Research Article
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Year 2021, , 37 - 50, 30.03.2021

Bayram Z. Erdogan Bulent Aydın Deniz Kırmızı

https://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2021.1392

Abstract

References

  • Aaker, D. A. (1991). Managing brand equity - capitalizing on the value of a brand name. New York: The Free Press.
  • Ahmed, Z. U., Johnson, J. P., Pei Ling, C., Wai Fang, T., & Kah Hui, A. (2002). Country-of-origin and brand effects on consumers' evaluations of cruise lines.International Marketing Review, 19(3), 279-302.
  • Akkaya, E. (1999). Marka imajı ve bileşenleri: otomobil sektöründe bir uygulama. 4. Ulusal Pazarlama Kongresi (s. 101-111). Antakya-Hatay: Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi.
  • Al-Sulaiti, K., & Baker, M. (1998). Country of origin effects: a literature review. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 16, s. 150-199.
  • Asil, H., & Kaya, İ. (2013). Türk tüketicilerin etnosentrik eğilimlerinin belirlenmesi üzerine bir araştırma. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 42, s. 113-132.
  • Barich, H., & Kotler, P. (1991). A framework for marketing image management. Sloan Management Review (94), 94-104.
  • Bilkey, W., & Nes, E. (1982). Country of origin effects on product evaluations. Journal of International Business Studies, (Spring/Summer) s. 89-99.
  • Bilkey, W., & Nes, E. (1982). Country of origin effects on product evaluations. Journal of International Business Studies, (Spring/Summer) s. 89-99.
  • Bruning, E. (1997). Country of origin, national loyalty and product choice: the case of international air travel. International Marketing Review, 14, s. 59-74.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi El Kitabı (16. baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Cole, D.A. (1987). Utility of confirmatory factor analysis in test validation research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 1019-1031.
  • Darren, G., & Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference 11.0 update. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
  • Diamantopoulos, A., Schlegelmilch, B., & Palihawadana, D. (2011). The relationship between country-of-origin image and brand image as drivers of purchase intentions: a test of alternative perspectives. International Marketing Review, 28(5), 508-524.
  • Dinnie, K. (2003). Country of origin 1965-2004: a literature review. Journal of Consumer Behavior.
  • Dobni, D., & Zinkhan, G. M. (1990). In search of brand image: a foundation analysis. Advances in Consumer Research, s. 110-119.
  • Elliott, G. R., & Cameron, R. C. (1994). Consumer perception of product quality and the country-of-origin effect. Journal of international Marketing, 49-62.
  • Eng, T. Y., Ozdemir, S., & Michelson, G. (2016). Brand origin and country of production congruity: Evidence from the UK and China. Journal of Business Research, 69(12), 5703-5711.
  • Erdoğan, B.Z., & Uzkurt, C. (2010). Effects of ethnocentric tendecy on consumers' perception of product attitudes for foreign and domestic products. Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, 17, s. 393-406.
  • Essoussi, L., & Merunka, D. (2007). Consumers' product evaluations in emerging markets: does country of design, country of manufacture, or brand image matter? International Marketing Review, 24(4), 409-426.
  • Fakharmanesh, S., & Miyandehi, R. G. (2013). The purchase of foreign products: The role of brand image, ethnocentrism and animosity: Iran market evidence. Iranian Journal of Management Studies, 6(1), 147.
  • Felzensztein, C., & Dinnie, K. (2006). The effects of country of origin on UK consumers' perceptions of imported wines. Journal of Food Products Marketing, 11(4), 109-117.
  • Good, L. K., & Huddleston, P. (1995). Ethnocentrism of Polish and Russian consumers: are feelings and intentions related. International Marketing Review, 12(5), 35-48.
