Research Article
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Year 2020, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 7 - 22, 30.01.2020

Abstract

References

  • Armstrong, G. (1998). Football Hooligans: Knowing the Score. Berg Publisher Ltd.
  • Armstrong, G., Young, M. (1999). Fanatical Football Chants: Creating and Controlling the Carnival". Culture, Sport Society. 2 (3): 173-211.
  • Arnett, R. C. (1999). Metaphorical Guidance: Administration as building and renovation. Journal of Educational Administration, 37(1), 80-89.
  • Argan, M, Yetim, G., Ozgen, C., Maraşlı, Y. (2017). Tell Me Your Sport Branch and I Will Tell You What Metaphor You Mean: A Study On University Students in Eskisehir, Turkey. 4. International Sport Science Tourism and Recreation Student Congress.
  • Argan, M, Özgen, C., Yetim, G., Çakır, K.D. (2018). Futbol Haberlerine İlişkin Metaforlar: Türkiye'deki Gazetelere Yönelik İçerik Analizi [Metaphors Related to Football News: Content Analysis on the Newspapers in Turkey]. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 6 (71) 34-42.
  • Arıkan, Y. (2007). Futbolda Şiddet ve Polis [Violence and Police in Football]. Polis Bilimleri Dergisi, 9 (1-4): 109-132.
  • Augé, M. (1995). Non-places: Introduction to an Anthropology of Super Modernity. (J. Howe, Trans.). London: Verso.
  • Becker, G. (1997). Disrupted lives, University of California Press, Los Angeles, CA.
  • Bektaş, F., Beyazoğlu, G., Yıldıran, İ., Yılmaz, İ. (2013). Exploring the Perceptions of the Volunteers for the 2011 European Youth Olympics through Metaphors. Niğde University Journal of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, 7(2), 194-205.
  • Breazeale, D. (1979). (ed.) Philosophy and Truth: Selections from Nietzsche's Notebooks of the Early 1870s. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 79-97.
  • Bokeno, R. M. (2009). An Alternative Sports Metaphor for Understanding Teamwork as Complex: Soccer. Emergence: Complexity and Organization, 11(2), 79.
  • Botha, E. (2009). Why metaphor matters in education. South African Journal of Education, 29(4), 431-444.
  • Bry, J., Holt, A.M. (2006). A Historical Overview of Sports and Media in the United States. in Handbook of Sports and Media ed. Arthur A. Raney and Jennings Bryant, Routledge Handbooks Online.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö.E., Karadeniz, Ş., Demirel, F. (2016). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri [Scientific Research Methods]. Pegem Akademi: Ankara.
  • Caudwell, J. (2011). ‘Does Your Boyfriend Know You’re Here?’ The Spatiality of Homophobia in Men’s Football Culture in the UK. Leisure Studies, 30 (2): 123-138.
  • Clark, T. (2006). ‘I’m Scrunthorpe “til I die”’: Constructing and (Re) Negotiating Identity through the Terrace Chant. Soccer and Society, 7 (4): 494-507.
  • Collinson, I. (2009). Singing Songs, Making Places, Creating Selves: Football Songs & Fan Identity at Sydney FC. Transforming Culturese Journal, 4(1).
  • Constantin, P.N. (2015). War and Peace in the Romanian Football: The Historical Evolution of Sport Metaphors. Romanian Cultural History Review Supplement of Brukenthal. Acta Musei, 901-907.
  • Dick, S. (2009). Homophobic Hate Crime: The Gay British Crime Survey 2008. Stonewall.
  • Dickmeyer, N. (1989). Metaphor, Model, and Theory in Education Research. Teachers College Record, 91 (2): 151-160.
  • Gaffney, C., Bale, J. (2004). Sensing the Stadium. In P. Vertinsky & J. Bale (Eds.), Sites of Sport: Space, Place, Experience (pp. 25-37). London: Routledge.
  • Gibbs Jr, R. W., Lima, P. L. C., Francozo, E. (2004). Metaphor is grounded in embodied experience. Journal of Pragmatics, 36(7), 1189-1210.
  • Goudas, M., Giannoudis, G. (2008). A team-sports-based life-skills program in a physical education context. Learning and instruction, 18(6), 528-536.
  • Johnson, M. (1998). Metaphor, Encyclopedia of Aesthetics. Oxford University Press, New York.
  • Karakaya, E.D., Salici, O. (2015). Isparta’da Öğrenim Gören 11-13 Yaş Gurubu Öğrencilerin Popüler Spor Branşları Hakkındaki Metaforik Algılarının Belirlenmesi [Determination of the Metaphorical Perceptions About the Popular Sports Branches of the 11-13 Age Group Students Studying in Isparta]. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research 2(3), 1059-1076.
  • Kesić, D., Muhić, Е. (2013). Sports in Metaphor and Metaphor in Sports. Sport Logia, 9(1), 28-33.
  • Kurtipek, S., Çelik, O.B., Yılmaz, B., Yenel, İ.F. (2016). Determination of the Thoughts of National Team Athletes on the Concept of Doping: A Study of Metaphor Analysis. Niğde University Journal of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, 10(2), 318-327.
