Review 167-305.
  • Zengerle P, ‘U.S. Senate upholds Trump veto of ‘insulting’ Iran War Powers Resolution’ (Reuters, 7 May 2020) <https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-congress-idUSKBN22J30A> Erişim Tarihi 17 Ağustos 2021.
  • Zivotofsky v. Secretary of State, 571 F.3d 1231, 7, U.S. App. D.C. (2009) <https://www.cadc.uscourts.gov/internet/opinions.nsf/17EEECBA92C867D5852578070046747A/$file/07-5347-1195643.pdf> Erişim Tarihi 13 Haziran 2021.

The Foreign Policy and War Powers of the President of the United States of America from the Perspective of International Law

Year 2022, Volume: 42 Issue: 1, 293 - 332, 29.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.26650/ppil.2022.42.1.1017565

Abstract

This article concerns the evaluation of the powers of the US President apropos the foreign policy administration within the framework of international law, the U.S. Constitution, relevant legislation, and judicial decisions. The president of the United States represents executive power and is authorized to conduct foreign affairs as the principal government organ. Conversely, the absence of a comprehensive directive about the powers encompassed by the framework of the performance of foreign relations has caused discussions throughout history on the basis of the division of such powers between the president and Congress. The first part of this bipartite research examines diplomatic recognition, which is considered an implicit power of the president. The paper then investigates the allocation of power vis-à-vis the finalization of treaties and other international agreements as well as decisions to withdraw from them. The issue of recognition matters specifically when a state establishes diplomatic relations with an entity that has recently attained legal international personality. Nevertheless, treaties are often used as foreign policy tools because they allow states to stipulate binding rules. The second part of this study addresses the war powers and the management of overseas military operations within the ambit of the authority of the president as the nation’s Commander-in-Chief. The United Nations Charter in principle prohibits states to use force or threaten to use force. Nevertheless, exceptions to this prohibition are also stipulated through collective security norms inscribed in Chapter 7 and the acknowledgment of the inherent right of countries to self-defense in Article 51. The US Constitution grants Congress the power to declare war; in practice, however, presidents broadly construe their powers in this domain based on their executive authority and the title of Commander-in-Chief.