  • Han, M. (1989). Country image: halo or summary construct. Journal of Marketing Research, 26, s. 222-229.
  • Han, M. (1990). Testing the role of country image in consumer choice behaviour. European Journal of Marketing, 24, s. 24-40.
  • He, J., & Wang, C. L. (2015). Cultural identity and consumer ethnocentrism impacts on preference and purchase of domestic versus import brands: An empirical study in China. Journal of Business Research, 68(6), 1225-1233.
  • Herche, J. (1994). Ethnocentric tendencies, marketing strategy and import purchase behaviour. International Marketing Review, 11, s. 4-16.
  • Herche, J. (1994). Ethnocentric tendencies, marketing strategy and import purchase behaviour. International Marketing Review, 11, s. 4-16.
  • Heslop, L. A., & Papadopoulos, N. (1993). But who knows where or when: Reflections on the images of countries and their products. Product-country images: Impact and role in international marketing, 39-75.
  • Hinner, M. (2010). Stereotyping and the country-of-origin effect. China Media Research, 6, s. 47-57.
  • Huddleston, P., Good, L. K., & Stoel, L. (2001). Consumer ethnocentrism, product necessity and Polish consumers' perceptions of quality. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 29 (5), s. 236-246.
  • Insch, A., Williams, S., & Knight, J. G. (2015). Managerial perceptions of country-of-origin: an emprical study of New Zealand food manufacturers. Journal of Food Products Marketing, s. 1-17.
  • Johansson, J. K. (1989). Determinants and effects of the use of "made in" labels. International Marketing Review, 6, s. 47-58.
  • Kalaycı, Ş. (2006). SPSS Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistik Teknikleri (2. baskı). Ankara: Asil Yayın.
  • Kapferer, J. N. (2008). The new strategic brand management. London; Philadelphia: Kogan Page.
  • Kaynak, E. and Kara, A. (2002), ‘‘Consumer perceptions of foreign products’’, European Journal ofMarketing, Vol. 36 Nos 7/8, pp. 928-949.
  • Kinra, N. (2006). The effect of country-of-origin on foreign brand names in the Indian market. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 24(1), 15-30.
  • Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2. baskı). New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Kotler, P. H. (1991). Marketing management: analysis, planning and control (8. Baskı b.). Englewood Cliffs: NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
  • Koubaa, Y. (2008). Country of origin, brand image perception, and brand image structure. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 20(2), 139-155.
  • Lampert, S. I., & Jaffe, E. D. (1998). A dynamic approach to country-of-origin effect. European Journal of Marketing, 32 (1/2), s. 61-78.
  • Lee, D., & Ganesh, G. (1999). Effects of partitioned country image in the context of brand image and familiarity: A categorization theory perspective. International Marketing Review, 16(1), 18-41.
  • Lin, L. Y., & Chen, C. S. (2006). The influence of the country-of-origin image, product knowledge and product involvement on consumer purchase decisions: an empirical study of insurance and catering services in Taiwan. Journal of consumer Marketing, 23(5), 248-265.
  • Lu Wang, C., & Xiong Chen, Z. (2004). Consumer ethnocentrism and willingness to buy domestic products in a developing country setting: testing moderating effects. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 21(6), 391-400.
  • Maher, A. A., & Carter, L. L. (2011). The affective and cognitive components of country image: Perceptions of American products in Kuwait. International Marketing Review, 28(6), 559-580.
  • Maronick, T. J. (1995). An emprical investigation of consumer perceptions of "Made in USA" claims. International Marketing Review, 12, s.15-31.
  • Martin, I. M., & Eroglu, S. (1993). Measuring a multi-dimensional construct: country image. Journal of business research, 28(3), 191-210.
