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            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                    <journal-id></journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Rusya Araştırmaları Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2757-7899</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Tekin Aycan TAŞCI</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.48068/rusad.1278534</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Early Modern Russian History</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Yeniçağ Rusya Tarihi</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <article-title>RUS HUKUKUNDA MÜŞTEREK SORUMLULUK: PORUKA (BAŞLANGICINDAN XVI. YÜZYILA KADAR)</article-title>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
                                    <trans-title>«ПОРУКА» - КОЛЛЕКТИВНАЯ ОТВЕТСТВЕННОСТЬ В РУССКОМ ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬСТВЕ: ОТ ДРЕВНЕЙ РУСИ ДО 16 ВЕКА</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>COLLECTIVE RESPONSIBILITY IN RUSSIAN LAW: PORUKA (FROM THE BEGINNING TO THE 16TH CENTURY)</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3772-8129</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Kuzuoğlu</surname>
                                    <given-names>Mustafa</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>EGE ÜNİVERSİTESİ, SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20230630">
                    <day>06</day>
                    <month>30</month>
                    <year>2023</year>
                </pub-date>
                                                    <issue>9</issue>
                                        <fpage>1</fpage>
                                        <lpage>28</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20230408">
                        <day>04</day>
                        <month>08</month>
                        <year>2023</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20230531">
                        <day>05</day>
                        <month>31</month>
                        <year>2023</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2019, Journal of Russian Studies</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2019</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Journal of Russian Studies</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <abstract><p>Bilindiği üzere ilk Rus devleti olan Kiyev Knyazlığı, IX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında tesis edildi. Bu teşekkülün ortaya çıkışındaki temel unsurlardan biri kanun ve nizam arayışıydı. “Denizin ötesinden gelen” Vareg beyleri, Slav kabilelerini teşkilatlandırıp onları kanun ve nizama göre yönetmeye başladılar. Dolayısıyla Slav kabilelerinin kanun ve nizam ihtiyacı giderilmiş oldu. Yazılı Rus hukukunun doğuşu ise bu döneme tekabül etti. Slav halkının gelenek ve göreneklerini esas alarak İskandinav, Cermen, Bizans gibi yabancı tesirleri de ihtiva eden ilk Rus hukuku, iptidai kavimlere özgü bazı uygulamaları da barındırıyordu. Bu uygulamalardan en dikkat çekeni, Rusların daha sonra poruka ya da krugovaya poruka olarak adlandıracağı müşterek sorumluluk sistemiydi. Bireylerin ya da toplulukların birbirlerinin eylemlerinden sorumlu olduğu bu ilkel uygulama, tarihin birçok döneminde muhtelif toplumlarda uygulanmıştı. İlk olarak Babil hukukunda görülen bu uygulama, Hitit kanunlarında da mevcuttu. Öte yandan müşterek sorumluluk sistemi, Çinliler, Anglo-Saksonlar ve Arap toplumları arasında da görülmekteydi. Ayrıca Bulgar, Hırvat, Çek ve Polyak resmi metinlerinde de zikredilen sisteme dair malumat bulunmaktaydı. Fakat diğer halkların aksine sistem Ruslar tarafından yüzyıllarca uygulandı ve ilerleyen dönemde daha kapsamlı hale getirildi. Özellikle Ruslar, müşterek sorumluluk sistemini politik, mali ve ruhani meselelerde de tatbik etmeye çalıştılar. Toplumsal ve idari düzenin temin edilip sürdürülmesi adına Rus devlet teşkilatının da önemli bir parçası olan bu sistem, XVI. yüzyılda toplumun tüm katmanlarını birbirine bağlayan korkunç bir ağa dönüştü. Buna rağmen gerek Türkçe gerek yabancı literatürde zikredilen sisteme pek fazla önem atfedilmedi. Dolayısıyla, erken dönem Rus teşkilatının adeta çekirdeğini oluşturan krugovaya poruka sisteminin irdelenmeye muhtaç olduğu açıktır. Bu sebeple araştırmamızda Rus yasaları ve kefaletnameleri esas alınarak krugovaya poruka uygulamasının doğuşu ve inkişafı incelenecektir.</p></abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <trans-abstract xml:lang="ru">