  • Koç, M., Murathan, F., Murathan, T. (2015). İlköğretim 7. Sınıf Öğrencilerinin Spor Kavramına İlişkin Algıları [The Perceptions of 7th Grade Primary School Students about Sport Concept]. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3(9), 294-303.
  • Lakoff, G., Johnson, M. (2008). Metaphors we live by. University of Chicago press, London.
  • Lipsyte, R. (1975), Sportsworld: An American Dreamland, Quadrangle Books, New York.
  • Livermore, R., Millward, P. (2004). Using Sport as a Vehicle to Help Build a Pan-European Identity. Conference Paper Presented at Europe in the World Centre International Workshop, University of Liverpool.
  • Lukacs, J. (1968). Historical Consciousness. New York: Harper Row, 7.
  • Miles, M.B. &Huberman, A.M. (1994). Qualitative Data Analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Modell, A. (2009). Metaphor: The Bridge Between Feelings And Knowledge. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 29(1), 6–11.
  • Nietzsche, F. W., Colli, G., & Montinari, M. (1988). Sämtliche Werke Kritische Studienausgabe in 15 Bänden.
  • Morgan, G. (1998). Yönetim ve Örgüt Teorilerinde Metefor [Metaphor in Management and Organization Theories]. MESS Yayinlari, İstanbul.Nur, İ.H. (2013). Mesnevi’de Hayvan Karakterleri (Metaforları)[Animal Characters in Masnavi (Metaphors)]. AVKAE Dergisi, 3 (1): 18-30.
  • Offstein, E. H., Neck, C.P. (2003). From "Acting The Test" To" Touching Base": The Sports Metaphor In The Classroom. Business Communication Quarterly, 66(4), 23-35.
  • Oxford, R.L., Tomlinson, S., Barcelos, A., Harrington, C., Lavine, R. Z., Saleh, A., Longhini, A. (1998). Clashing Metaphors About Classroom Teachers: Toward A Systematic Typology For The Language Teaching Field. System, 26(1), 3-50.
  • Özgen, C., Argan, M. (2017). The Mediator Effect of Team Identification in Relationship Between Attitudinal Loyalty and Behavioral Loyalty: A Study on Soccer Fans in Turkey. Sport & Society, 45-54.
  • Özsoy, S. (2011). Spor Gazetelerinin Başlıklarında Militarist ve Şiddet İçerikli Metaforlar [Militaristic and Violent Metaphors in Sports Journal’s Titles]. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 1(1), 456-464.
  • Palmatier, R.A., Ray, H. L. (1989). Sports talk: A dictionary of sports metaphors. Greenwood Pub Group, Westport.
  • Parsons, M. (2010). Interpreting Art through Metaphors. Journal of Art and Design Education, 29 (3), 228-235.
  • Robson, G. (2004). ‘No One Likes Us, and We Don’t Care’: The Myth and Reality of Millwall Fandom. Berg Publishers.
  • Russell, G.W. (2008). Aggression in the Sports World: A Social Psychological Perspective. Oxford University Press.
  • Segrave, J.O. (1994). The perfect 10: Sport speak” in the language of sexual relations. Sociology of Sport Journal, 11(2), 95-113.
  • Segrave, J.O. (2000), The sports metaphor in American cultural discourse, Culture, Sport Society, 3(1), 48-60.
  • Schoonderwoerd, P. (2011). ‘Shall We Sing a Song for You?’: Mediation, Migration and Identity in Football Chants and Fandom. Soccer &Society, 12 (1): 120-141.
  • Smith, B., Sparkes, A. (2004), “Men, sport, and spinal cord injury: An analysis of metaphors and narrative types”, Disability & Society, 19(6), 613-626.
  • Silk, M.L. (2008). "Mow My Lawn". Cultural Studies: Critical Methodologies, 8 (4): 477-478.
  • Şirin, E. F., Bektaş, F., Karaman, G., Aytan, G. K. (2012). Rafting Participants' metaphoric Perceptions Concerning the Concept of Rafting. Journal of Physical Education and Sports Science/Beden Egitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(2), 1-10.
  • Tsiotsou, R.H. (2013). Sport Team Loyalty: Integrating Relationship Marketing and a Hierarchy of Effects. Journal of Services Marketing, 27 (6): 458-471.
  • Turner, V. (1982). From Ritual to Theatre: The Human Seriousness of Play. Paj Publications.
  • Yetim, G. (2014). Boş Zaman İlgileniminin Boş Zaman Tatmini ve Sadakati Üzerine Etkisi: Eskişehir'deki Fitnes Merkezleri Üzerine Araştırma [The Influence of Leisure Time on Leisure Satisfaction and Loyalty: Research on Fitness Centers in Eskişehir]. Anadolu Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü- Yüksek Lisans Tezi [Anadolu University, Institute of Health Sciences - Master Thesis].
  • Yetim, G., Argan, M. (2018). Boş Zaman İlgilenim Faktörleri ile Fitness Merkezine Yönelik Tatmin ve Sadakat Arasındaki İlişki [The Relationship Between Leisure Time Factors and Fitness Center Satisfaction and Loyalty]. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18 (1): 49-62.Yetim, G., Bidil, S., Argan, M. (2018). The Meeting Point of Feather and Ball: A Metaphor Analysis. International Congress of Recreation and Sport Management, 39-40.
  • Yildirim, A., Simşek, H. (2013). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri [Qualitative research methods in the social sciences]. Seçkin Yayincilik: Ankara.