  • Martinez, T. L., Ibanez, J. A., & Garcia, S. d. (2000). Consumer ethnocentrism measurement- An assessment of the reliability and validity of the CETSCALE in Spain. European Journal of Marketing, 34 (11/12), s. 1353-1374.
  • Meydan, C. H. & Şeşen, H., 2015. Yapısal eşitlik modellemesi AMOS uygulamaları. 2. dü. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Moon, B. J., & Jain, S. C. (2002). Consumer processing of foreign advertisements: roles of country-of-origin perceptions, consumer ethnocentrism, and country attitude. International Business Review, 11(2), 117-138.
  • Morello, G. (1983). The 'made in' issue a comparative research on the image of domestic and foreign products. Researchmemorandum, 18.
  • Nagashima, A. (1970). A comparison of Japaneseand US attitudestowardforeignproducts. TheJournal of Marketing, 68-74.
  • Nagashima, A. (1977). A comparative "made in" product image survey among Japanese businessmen. Journal of Marketing, 41, s. 95-100.
  • Nebenzahl, I. D.,Jaffe, E. D., &Lampert, S. I. (1997). Towards a theory of country image effect on product evaluation. MIR: Management International Review, 27-49.
  • Özçelik, D. G., & Torlak, Ö. (2011). Marka kişiliği algısı ile etnosentrik eğilimler arasındaki ilişki: LEVIS ve MAVİ JEANS üzerine bir uygulama. Ege Akademik Bakış, 11(3), s. 361-377.
  • Parameswaran, R., & Pisharodi, R. M. (1994). Facets of country of origin image: an empirical assessment. Journal of advertising, 23(1), 43-56.
  • Peterson, R. A., & Jolibert, A. J. (1995). A meta-analysis of country-of-origin effects. Journal of International Business Studies, 26, s.883-896
  • Reierson, C. (1966). Are foreign products seen as national stereotypes? a survey of attitudes in college students. Journal of Retailing, s. 33-40.
  • Roth, K. P., & Diamantopoulos, A. (2009). Advancing the country image construct. Journal of Business Research, 62(7), 726-740.
  • Roth, M. S., & Romeo, J. B. (1992). Matching product catgeory and country image perceptions: A framework for managing country-of-origin effects. Journal of international business studies, 23(3), 477-497.
  • Schooler, R. D. (1965). Product bias in the Central American common market.Journal of Marketing Research, 394-397.
  • Sharma, S., Shimp, T. A., & Shin, J. (1995). Consumer ethnocentrism: A test of antecedents and moderators. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 23(1), 26-37.
  • Shimp, T. (1984). Consumer ethnocentrism: the concept and a preliminary empirical test. Advances in Consumer Research, 11, s. 285-290.
  • Shimp, T. A., & Sharma, S. (1987, Ağustos). Consumer ethnosentrism: construction and validation of the CETSCALE. Journal of Marketing Research, 24, s. 280-289.
  • Suh, Y., Hur, J., & Davies, G. (2016). Cultural appropriation and the country of origin effect. Journal of Business Research, 69(8), 2721-2730.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2011). Using Multivariate Statistics (6. baskı). Boston: Pearson.
  • Thomas, M., & Hill, H. (1999). The impact of ethnocentrism on devising and implementing a corporate identity strategy for new international markets. International Marketing Review, 16(4/5), 376-390.
  • Tse, D. K., & Lee, W. N. (1993). Removing negative country images: Effects of decomposition, branding, and product experience. Journal of International Marketing, 25-48.
  • Uğurlu, C. T. (2014). İnformal iletişim ölçeği geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(3).
  • Usunier, J.-C. (1996). Marketing across cultures (2. baskı). Hertfordshire: Prentice Hall Europe.
  • Wang, C.-K., & Lamb, C. W. (1983). The impact of selected environmental forces upon consumers' willingness to buy foreign products. Journal of Marketing Science, 11, s. 71-84.
  • Watson, J. J., & Wright, K. (2000). Consumer ethnocentrism and attitudes toward domestic and foreign products. European journal of Marketing, 34(9/10), 1149-1166.
  • http://www.odd.org.tr/web_2837_2/neuralnetwork.aspx?type=36 (28.03.2021)