References

  • An Act to Declare the Treaties Heretofore Concluded with France, no Longer Obligatory on the United States <https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/qw03.asp> Erişim Tarihi 20 Haziran 2021.
  • Aust A, Handbook of International Law (Cambridge University Press 2010).
  • Berridge GR ve James A, A Dictionary of Diplomacy (Palgrave Macmillan 2003).
  • Bradley CA, ‘Treaty Termination and Historical Gloss’ (2014) 92 Texas Law Review 773-835.
  • Borchard E, ‘The Charter and the Constitution’ (1945) 39 The American Journal of International Law 767-771.
  • Bradley CA ve Goldsmith JL, ‘Presidential Control over International Law’ (2018) 131 Harvard Law Review 1201-1297.
  • Bradley CA ve Goldsmith JL, ‘Treaties, Human Rights, and Conditional Consent’ (2000) 149 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 399-468.
  • Brownlie I, Principles of Public International Law (Oxford University Press, 1990).
  • Bush G, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States - 1991 (United States Government Printing Office 1992).
  • Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities In and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America); Merits, International Court of Justice (ICJ), 27 June 1986.
  • Celikbas H, ‘Turkey Calls on US to end Support for PYD/YPG’ (Anadolu Ajansı, 12 February 2021) <https://www.aa.com.tr/en/americas/turkey-calls-on-us-to-end-support-for-pyd-ypg/2142235> Erişim Tarihi 1 Kasım 2021.
  • Chen T, The International Law of Recognition: With Special Reference to Practice in Great Britain and the United States, (Frederick a. Praeger, Inc, 1951).
  • Committee on Armed Services, Crisis in the Gulf Region: U.S. Policy Options and Implications, Hearings Before the Committee on Armed Services United States Senate, One Hundred First Congress, Second Session (U.S. Government Printing Office 1990).
  • Dellinger W, ‘Deployment of United States Armed Forces into Haiti, Letter Opinion for Four United States Senators’ (27 September 1994) 173 <https://www.justice.gov/file/20306/download> Erişim Tarihi 17 Ağustos 2021.
  • Dellums v. Bush, 752 F. Supp. 1141 (DDC 1990).
  • Dinstein Y, War, Aggression and Self-Defence (Cambridge University Press, 2011).
  • Edmondson C, ‘In Bipartisan Bid to Restrain Trump, Senate Passes Iran War Powers Resolution’ (The New York Times, 13 February 2020) <https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/13/us/politics/iran-war-powers-trump.html> Erişim Tarihi 17 Ağustos 2021.
  • Elsea JK, Defense Primer: Legal Authorities for the Use of Military Forces’ (2021) Congressional Research Service.
  • Elsea JK, ‘Defense Primer: President’s Constitutional Authority with Regard to the Armed Forces’ (2020) Congressional Research Service.
  • Fisher L, The Law of the Executive Branch: Presidential Power (Oxford University Press, 2014). Fleming v. Page, 50 U.S. 603 (1850).
  • Focarelli C, International Law (Edward Elgar Publishing 2019).
  • Franck TM, ‘Declare War? Congress Can’t’ (The New York Times, 11 Aralık 1990,) <https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/11/opinion/declare-war-congress-cant.html> Erişim Tarihi 16 Ağustos 2021.
  • Gramer R, ‘Trump Cant’t Do That. Can He?’ (Foreign Policy, 17 Ocak 2019) <https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/01/16/trump-cant-do-that-can-he-nato-russia-congress/> Erişim Tarihi 18 Ağustos 2021.
  • Gray C, International Law and the Use of Force (Oxford University Press, 2008).
  • Guilfoyle D, ‘The Gulf of Tonkin Incident – 1964’ in Tom Ruys and Olivier Corten (eds), The use of Force in International Law: A Case-Based Approach (Oxford University Press 2018) 113-14.
  • Hamilton A, ‘Federalist No. 69’ in Michael E. Genovese (eds), Federalist Papers (Palgrave Macmillan 2009) 193-197. Harrison SL ‘Diplomatic Recognition’ (1964) Military Review 87-96.
  • Harmon JM, ‘Presidential Power to Expel Diplomatic Personnel from the United States, Memorandum Opinion for the Deputy Attorney General and the Associate Attorney General’ (4 April 1980), 207 <https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/olc/opinions/1980/04/31/op-olc-v004a-p0207_0.pdf> Erişim Tarihi 31 Ekim 2021.
  • Henkin L, ‘Foreign Affairs and the Constitution’ (1987) 66(2) Foreign Affairs 284-310.
  • Johnson v. Eisentrager, 339 U.S. 763 (1950).
  • Kane T ‘Global U.S. Troops Deployment, 1950-2005’ (2006) the Heritage Center for Data Analysis.
  • Kennedy KC, Conditional Approval of Treaties by the US Senate’ (1996) 19 Loyola Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review 89-172.
  • Lobel J, ‘Conflicts between the Commander in Chief and Congress: Concurrent Power over the Conduct of War’ (2008) 69(3) Ohio State Law Journal 391-468.
  • Makielski DC, ‘Foreign Policy: Can the President Act Alone? Gaps and Conflicts in the Constitutional Grants of Power’ (1996) 1 Richmand Public Interest Law Review 87-100.
  • Monte MD VE Lazarou E, ‘How Congress and President Shape US Foreign Policy’, (2017) European Parliamentary Research Service Briefing.
  • Mulligan SP, ‘International Law and Agreements: Their Effect upon U.S. Law’ (2018) Congressional Research Service.
  • Mulligan SP, ‘Withdrawal from International Agreements: Legal Framework, the Paris Agreement, and the Iran Nuclear Agreement’ (2018) Congressional Research Service.
  • Nelson AE, ‘From Muddled to Medellin: A Legal History of Sole Executive Agreements’, (2009) 51 Arizona Law Review 1035-1068.
