Uluslararası Hukuk Bağlamında Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Başkanı’nın Dış Politika ve Savaş Yetkileri

Year 2022, Volume: 42 Issue: 1, 293 - 332, 29.06.2022

Cüneyt Yüksel , Kaan Erdoğan

https://doi.org/10.26650/ppil.2022.42.1.1017565

Abstract

Çalışmanın konusunu ABD Başkanı’nın dış politikanın yönetilmesine ilişkin yetkilerinin uluslararası hukuk, ABD Anayasası, ilgili mevzuat ve yargı kararları çerçevesinde değerlendirilmesi oluşturmaktadır. ABD’de yürütme erki olarak devlet başkanının dış ilişkilerin yürütülmesinde hükümetin temel organı olarak görevlendirilmesi öngörülmüştür. Öte yandan dış ilişkilerin yürütülmesi çerçevesinde değerlendirilen yetkilere dair kapsamlı bir düzenlemenin mevcut olmayışı tarih boyunca ABD Başkanı ile Kongre arasında söz konusu yetkilerin nasıl paylaşılması gerektiği hususunda tartışmalara yol açmıştır. İki bölümden oluşan çalışmada öncelikle uluslararası hukuk bağlamında devlet başkanının dış politika yetkilerinden diplomatik tanıma ile uluslararası antlaşma akdetme ve bu antlaşmaları sona erdirmeye ilişkin yetkileri irdelenmektedir. Tanıma meselesi özellikle yeni bir uluslararası hukuk kişisiyle diplomatik ilişkilerin başlatılması yahut önemli bir değişim sonrası bir devletin bu değişime dair kanaatinin netleştirilmesinde gündeme gelmektedir. Uluslararası antlaşmalar ise günümüzde devletlerin belirli konularda kurallar meydana getirmek amacıyla sıklıkla başvurduğu ve taraf olan devletler açısından bağlayıcılık taşıması nedeniyle özellikle önem arz eden bir dış politika aracı olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Çalışmanın ikinci bölümünde ise başkomutan olarak devlet başkanının savaş ve yurt dışındaki askeri operasyonlara dair yetkileri değerlendirilmektedir. Birleşmiş Milletler Antlaşması ile devletlerin kuvvet kullanması yahut kuvvet kullanma tehdidinde bulunması kural olarak yasaklanmışsa da bu yasağa ilişkin istisnalara da yer verilmiştir. Bu doğrultuda devletlerin Birleşmiş Milletler Antlaşması’nın 7. Bölümü’nde düzenlenen kolektif güvenlik normları uyarınca yahut 51. maddede yer verilen meşru müdafaa haklarına dayanarak silahlı kuvvetlerini üçüncü ülkelerde görevlendirdiği bilinmektedir. Her ne kadar ABD’de savaş ilan etme yetkisi Anayasa ile Kongre’ye tanınmışsa da uygulamada devlet başkanının yürütme erki ve başkomutanlık sıfatlarına dayanarak bu alandaki yetkilerini geniş yorumladığı gözlemlenmektedir.

Keywords

ABD devlet başkanı, dış politika, dış ilişkiler, uluslararası hukuk, savaş yetkileri

The Foreign Policy and War Powers of the President of the United States of America from the Perspective of International Law

Abstract

This article concerns the evaluation of the powers of the US President apropos the foreign policy administration within the framework of international law, the U.S. Constitution, relevant legislation, and judicial decisions. The president of the United States represents executive power and is authorized to conduct foreign affairs as the principal government organ. Conversely, the absence of a comprehensive directive about the powers encompassed by the framework of the performance of foreign relations has caused discussions throughout history on the basis of the division of such powers between the president and Congress. The first part of this bipartite research examines diplomatic recognition, which is considered an implicit power of the president. The paper then investigates the allocation of power vis-à-vis the finalization of treaties and other international agreements as well as decisions to withdraw from them. The issue of recognition matters specifically when a state establishes diplomatic relations with an entity that has recently attained legal international personality. Nevertheless, treaties are often used as foreign policy tools because they allow states to stipulate binding rules. The second part of this study addresses the war powers and the management of overseas military operations within the ambit of the authority of the president as the nation’s Commander-in-Chief. The United Nations Charter in principle prohibits states to use force or threaten to use force. Nevertheless, exceptions to this prohibition are also stipulated through collective security norms inscribed in Chapter 7 and the acknowledgment of the inherent right of countries to self-defense in Article 51. The US Constitution grants Congress the power to declare war; in practice, however, presidents broadly construe their powers in this domain based on their executive authority and the title of Commander-in-Chief.

Keywords

US president, foreign policy, foreign affairs, international law, war powers

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