EXPLORING THE IMPACT OF ETHNOCENTRISM ON COUNTRY AND BRAND IMAGE: THE CASE OF PEUGEOT

Year 2021, , 37 - 50, 30.03.2021

Bayram Z. Erdogan Bulent Aydın Deniz Kırmızı

https://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2021.1392

Abstract

Purpose – It is important to determine the ethnocentric tendencies of Turkish consumers and to reveal the effects of these tendencies on a foreign country and its brand. The aim of this paper is to explore the impact of ethnocentric tendencies of individuals trained in Turkish culture affect the image of a foreign country and its products. For this purpose, research has been carried out on the Peugeot brand of France origin, which is one of the best-selling automobile brands in Turkey.
Methodology - Data was collected from 400 people by face to face in the city center of Eskisehir. As the research was conducted only in one city, it does not cover all Turkish consumers. In terms of measurement, country image scale, country product image scale and the CETSCALE were used. In this study Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), t test and ANOVA were performed.
Findings- The ethnocentric tendency of Turkish consumers and other relationships were tested with the hypotheses H1, H2, H3a, H3b, H4, H5a, H5b, H6a and H6b. According to the findings, H1, H4, H5b, H6a, H6b were supported but, H2, H3a, H3b and H5a were not supported.
Conclusion- The ethnocentric tendency of customers affects only the image of the country of origin, in this case, it negatively affects the image of France. However, it doesn’t affect the general image of French products and brand image statistically. Also, general image of country products and France’s image positively and significantly affects brand image.