You’ll Never Walk without Metaphor: A Study on the Football Chants

Year 2020, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 7 - 22, 30.01.2020

Abstract

Team chants play out a significant role in such sports as football where an intense competition prevails. The lyrics of chants are of great importance for fans to be able to remember them and reflect the powerful emotions carried for their team. That’s why, the metaphors used in team chants are pivotal. Because metaphors help individuals surface their perceptions against phenomena. The purpose of this study is to determine the metaphors used in the chants of football teams. For this purpose, it was examined through content analysis 84 chants composed for 13 Super League Teams, which they were selected using criterion sampling, one of the techniques of purposive sampling.  The metaphors detected upon listening and reading the lyrics of chants one by one were entered to the SPSS 23 program, then frequency and percentage analyses were performed. Subsequently, the metaphors used in the chants of all teams were categorized by their common characteristics. In total, 526 metaphors were determined within the chants of all teams under consideration. Each metaphor was examined and added in the analyses. Through the analyses of all metaphors at hand, it is determined that the metaphors of “heart” and “love” excel over the others.  The most frequently used metaphors for all teams fall in six categories as “passion”, “power”, “nature”, “symbol”, “life”, and “fanatic”. It is seen that especially the metaphors in the passion category are used more frequently in chants. This way, the fans are able to convey their vigorous emotions for their team. In conclusion, it is assumed that the intensity of emotions in chants is supported by metaphors in order to leave a mark and stick in the mind in the most influential way.