  • Powell JH, ‘The President’s Authority over Foreign Affairs: An Executive Branch Perspective’ (1998) 67 The George Washington Law Review 527-576.
  • Prakash S, ‘Exhuming the Seemingly Moribund Declaration of War’ (2008) The George Washington Law Review 89-140.
  • Prakash S, ‘Unleashing the Dog of War: What the Constitution Means by “Declare War”’ (2007) Cornell Law Review 45-122.
  • Prakash SB, The Living Presidency: An Originalist Argument Against ist Ever-Expanding Powers (The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2020).
  • Prakash SB ve Ramsey MD, ‘The Executive Power over Foreign Affairs’, (2001) 111 The Yale Law Journal 231-356. Prize Cases, 67 U.S. 635 (1863).
  • Pub. L. 79-264 AN ACT To provide for the appointment of representatives of the United States in the organs and agencies of the United Nations, and to make other provision with respect to the participation of the United States in such organization, (22 U.S.C. 287d) <https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-1090/pdf/COMPS-1090.pdf> Erişim Tarihi 14 Ağustos 2021.
  • Reinstein RJ, ‘Recognition: A Case Study on the Original Understanding of Executive Power’ (2011) 45 University of Richmond Law Review 801-862.
  • Senator Barry Goldwater et al. v. James Earl Carter, President of the United States et al., No. 79-2246, 617 F.2d 697, 199 (1979) <https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/goldwater-v-carter-617-F.2d-697-1979.pdf> Erişim Tarihi 27 Ağustos 2021.
  • Shaw M, International Law (Cambridge University Press 2008).
  • Supreme Court of the United States, Baker v. Carr, 369 U.S. 186 (1962).
  • Supreme Court of the United States, Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino, 376 U.S. 398 (1964).
  • Supreme Court of the United States, Bas v. Tingy, 4 U.S. 37 (1800).
  • Supreme Court of the United States, Chicago & S. Air Lines, Inc. v. Waterman S.S. Corp., 333 U.S. 103 (1948).
  • Supreme Court of the United States, Fleming v. Page, 50 U.S. 603 (1850).
  • Supreme Court of the United States, Geofroy v. Riggs, 133 U.S. 266 (1890).
  • Supreme Court of the United States, Goldwater v. Carter, 444 U.S. 996 (1979).
  • Supreme Court of the United States, Haver v. Yaker, 76 U.S. 32 (1869).
  • Supreme Court of the United States, Johnson v. Eisentrager, 339 U.S. 763 (1950).
  • Supreme Court of the United States, National City Bank v. Republic of China, 348 U.S. 356 (1955).
  • Supreme Court of the United States, Prize Cases, 67 U.S. 635 (1863).
  • Supreme Court of the United States, United States v. Belmont, 301 U.S. 324 (1939).
  • Supreme Court of the United States, United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp., 299 U.S. 304 (1936).
  • Supreme Court of the United States, United States v. Pink, 315 U.S. 203 (1942).
  • Supreme Court of the United States, Williams v. Suffolk Ins. Co., 38 U.S. 415 (1839).
  • Supreme Court of the United States, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 343 U.S. 579 (1952).
  • Silver C, ‘The Top 25 Economies in the World’, (Investopedia, 24 Aralık 2020) <https://www.investopedia.com/insights/worlds-top-economies/> Erişim Tarihi 19 Haziran 2021. GFP, 2021 Military Strength Ranking <https://www.globalfirepower.com/countries-listing.php> Erişim Tarihi 19 Haziran 2021.
  • Stromseth JE, ‘Rethinking War Powers: Congress, the President and the United Nations’ (1993) 81 The Georgetown Law Journal 597-673.
  • United Nations, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 23 May 1969, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1155.
  • UN Security Council, Security Council resolution 662 (1990) [Iraq-Kuwait], 9 August 1990, S/RES/662 (1990).
  • UN Security Council, Security Council resolution 678 (1990) [Iraq-Kuwait], 29 November 1990, S/RES/678 (1990).
  • UN Security Council, Security Council resolution 940 (1994) [UN Mission in Haiti], 31 July 1994, S/RES/940 (1994).
  • U.S. Department of State, Treaties and International Agreements <https://www.state.gov/policy-issues/treaties-and-international-agreements/> Erişim Tarihi 14 Haziran 2021.
  • U.S. Department of State, ‘Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties’, <https://2009-2017.state.gov/s/l/treaty/faqs/70139.htm#:~:text=No.,on%20the%20law%20of%20treaties.>Erişim Tarihi 20 Haziran 2021.
  • U.S. Department of State, ‘Foreign Affairs Manual and Handbook, 11 F.A.M. 723’ <https://fam.state.gov/fam/11fam/11fam0720.html> Erişim Tarihi 20 Haziran 2021.
  • United States of America Department of State Office of the Historian, ‘U.S. Involvement in the Vietnam War: the Gulf of Tonkin and Escalation’ (1964) <https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/gulf-of-tonkin> Erişim Tarihi 13 Ağustos 2021.
  • Weissman v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co, 112 F. Supp. 420 (S.D. Val. 1953).
  • Yoo JC, ‘The Continuation of Politics by Other Means: The Original Understanding of War Powers’ (1996) California Law Review 167-305.
  • Zengerle P, ‘U.S. Senate upholds Trump veto of ‘insulting’ Iran War Powers Resolution’ (Reuters, 7 May 2020) <https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-congress-idUSKBN22J30A> Erişim Tarihi 17 Ağustos 2021.
  • Zivotofsky v. Secretary of State, 571 F.3d 1231, 7, U.S. App. D.C. (2009) <https://www.cadc.uscourts.gov/internet/opinions.nsf/17EEECBA92C867D5852578070046747A/$file/07-5347-1195643.pdf> Erişim Tarihi 13 Haziran 2021.
There are 76 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Law in Context
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Cüneyt Yüksel 0000-0001-8580-6967