Keywords

Country image product image brand image ethnocentrism Peugeot France

References

  • Aaker, D. A. (1991). Managing brand equity - capitalizing on the value of a brand name. New York: The Free Press.
  • Ahmed, Z. U., Johnson, J. P., Pei Ling, C., Wai Fang, T., & Kah Hui, A. (2002). Country-of-origin and brand effects on consumers' evaluations of cruise lines.International Marketing Review, 19(3), 279-302.
  • Akkaya, E. (1999). Marka imajı ve bileşenleri: otomobil sektöründe bir uygulama. 4. Ulusal Pazarlama Kongresi (s. 101-111). Antakya-Hatay: Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi.
  • Al-Sulaiti, K., & Baker, M. (1998). Country of origin effects: a literature review. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 16, s. 150-199.
  • Asil, H., & Kaya, İ. (2013). Türk tüketicilerin etnosentrik eğilimlerinin belirlenmesi üzerine bir araştırma. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 42, s. 113-132.
  • Barich, H., & Kotler, P. (1991). A framework for marketing image management. Sloan Management Review (94), 94-104.
  • Bilkey, W., & Nes, E. (1982). Country of origin effects on product evaluations. Journal of International Business Studies, (Spring/Summer) s. 89-99.
  • Bilkey, W., & Nes, E. (1982). Country of origin effects on product evaluations. Journal of International Business Studies, (Spring/Summer) s. 89-99.
  • Bruning, E. (1997). Country of origin, national loyalty and product choice: the case of international air travel. International Marketing Review, 14, s. 59-74.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi El Kitabı (16. baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Cole, D.A. (1987). Utility of confirmatory factor analysis in test validation research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 1019-1031.
  • Darren, G., & Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference 11.0 update. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
  • Diamantopoulos, A., Schlegelmilch, B., & Palihawadana, D. (2011). The relationship between country-of-origin image and brand image as drivers of purchase intentions: a test of alternative perspectives. International Marketing Review, 28(5), 508-524.
  • Dinnie, K. (2003). Country of origin 1965-2004: a literature review. Journal of Consumer Behavior.
  • Dobni, D., & Zinkhan, G. M. (1990). In search of brand image: a foundation analysis. Advances in Consumer Research, s. 110-119.
  • Elliott, G. R., & Cameron, R. C. (1994). Consumer perception of product quality and the country-of-origin effect. Journal of international Marketing, 49-62.
  • Eng, T. Y., Ozdemir, S., & Michelson, G. (2016). Brand origin and country of production congruity: Evidence from the UK and China. Journal of Business Research, 69(12), 5703-5711.
  • Erdoğan, B.Z., & Uzkurt, C. (2010). Effects of ethnocentric tendecy on consumers' perception of product attitudes for foreign and domestic products. Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, 17, s. 393-406.
  • Essoussi, L., & Merunka, D. (2007). Consumers' product evaluations in emerging markets: does country of design, country of manufacture, or brand image matter? International Marketing Review, 24(4), 409-426.
  • Fakharmanesh, S., & Miyandehi, R. G. (2013). The purchase of foreign products: The role of brand image, ethnocentrism and animosity: Iran market evidence. Iranian Journal of Management Studies, 6(1), 147.
  • Felzensztein, C., & Dinnie, K. (2006). The effects of country of origin on UK consumers' perceptions of imported wines. Journal of Food Products Marketing, 11(4), 109-117.
  • Good, L. K., & Huddleston, P. (1995). Ethnocentrism of Polish and Russian consumers: are feelings and intentions related. International Marketing Review, 12(5), 35-48.
  • Han, M. (1989). Country image: halo or summary construct. Journal of Marketing Research, 26, s. 222-229.
  • Han, M. (1990). Testing the role of country image in consumer choice behaviour. European Journal of Marketing, 24, s. 24-40.
  • He, J., & Wang, C. L. (2015). Cultural identity and consumer ethnocentrism impacts on preference and purchase of domestic versus import brands: An empirical study in China. Journal of Business Research, 68(6), 1225-1233.
  • Herche, J. (1994). Ethnocentric tendencies, marketing strategy and import purchase behaviour. International Marketing Review, 11, s. 4-16.
  • Herche, J. (1994). Ethnocentric tendencies, marketing strategy and import purchase behaviour. International Marketing Review, 11, s. 4-16.
  • Heslop, L. A., & Papadopoulos, N. (1993). But who knows where or when: Reflections on the images of countries and their products. Product-country images: Impact and role in international marketing, 39-75.
  • Hinner, M. (2010). Stereotyping and the country-of-origin effect. China Media Research, 6, s. 47-57.
  • Huddleston, P., Good, L. K., & Stoel, L. (2001). Consumer ethnocentrism, product necessity and Polish consumers' perceptions of quality. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 29 (5), s. 236-246.
  • Insch, A., Williams, S., & Knight, J. G. (2015). Managerial perceptions of country-of-origin: an emprical study of New Zealand food manufacturers. Journal of Food Products Marketing, s. 1-17.
  • Johansson, J. K. (1989). Determinants and effects of the use of "made in" labels. International Marketing Review, 6, s. 47-58.
  • Kalaycı, Ş. (2006). SPSS Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistik Teknikleri (2. baskı). Ankara: Asil Yayın.
  • Kapferer, J. N. (2008). The new strategic brand management. London; Philadelphia: Kogan Page.
  • Kaynak, E. and Kara, A. (2002), ‘‘Consumer perceptions of foreign products’’, European Journal ofMarketing, Vol. 36 Nos 7/8, pp. 928-949.
  • Kinra, N. (2006). The effect of country-of-origin on foreign brand names in the Indian market. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 24(1), 15-30.
  • Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2. baskı). New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Kotler, P. H. (1991). Marketing management: analysis, planning and control (8. Baskı b.). Englewood Cliffs: NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
  • Koubaa, Y. (2008). Country of origin, brand image perception, and brand image structure. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 20(2), 139-155.
  • Lampert, S. I., & Jaffe, E. D. (1998). A dynamic approach to country-of-origin effect. European Journal of Marketing, 32 (1/2), s. 61-78.
  • Lee, D., & Ganesh, G. (1999). Effects of partitioned country image in the context of brand image and familiarity: A categorization theory perspective. International Marketing Review, 16(1), 18-41.
  • Lin, L. Y., & Chen, C. S. (2006). The influence of the country-of-origin image, product knowledge and product involvement on consumer purchase decisions: an empirical study of insurance and catering services in Taiwan. Journal of consumer Marketing, 23(5), 248-265.
  • Lu Wang, C., & Xiong Chen, Z. (2004). Consumer ethnocentrism and willingness to buy domestic products in a developing country setting: testing moderating effects. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 21(6), 391-400.
  • Maher, A. A., & Carter, L. L. (2011). The affective and cognitive components of country image: Perceptions of American products in Kuwait. International Marketing Review, 28(6), 559-580.
  • Maronick, T. J. (1995). An emprical investigation of consumer perceptions of "Made in USA" claims. International Marketing Review, 12, s.15-31.
  • Martin, I. M., & Eroglu, S. (1993). Measuring a multi-dimensional construct: country image. Journal of business research, 28(3), 191-210.
  • Martinez, T. L., Ibanez, J. A., & Garcia, S. d. (2000). Consumer ethnocentrism measurement- An assessment of the reliability and validity of the CETSCALE in Spain. European Journal of Marketing, 34 (11/12), s. 1353-1374.
  • Meydan, C. H. & Şeşen, H., 2015. Yapısal eşitlik modellemesi AMOS uygulamaları. 2. dü. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Moon, B. J., & Jain, S. C. (2002). Consumer processing of foreign advertisements: roles of country-of-origin perceptions, consumer ethnocentrism, and country attitude. International Business Review, 11(2), 117-138.
  • Morello, G. (1983). The 'made in' issue a comparative research on the image of domestic and foreign products. Researchmemorandum, 18.
  • Nagashima, A. (1970). A comparison of Japaneseand US attitudestowardforeignproducts. TheJournal of Marketing, 68-74.
  • Nagashima, A. (1977). A comparative "made in" product image survey among Japanese businessmen. Journal of Marketing, 41, s. 95-100.
  • Nebenzahl, I. D.,Jaffe, E. D., &Lampert, S. I. (1997). Towards a theory of country image effect on product evaluation. MIR: Management International Review, 27-49.
  • Özçelik, D. G., & Torlak, Ö. (2011). Marka kişiliği algısı ile etnosentrik eğilimler arasındaki ilişki: LEVIS ve MAVİ JEANS üzerine bir uygulama. Ege Akademik Bakış, 11(3), s. 361-377.
  • Parameswaran, R., & Pisharodi, R. M. (1994). Facets of country of origin image: an empirical assessment. Journal of advertising, 23(1), 43-56.
  • Peterson, R. A., & Jolibert, A. J. (1995). A meta-analysis of country-of-origin effects. Journal of International Business Studies, 26, s.883-896
  • Reierson, C. (1966). Are foreign products seen as national stereotypes? a survey of attitudes in college students. Journal of Retailing, s. 33-40.
  • Roth, K. P., & Diamantopoulos, A. (2009). Advancing the country image construct. Journal of Business Research, 62(7), 726-740.
  • Roth, M. S., & Romeo, J. B. (1992). Matching product catgeory and country image perceptions: A framework for managing country-of-origin effects. Journal of international business studies, 23(3), 477-497.
  • Schooler, R. D. (1965). Product bias in the Central American common market.Journal of Marketing Research, 394-397.
  • Sharma, S., Shimp, T. A., & Shin, J. (1995). Consumer ethnocentrism: A test of antecedents and moderators. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 23(1), 26-37.
  • Shimp, T. (1984). Consumer ethnocentrism: the concept and a preliminary empirical test. Advances in Consumer Research, 11, s. 285-290.
  • Shimp, T. A., & Sharma, S. (1987, Ağustos). Consumer ethnosentrism: construction and validation of the CETSCALE. Journal of Marketing Research, 24, s. 280-289.
  • Suh, Y., Hur, J., & Davies, G. (2016). Cultural appropriation and the country of origin effect. Journal of Business Research, 69(8), 2721-2730.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2011). Using Multivariate Statistics (6. baskı). Boston: Pearson.
  • Thomas, M., & Hill, H. (1999). The impact of ethnocentrism on devising and implementing a corporate identity strategy for new international markets. International Marketing Review, 16(4/5), 376-390.
  • Tse, D. K., & Lee, W. N. (1993). Removing negative country images: Effects of decomposition, branding, and product experience. Journal of International Marketing, 25-48.
  • Uğurlu, C. T. (2014). İnformal iletişim ölçeği geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(3).
  • Usunier, J.-C. (1996). Marketing across cultures (2. baskı). Hertfordshire: Prentice Hall Europe.
  • Wang, C.-K., & Lamb, C. W. (1983). The impact of selected environmental forces upon consumers' willingness to buy foreign products. Journal of Marketing Science, 11, s. 71-84.
  • Watson, J. J., & Wright, K. (2000). Consumer ethnocentrism and attitudes toward domestic and foreign products. European journal of Marketing, 34(9/10), 1149-1166.
  • http://www.odd.org.tr/web_2837_2/neuralnetwork.aspx?type=36 (28.03.2021)
There are 72 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Business Administration
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Bayram Z. Erdogan This is me 0000-0002-2147-7356