References

  • Armstrong, G. (1998). Football Hooligans: Knowing the Score. Berg Publisher Ltd.
  • Armstrong, G., Young, M. (1999). Fanatical Football Chants: Creating and Controlling the Carnival". Culture, Sport Society. 2 (3): 173-211.
  • Arnett, R. C. (1999). Metaphorical Guidance: Administration as building and renovation. Journal of Educational Administration, 37(1), 80-89.
  • Argan, M, Yetim, G., Ozgen, C., Maraşlı, Y. (2017). Tell Me Your Sport Branch and I Will Tell You What Metaphor You Mean: A Study On University Students in Eskisehir, Turkey. 4. International Sport Science Tourism and Recreation Student Congress.
  • Argan, M, Özgen, C., Yetim, G., Çakır, K.D. (2018). Futbol Haberlerine İlişkin Metaforlar: Türkiye'deki Gazetelere Yönelik İçerik Analizi [Metaphors Related to Football News: Content Analysis on the Newspapers in Turkey]. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 6 (71) 34-42.
  • Arıkan, Y. (2007). Futbolda Şiddet ve Polis [Violence and Police in Football]. Polis Bilimleri Dergisi, 9 (1-4): 109-132.
  • Augé, M. (1995). Non-places: Introduction to an Anthropology of Super Modernity. (J. Howe, Trans.). London: Verso.
  • Becker, G. (1997). Disrupted lives, University of California Press, Los Angeles, CA.
  • Bektaş, F., Beyazoğlu, G., Yıldıran, İ., Yılmaz, İ. (2013). Exploring the Perceptions of the Volunteers for the 2011 European Youth Olympics through Metaphors. Niğde University Journal of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, 7(2), 194-205.
  • Breazeale, D. (1979). (ed.) Philosophy and Truth: Selections from Nietzsche's Notebooks of the Early 1870s. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 79-97.
  • Bokeno, R. M. (2009). An Alternative Sports Metaphor for Understanding Teamwork as Complex: Soccer. Emergence: Complexity and Organization, 11(2), 79.
  • Botha, E. (2009). Why metaphor matters in education. South African Journal of Education, 29(4), 431-444.
  • Bry, J., Holt, A.M. (2006). A Historical Overview of Sports and Media in the United States. in Handbook of Sports and Media ed. Arthur A. Raney and Jennings Bryant, Routledge Handbooks Online.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö.E., Karadeniz, Ş., Demirel, F. (2016). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri [Scientific Research Methods]. Pegem Akademi: Ankara.
  • Caudwell, J. (2011). ‘Does Your Boyfriend Know You’re Here?’ The Spatiality of Homophobia in Men’s Football Culture in the UK. Leisure Studies, 30 (2): 123-138.
  • Clark, T. (2006). ‘I’m Scrunthorpe “til I die”’: Constructing and (Re) Negotiating Identity through the Terrace Chant. Soccer and Society, 7 (4): 494-507.
  • Collinson, I. (2009). Singing Songs, Making Places, Creating Selves: Football Songs & Fan Identity at Sydney FC. Transforming Culturese Journal, 4(1).
  • Constantin, P.N. (2015). War and Peace in the Romanian Football: The Historical Evolution of Sport Metaphors. Romanian Cultural History Review Supplement of Brukenthal. Acta Musei, 901-907.
  • Dick, S. (2009). Homophobic Hate Crime: The Gay British Crime Survey 2008. Stonewall.
  • Dickmeyer, N. (1989). Metaphor, Model, and Theory in Education Research. Teachers College Record, 91 (2): 151-160.
  • Gaffney, C., Bale, J. (2004). Sensing the Stadium. In P. Vertinsky & J. Bale (Eds.), Sites of Sport: Space, Place, Experience (pp. 25-37). London: Routledge.
  • Gibbs Jr, R. W., Lima, P. L. C., Francozo, E. (2004). Metaphor is grounded in embodied experience. Journal of Pragmatics, 36(7), 1189-1210.
  • Goudas, M., Giannoudis, G. (2008). A team-sports-based life-skills program in a physical education context. Learning and instruction, 18(6), 528-536.
  • Johnson, M. (1998). Metaphor, Encyclopedia of Aesthetics. Oxford University Press, New York.
  • Karakaya, E.D., Salici, O. (2015). Isparta’da Öğrenim Gören 11-13 Yaş Gurubu Öğrencilerin Popüler Spor Branşları Hakkındaki Metaforik Algılarının Belirlenmesi [Determination of the Metaphorical Perceptions About the Popular Sports Branches of the 11-13 Age Group Students Studying in Isparta]. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research 2(3), 1059-1076.
  • Kesić, D., Muhić, Е. (2013). Sports in Metaphor and Metaphor in Sports. Sport Logia, 9(1), 28-33.
  • Kurtipek, S., Çelik, O.B., Yılmaz, B., Yenel, İ.F. (2016). Determination of the Thoughts of National Team Athletes on the Concept of Doping: A Study of Metaphor Analysis. Niğde University Journal of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, 10(2), 318-327.
  • Koç, M., Murathan, F., Murathan, T. (2015). İlköğretim 7. Sınıf Öğrencilerinin Spor Kavramına İlişkin Algıları [The Perceptions of 7th Grade Primary School Students about Sport Concept]. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3(9), 294-303.
  • Lakoff, G., Johnson, M. (2008). Metaphors we live by. University of Chicago press, London.
  • Lipsyte, R. (1975), Sportsworld: An American Dreamland, Quadrangle Books, New York.