                            <p>Как известно, первое русское государство, Древняя Русь, образовалось во второй половине IX века. Одной из главных причин возникновения этого государства была стремление к закону и порядку. “Призванные из-за моря” варяжские конунги организовали славянские племена. В этот период появляется и кодифицированное русское право. Оно основывалось на обычаях и традициях славянских народов, включало в себя иноземные влияния (скандинавское, германское, византийское), а также некоторые обычаи, характерные для первобытных племен. Наиболее заметной из этих практик была система коллективной ответственности, которую русские позже назовут “порукой” или “круговой порукой”. Эта примитивная практика, при которой отдельные лица или сообщества несут ответственность за действия друг друга, практиковалась в различных обществах на протяжении истории. Эта практика, впервые появившаяся в вавилонском праве, присутствовала и в хеттских законах. С другой стороны, система коллективной ответственности наблюдалась и в китайском, англо-саксонском и арабском обществах. Также имелись сведения об этой практике в официальных текстах на болгарском, хорватском, чешском и польском языках. Система коллективной ответственности на Руси совершенствовалась веками и находила применение в политических, финансовых и духовных вопросах. Эта система являлась также важной частью русской государственной организации для обеспечения и поддержания общественного и административного порядка. В XVI веке она превратилась в мощную сеть, связывающую все слои общества. Несмотря на это, системе “круговой поруки”, составлявшей ядро русского государственного устройства в средневековье, уделялось мало внимания как в турецкой, так и в зарубежной историографии. В нашем исследовании ее возникновение и эволюция будут рассматриваться на основе анализа русского законодательства</p></trans-abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>As is known the first Russian state, the Principality of Kyiv, was established in the second half of the 9th century. One of the main reasons for the emergence of this state was the seek for law and order. “Coming from beyond the sea”, the Varangian lords organized the Slavic tribes and began to rule them according to law and order. Therefore, the Slavic tribes&#039; need for law and order was met. The birth of written Russian law also corresponded to this period. The first Russian law, which included foreign influences such as Scandinavian, Germanic, Byzantine, based on the customs and traditions of the Slavic people and also included some practices specific to primitive tribes. The most notable of these practices was the system of joint responsibility, which the Russians would later call poruka or krugovaya poruka. This primitive practice, in which individuals or communities are responsible for each other&#039;s actions, has been practiced in various societies in many periods of history. This practice, which was first seen in Babylonian law, was also present in Hittite laws. On the other hand, the system of joint responsibility was also seen among the Chinese, Anglo-Saxons and Arab societies. There was also information about the system mentioned in Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech and Polyak official texts. But unlike other peoples, the system was practiced and improved by the Russians for centuries. In particular, the Russians tried to apply the system of joint responsibility in political, financial and spiritual matters. This system, which was also an important part of the Russian state organization in order to ensure and maintain the social and administrative order, had turned into a terrible network connecting all layers of society in the sixteenth century. Despite this, little attention was paid to the system in both Turkish and foreign literature.  Therefore, it is clear that the krugovaya poruka system, which constitutes the core of the early Russian state organization, needs to be examined. For this reason, in our research, the emergence and evolution of the krugovaya poruka system will be examined based on Russian laws and surety bonds.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                            <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Rusya</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  poruka</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  krugovaya poruka</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Rus hukuku</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  müşterek sorumluluk</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                    
                                                                            <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
                                                    <kwd>Россия</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  порука</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  круговая порука</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  российское право</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  коллективная ответственность</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>Russia</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  poruka</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  krugovaya poruka</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Russian law</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  collective responsibility</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                            </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
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