Bulent Aydın This is me 0000-0002-5449-4611

Deniz Kırmızı This is me 0000-0003-0911-3880

Publication Date March 30, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021

Cite

APA Erdogan, B. Z., Aydın, B., & Kırmızı, D. (2021). EXPLORING THE IMPACT OF ETHNOCENTRISM ON COUNTRY AND BRAND IMAGE: THE CASE OF PEUGEOT. Research Journal of Business and Management, 8(1), 37-50. https://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2021.1392
AMA Erdogan BZ, Aydın B, Kırmızı D. EXPLORING THE IMPACT OF ETHNOCENTRISM ON COUNTRY AND BRAND IMAGE: THE CASE OF PEUGEOT. RJBM. March 2021;8(1):37-50. doi:10.17261/Pressacademia.2021.1392
Chicago Erdogan, Bayram Z., Bulent Aydın, and Deniz Kırmızı. “EXPLORING THE IMPACT OF ETHNOCENTRISM ON COUNTRY AND BRAND IMAGE: THE CASE OF PEUGEOT”. Research Journal of Business and Management 8, no. 1 (March 2021): 37-50. https://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2021.1392.
EndNote Erdogan BZ, Aydın B, Kırmızı D (March 1, 2021) EXPLORING THE IMPACT OF ETHNOCENTRISM ON COUNTRY AND BRAND IMAGE: THE CASE OF PEUGEOT. Research Journal of Business and Management 8 1 37–50.
IEEE B. Z. Erdogan, B. Aydın, and D. Kırmızı, “EXPLORING THE IMPACT OF ETHNOCENTRISM ON COUNTRY AND BRAND IMAGE: THE CASE OF PEUGEOT”, RJBM, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 37–50, 2021, doi: 10.17261/Pressacademia.2021.1392.
ISNAD Erdogan, Bayram Z. et al. “EXPLORING THE IMPACT OF ETHNOCENTRISM ON COUNTRY AND BRAND IMAGE: THE CASE OF PEUGEOT”. Research Journal of Business and Management 8/1 (March 2021), 37-50. https://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2021.1392.
JAMA Erdogan BZ, Aydın B, Kırmızı D. EXPLORING THE IMPACT OF ETHNOCENTRISM ON COUNTRY AND BRAND IMAGE: THE CASE OF PEUGEOT. RJBM. 2021;8:37–50.
MLA Erdogan, Bayram Z. et al. “EXPLORING THE IMPACT OF ETHNOCENTRISM ON COUNTRY AND BRAND IMAGE: THE CASE OF PEUGEOT”. Research Journal of Business and Management, vol. 8, no. 1, 2021, pp. 37-50, doi:10.17261/Pressacademia.2021.1392.
Vancouver Erdogan BZ, Aydın B, Kırmızı D. EXPLORING THE IMPACT OF ETHNOCENTRISM ON COUNTRY AND BRAND IMAGE: THE CASE OF PEUGEOT. RJBM. 2021;8(1):37-50.

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