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Viktorya dönemi edebiyatında 'Yeni Kadın' a panoramik bir bakış

Year 2022, Issue: Ö11, 548 - 558, 21.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.29000/rumelide.1146713

Abstract

Viktorya dönemindeki büyük sosyal ve kültürel değişikliklerin cinsiyet rolleri üzerinde büyük etkisi olmuştur. Hayatın her alanında aktif olmaya istekli bir kadın tipinin ortaya çıkmasıyla hem kamusal hem de özel alanda toplumsal cinsiyet rollerindeki bölünmeler ortadan kalkmaya başlamıştır. On dokuzuncu yüzyılın sonlarında Elaine Showalter'ın “cinsel anarşi” kavramı ve onun farklı biçimleri, iş gücünde artan sayıda kadının daha sık görünmesiyle birlikte canlanmıştır. 19. yüzyılın sonlarında sanayileşmeyle birlikte kadının toplumsal statüsünün nasıl değişmeye başladığı Viktorya edebiyatına da yansımıştır. Örneğin, Bayan Warren'ın Mesleği'nde baş karakter Vivie, Viktorya dramasında kendi kendine yeten bir kadın olarak eğitim almaya ve iş hayatına katılmaya hırslı yeni kadın tipini temsil eder. Geleneksel kadın tipine göre daha özgür, bağımsız ve kariyer odaklıdır. D. H. Lawrence'ın Gökkuşağı adlı kitabında Ursula, daha fazla özgürlük ve bağımsızlık için mücadele eden "yeni kadın" için bir başka önemli prototiptir. İyi eğitim almıştır ve bir yanının bir erkeğe ait olduğunu kabul edemediği için hamileliğini kabullenmesi çok zor olmuştur. Alışılmadık ve isyankardır. Evciliğe karşı çıkar. Olive Schreiner tarafından yazılan Afrika Çiftliğinin Öyküsü'nde, baş kahraman Lyndall'ın bir devekuşu çiftliğindeki yaşam öyküsü, Boer yaşam tarzının katı gelenekleri tarafından kısıtlanmış bir kadının sınırlı seçimlerini ve yaşam koşullarını tasvir etmektedir. Hayattaki asıl amacı kendi seçimlerinin peşinden gitmektir. Grant Allen'ın Daktilocu Kız'ında Juliet Appleton, sigara içmek, üniversiteye gitmek, bisikletiyle seyahat etmek ve rasyonel giysiler giymek gibi Yeni Kadın kimliğinin bazı kötü şöhretli özellikleriyle öne çıkmaktadır. Bu makalenin amacı, tüm bu Yeni Kadın tuzaklarına ve toplumsal cinsiyetin sınıf, evrim ve teknoloji söylemleriyle kesişmesine dayalı olarak, 19. yüzyılın sonunda çalışan kadınların istikrarsız bir konuma sahip olduğunu feminist bir bakış açısıyla göstermektir. Toplumsal baskı ve önyargılar, yeni kadının kapasitesini aşma, gerçek özgürlük ve mutluluğa erişme fırsatlarını kısıtlar. Bu nedenle toplum çoğunlukla, ideallerinin ve hayallerinin önüne engeller koyar. Feminist bir bakış açısıyla, bu çalışma, yeni kadının erkeklerle eşit hak ve fırsatlara sahip olduğu daha demokratik bir toplumda yaşamayı beklediği gerçeğini ortaya koymaktadır. Sonunda erkeklere tamamen bağımlı olmayı reddeder, bunun yerine kendi kendine yeten bir kadın olarak hak ettiği saygıyı kazanmak için kişisel gelişim fikrini benimser.

References

  • Allen, Grant. The Type-Writer Girl. Ed. Clarissa J. Suranyi. Toronto: Broadview Reprint Edition, 2004.
  • ____, The Woman Who Did. London: Robert Bros., 1895.
  • Beauvoir, Simone de. The Second Sex. 1949. Trans. H. M. Parshley. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1972.
  • Hooks, B. (2016). Feminism is For All: Passionate Politics. Istanbul: bgst.
  • Iannone, A. P. Dictionary of World Philosophy. London and New York: Routledge, 2001.
  • Işıklı, Ş. “Domination of Women or Male Manners”. Journal of Academic Perspective. 43: 2014, 1-24.
  • Larson, Jil. “Sexual Ethics in Fiction by Thomas Hardy and the New Woman Writers.” Rereading Victorian Fiction. Ed. Alice Jenkins and Juliet John. London: Macmillan, 2000. 159-72.
  • Lawrence, D. H. (1915). The Rainbow. New York: Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations, 1937.
  • Mill, John Stuart. The Subjection of Women. New York. Prometheus Books, 1986.
  • Miller, Jane Eldridge. Rebel Women: Feminism, Modernism and the Edwardian Novel. London: Virago, 1994.
  • Millet, Kate. Sexual Politics. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2000.
  • Mitchell, Juliet. “Psychoanalysis and Feminism: 20 years on”. British Journal of Psychotherapy, Vol. 12, No.1, London: 1995, pp. 73-77.
  • Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. New Folger's ed. Washington Square Press/Pocket Books, 1992.
  • Schreiner, Olive. The Story of An African Farm. New York: Penguin, 1971.
  • Shaw, George Bernard. Mrs. Warren’s Profession. 1893.<https://TheVirtualLibrary.org
  • Showalter, Elaine. A Literature of Their Own. British Women Novelists from Bronte to Lessing. London: Virago, 1984.
  • ____; Sexual Anarchy: Gender and Culture at the Fin de Siècle. New York: Viking Penguin, 1990.
  • Staves, S. Married Women's Separate Property in England, 1660- 1833. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990.
  • Walby, S. Theorizing Patriarchy. Oxford and Cambridge: Basil Blackwell, 1991.
  • Wollstonecraft, Mary. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman: With Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects. London: J. Johnson, 1792.
  • Wood, Ann Douglas. Suffer and Be Still: Women in the Victorian Age. Ed. Martha Vicinus. London: Indiana University Press, 1972.
  • Woolf, Virginia. A Room of One’s Own. London: Hogarth, 1929.