  • Livermore, R., Millward, P. (2004). Using Sport as a Vehicle to Help Build a Pan-European Identity. Conference Paper Presented at Europe in the World Centre International Workshop, University of Liverpool.
  • Lukacs, J. (1968). Historical Consciousness. New York: Harper Row, 7.
  • Miles, M.B. &Huberman, A.M. (1994). Qualitative Data Analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Modell, A. (2009). Metaphor: The Bridge Between Feelings And Knowledge. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 29(1), 6–11.
  • Nietzsche, F. W., Colli, G., & Montinari, M. (1988). Sämtliche Werke Kritische Studienausgabe in 15 Bänden.
  • Morgan, G. (1998). Yönetim ve Örgüt Teorilerinde Metefor [Metaphor in Management and Organization Theories]. MESS Yayinlari, İstanbul.Nur, İ.H. (2013). Mesnevi’de Hayvan Karakterleri (Metaforları)[Animal Characters in Masnavi (Metaphors)]. AVKAE Dergisi, 3 (1): 18-30.
  • Offstein, E. H., Neck, C.P. (2003). From "Acting The Test" To" Touching Base": The Sports Metaphor In The Classroom. Business Communication Quarterly, 66(4), 23-35.
  • Oxford, R.L., Tomlinson, S., Barcelos, A., Harrington, C., Lavine, R. Z., Saleh, A., Longhini, A. (1998). Clashing Metaphors About Classroom Teachers: Toward A Systematic Typology For The Language Teaching Field. System, 26(1), 3-50.
  • Özgen, C., Argan, M. (2017). The Mediator Effect of Team Identification in Relationship Between Attitudinal Loyalty and Behavioral Loyalty: A Study on Soccer Fans in Turkey. Sport & Society, 45-54.
  • Özsoy, S. (2011). Spor Gazetelerinin Başlıklarında Militarist ve Şiddet İçerikli Metaforlar [Militaristic and Violent Metaphors in Sports Journal’s Titles]. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 1(1), 456-464.
  • Palmatier, R.A., Ray, H. L. (1989). Sports talk: A dictionary of sports metaphors. Greenwood Pub Group, Westport.
  • Parsons, M. (2010). Interpreting Art through Metaphors. Journal of Art and Design Education, 29 (3), 228-235.
  • Robson, G. (2004). ‘No One Likes Us, and We Don’t Care’: The Myth and Reality of Millwall Fandom. Berg Publishers.
  • Russell, G.W. (2008). Aggression in the Sports World: A Social Psychological Perspective. Oxford University Press.
  • Segrave, J.O. (1994). The perfect 10: Sport speak” in the language of sexual relations. Sociology of Sport Journal, 11(2), 95-113.
  • Segrave, J.O. (2000), The sports metaphor in American cultural discourse, Culture, Sport Society, 3(1), 48-60.
  • Schoonderwoerd, P. (2011). ‘Shall We Sing a Song for You?’: Mediation, Migration and Identity in Football Chants and Fandom. Soccer &Society, 12 (1): 120-141.
  • Smith, B., Sparkes, A. (2004), “Men, sport, and spinal cord injury: An analysis of metaphors and narrative types”, Disability & Society, 19(6), 613-626.
  • Silk, M.L. (2008). "Mow My Lawn". Cultural Studies: Critical Methodologies, 8 (4): 477-478.
  • Şirin, E. F., Bektaş, F., Karaman, G., Aytan, G. K. (2012). Rafting Participants' metaphoric Perceptions Concerning the Concept of Rafting. Journal of Physical Education and Sports Science/Beden Egitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(2), 1-10.
  • Tsiotsou, R.H. (2013). Sport Team Loyalty: Integrating Relationship Marketing and a Hierarchy of Effects. Journal of Services Marketing, 27 (6): 458-471.
  • Turner, V. (1982). From Ritual to Theatre: The Human Seriousness of Play. Paj Publications.
  • Yetim, G. (2014). Boş Zaman İlgileniminin Boş Zaman Tatmini ve Sadakati Üzerine Etkisi: Eskişehir'deki Fitnes Merkezleri Üzerine Araştırma [The Influence of Leisure Time on Leisure Satisfaction and Loyalty: Research on Fitness Centers in Eskişehir]. Anadolu Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü- Yüksek Lisans Tezi [Anadolu University, Institute of Health Sciences - Master Thesis].
  • Yetim, G., Argan, M. (2018). Boş Zaman İlgilenim Faktörleri ile Fitness Merkezine Yönelik Tatmin ve Sadakat Arasındaki İlişki [The Relationship Between Leisure Time Factors and Fitness Center Satisfaction and Loyalty]. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18 (1): 49-62.Yetim, G., Bidil, S., Argan, M. (2018). The Meeting Point of Feather and Ball: A Metaphor Analysis. International Congress of Recreation and Sport Management, 39-40.
  • Yildirim, A., Simşek, H. (2013). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri [Qualitative research methods in the social sciences]. Seçkin Yayincilik: Ankara.
There are 55 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section SPORT MANAGEMENT
Authors

Sabri Kaya

Metin Argan

Caner Özgen

Gözde Yetim

Büşra İlbars This is me

Publication Date January 30, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 11 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Kaya, S., Argan, M., Özgen, C., Yetim, G., et al. (2020). You’ll Never Walk without Metaphor: A Study on the Football Chants. Pamukkale Journal of Sport Sciences, 11(1), 7-22.