Kaan Erdoğan 0000-0002-9920-2328

Publication Date June 29, 2022
Submission Date November 2, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 42 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Yüksel, C., & Erdoğan, K. (2022). Uluslararası Hukuk Bağlamında Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Başkanı’nın Dış Politika ve Savaş Yetkileri. Public and Private International Law Bulletin, 42(1), 293-332. https://doi.org/10.26650/ppil.2022.42.1.1017565
AMA Yüksel C, Erdoğan K. Uluslararası Hukuk Bağlamında Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Başkanı’nın Dış Politika ve Savaş Yetkileri. PPIL. June 2022;42(1):293-332. doi:10.26650/ppil.2022.42.1.1017565
Chicago Yüksel, Cüneyt, and Kaan Erdoğan. “Uluslararası Hukuk Bağlamında Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Başkanı’nın Dış Politika Ve Savaş Yetkileri”. Public and Private International Law Bulletin 42, no. 1 (June 2022): 293-332. https://doi.org/10.26650/ppil.2022.42.1.1017565.
EndNote Yüksel C, Erdoğan K (June 1, 2022) Uluslararası Hukuk Bağlamında Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Başkanı’nın Dış Politika ve Savaş Yetkileri. Public and Private International Law Bulletin 42 1 293–332.
IEEE C. Yüksel and K. Erdoğan, “Uluslararası Hukuk Bağlamında Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Başkanı’nın Dış Politika ve Savaş Yetkileri”, PPIL, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 293–332, 2022, doi: 10.26650/ppil.2022.42.1.1017565.
ISNAD Yüksel, Cüneyt - Erdoğan, Kaan. “Uluslararası Hukuk Bağlamında Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Başkanı’nın Dış Politika Ve Savaş Yetkileri”. Public and Private International Law Bulletin 42/1 (June 2022), 293-332. https://doi.org/10.26650/ppil.2022.42.1.1017565.
JAMA Yüksel C, Erdoğan K. Uluslararası Hukuk Bağlamında Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Başkanı’nın Dış Politika ve Savaş Yetkileri. PPIL. 2022;42:293–332.
MLA Yüksel, Cüneyt and Kaan Erdoğan. “Uluslararası Hukuk Bağlamında Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Başkanı’nın Dış Politika Ve Savaş Yetkileri”. Public and Private International Law Bulletin, vol. 42, no. 1, 2022, pp. 293-32, doi:10.26650/ppil.2022.42.1.1017565.
Vancouver Yüksel C, Erdoğan K. Uluslararası Hukuk Bağlamında Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Başkanı’nın Dış Politika ve Savaş Yetkileri. PPIL. 2022;42(1):293-332.