A panoramic view of ‘the New Woman’ in Victorian literature

Year 2022, Issue: Ö11, 548 - 558, 21.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.29000/rumelide.1146713

Abstract

The great social and cultural changes in the Victorian period had a great impact on gender roles. In both public and private sphere, the divisions in gender roles started to disappear with the emergence of a type of woman willing to be active in every area of life. Along with more frequent appearance and growing numbers of women in the work force through the late nineteenth century Elaine Showalter’s notion of “sexual anarchy” and its different forms were invigorated. How the social status of women started to change along with industrialization by the end of the nineteenth-century was also reflected upon Victorian literature. For instance, in Mrs Warren’s Profession the protagonist Vivie represents the new woman type who is ambitious to get education and to participate in work life as a self-sufficient woman in Victorian drama. When compared with the traditional woman type, she is more free-minded, independent and career-oriented. In D. H. Lawrence’ The Rainbow, Ursula, is another significant prototype for the ‘new woman’, who struggles for more freedom and independence. She is well-educated and it is very difficult for her to come to terms with her pregnancy as she cannot accept the fact that one part of hers belongs to a man. She is unconventional and rebellious. She counters domesticity. In The Story of An African Farm by Olive Schreiner the protagonist Lyndall’s life story on an ostrich farm depicts the limited choices and living conditions of a woman constrained by the rigid conventions of Boer lifestyle. Her main goal in life is to pursue after her own choices. In The Type-Writer Girl by Grant Allen, Juliet Appleton stands out with some infamous characteristics of her identity as a New Woman, such as smoking cigarettes, attending college, travelling on her bicycle, and wearing rational clothing. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that working women had an unstable position at the end of the nineteenth century, based on all these trappings of the New Woman, and the intersection of gender with the discourses of class, evolution and technology through a feminist perspective. Social pressure and prejudices restrict the opportunities of the new woman to go beyond her capacity and reach real freedom and happiness. Therefore, the society mostly puts barriers in front of her ideals and her dreams. Through a feminist lens, this study reveals the fact that the new woman expects to live in a more democratic society where she is honoured with equal rights and opportunities with men. She rejects being completely dependent upon men finally, instead she adopts the idea of self-help to gain the respect she deserves as a self-sufficient woman.

References

  • Allen, Grant. The Type-Writer Girl. Ed. Clarissa J. Suranyi. Toronto: Broadview Reprint Edition, 2004.
  • ____, The Woman Who Did. London: Robert Bros., 1895.
  • Beauvoir, Simone de. The Second Sex. 1949. Trans. H. M. Parshley. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1972.
  • Hooks, B. (2016). Feminism is For All: Passionate Politics. Istanbul: bgst.
  • Iannone, A. P. Dictionary of World Philosophy. London and New York: Routledge, 2001.
  • Işıklı, Ş. “Domination of Women or Male Manners”. Journal of Academic Perspective. 43: 2014, 1-24.
  • Larson, Jil. “Sexual Ethics in Fiction by Thomas Hardy and the New Woman Writers.” Rereading Victorian Fiction. Ed. Alice Jenkins and Juliet John. London: Macmillan, 2000. 159-72.
  • Lawrence, D. H. (1915). The Rainbow. New York: Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations, 1937.
  • Mill, John Stuart. The Subjection of Women. New York. Prometheus Books, 1986.
  • Miller, Jane Eldridge. Rebel Women: Feminism, Modernism and the Edwardian Novel. London: Virago, 1994.
  • Millet, Kate. Sexual Politics. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2000.
  • Mitchell, Juliet. “Psychoanalysis and Feminism: 20 years on”. British Journal of Psychotherapy, Vol. 12, No.1, London: 1995, pp. 73-77.
  • Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. New Folger's ed. Washington Square Press/Pocket Books, 1992.
  • Schreiner, Olive. The Story of An African Farm. New York: Penguin, 1971.
  • Shaw, George Bernard. Mrs. Warren’s Profession. 1893.<https://TheVirtualLibrary.org
  • Showalter, Elaine. A Literature of Their Own. British Women Novelists from Bronte to Lessing. London: Virago, 1984.
  • ____; Sexual Anarchy: Gender and Culture at the Fin de Siècle. New York: Viking Penguin, 1990.
  • Staves, S. Married Women's Separate Property in England, 1660- 1833. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990.
  • Walby, S. Theorizing Patriarchy. Oxford and Cambridge: Basil Blackwell, 1991.
  • Wollstonecraft, Mary. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman: With Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects. London: J. Johnson, 1792.
  • Wood, Ann Douglas. Suffer and Be Still: Women in the Victorian Age. Ed. Martha Vicinus. London: Indiana University Press, 1972.
  • Woolf, Virginia. A Room of One’s Own. London: Hogarth, 1929.
There are 22 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Linguistics
Journal Section World languages and litertures
Authors

Neslihan Günaydın Albay This is me 0000-0003-1933-0125

Publication Date July 21, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Issue: Ö11

Cite

APA Günaydın Albay, N. (2022). A panoramic view of ‘the New Woman’ in Victorian literature. RumeliDE Dil Ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi(Ö11), 548-558. https://doi.org/10.29000/rumelide.1146713

RumeliDE Journal of Language and Literature Studies is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY NC).