vhs Value in Health Sciences 2792-0542 Duzce University 10.33631/sabd.1063256 Nutrition and Dietetics Beslenme ve Diyetetik Being a Vegetarian Athlete; How Should Food Consumption Be Shaped? Vejetaryen Sporcu Olmak; Besin Tüketimi Nasıl Şekillenmeli? https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7542-2641 Mete Zeynep İSTANBUL MEDİPOL ÜNİVERSİTESİ https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0391-8848 Ersoy Nesli Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi, Beslenme ve Diyetetik Bölümü https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8345-5489 Ersoy Gülgün İSTANBUL MEDİPOL ÜNİVERSİTESİ 09 20 2022 12 3 540 547 01 26 2022 06 14 2022 Copyright © 2022, Value in Health Sciences 2022 Value in Health Sciences

The number of vegetarian athletes is increasing nowadays, but in parallel with this increment, the number of literature can be very limited. Vegetarian individuals often change their food consumption suddenly, without undergoing health checks and without dietitian consultation. By removing animal foods from the diet of an athlete who decides to become a vegetarian, it is possible that their daily energy and some nutrient intakes can be insufficient such as; protein, vitamin B12, iron, zinc, calcium, iodine, vitamin D, and n-3 fatty acids. If the plant sources of these nutrients were not added to athletes’ diet, the risk of health problems experience increases as well as reduced sports performance. The adoption of this new diet to the training/competition process has great importance. In addition to this, it is not possible to state certain clear results about the effect of vegetarianism on sports performance. However, with the current data, it is possible to say that sports performance is not adversely affected by well-planned food consumption and supplements. In this review article, the current literature on the performance and food consumption of vegetarian athletes has been evaluated and presented. Drawing attention to the issue and encouraging more publications is important for vegetarian athletes.Keywords: Athletes; nutrition; vegetarian.

Vejetaryen sporcu sayısı her geçen gün artış göstermekte ancak bu artışa paralel olarak sporculara referans olabilecek literatür sayısı oldukça sınırlı kalmaktadır. Vejetaryen bireyler çoğunlukla ani şekilde, sağlık kontrolü geçirmeden ve diyetisyen desteği almadan besin tüketimlerini değiştirmektedirler. Vejetaryen olmaya karar veren bir sporcunun diyetinden hayvansal besinleri çıkarması ile günlük gereksinmesi olan enerji, protein, B12 vitamini, demir, çinko, kalsiyum, iyot, D vitamini ve n-3 yağ asitleri gibi besin ögelerini yetersiz alması olasıdır. Sporcu bu besin ögelerinin bitkisel kaynaklarını diyetine eklemediği takdirde spor performansının azalmasının yanı sıra sağlık problemleri yaşama riski artmaktadır. Bu yeni beslenme düzeninin antrenman/müsabaka sürecine adapte edilmesi ise büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bunun yanı sıra vejetaryenliğin spor performansı üzerine etkisi ile ilgili kesin net sonuçlar belirtmek mümkün değildir. Ancak şuan ki veriler ile iyi planlanmış besin tüketimi ve destekleri ile spor performansının olumsuz etkilenmediğini söylemek mümkündür. Bu derleme yazıda vejetaryen sporcuların performans ve besin tüketimi üzerine yapılmış olan güncel literatür bilgisi değerlendirilmiş ve sunulmuştur. Konuya dikkat çekilmesi ve daha fazla yayın yapılmasının teşvik edilmesi büyük önem taşımaktadır.

 Beslenme Sporcu Vejetaryen Nutrition Athletes Vegetarian Destekleyen kurum bulunmamaktadır. Yok Tunçay YG. Biyoetik yönüyle farklı bakış açıları ile veganlık. JoCReHeS. 2016; 6(1):51. Slywitch E. Nutritional guide for adult vegetarian diets,Health benefits. In; Medicine and Nutritional Department, Brazilian Vegetarian Society – SVB, eds. Brazil; 2012; p.14-22. Tunçay Son YG, Bulut M. Yaşam tarzı olarak vegan ve vejetaryenlik. J Hum Sci. 2016; 13(1): 830. Nelson ME, Hamm WM, Hu BF, Abrams AS, Griffin ST. Alignment of healthy dietary patterns and environmental sustainability: A Systematic Review. ASN. 2016; 7(6): 1005. Rogerson D. Vegan Diets: Practical advice for athletes and exercisers. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2017; 14: 36. Lynch MH, Wharton M C, Johnston S C. Cardiorespiratory fitness and peak torque differences between vegetarian and omnivore endurance athletes: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients. 2016; 8(11): 726. Boldt P, Knechtle B, Nikolaidis P, Lechleitner C, Wirnitzer G, Leitzmann C et al. Quality of life of female and male vegetarian and vegan endurance runners compared to omnivores–results from the NURMI study (Step 2). J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2018; 15(1): 33. Veleba J, Matoulek M, Hill M, Pelikanova T, Kahleova H. A vegetarian vs. conventional hypocaloric diet: The effect on physical fitness in response to aerobic exercise in patients with type 2 diabetes, a parallel randomized study. Nutrients, 2016; 8(11): 671. Wirnitzer CK, Vegan diet in sports and exercise – health benefits and advantages to athletes and physically active people: A narrative review. Int J Sports Med. 2020; 6(3): 165. Fink HH, Mikesky EA, Practical Applications in Sports Nutrition. 5th ed. Sean Fabery; 2020. Turner DR, Sinclair WH, Knez WL. Nutritional adequacy of vegetarian and omnivore dietary intakes. J Nutr Health. 2014; 1(2): 201. Woodbridge P, Konstantaki M, Horgan G. Nutritional deficiencies in vegan runners: A comparison of actual versus recommended nutritional intake and dietary recommendations. Phys Act Nutr. 2020; 3(3):14. Nebl J, Schuchardt PJ, Ströhle A, Wasserfurth P, Haufe S, Eigendorf J et al. Micronutrient status of recreational runners with vegetarian or non-vegetarian dietary patterns. Nutrients. 2019; 11(5): 1146. Vliet VS, Burd AN, Loon JCL. The skeletal muscle anabolic response to plant- versus animal-based protein consumption. Nutr. 2015; 145(9): 1981. Li C, Fang A, Ma W, Wu S, Li C, Chen Y et al. Amount rather than animal vs plant protein intake is associated with skeletal muscle mass in community-dwelling middle-aged and older chinese adults: results from the guangzhou nutrition and health study. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2019; 119(9): 1501. Yang Y, Churchward-Venne TA, Burd NA, Breen L, Tarnopolsky MA, Phillips SM. Myofibrillar protein synthesis following ingestion of soy protein isolate at rest and after resistance exercise in elderly men. Nutr Metab. 2012; 9: 57. Phillips SM. Nutrient-rich meat proteins in offsetting age-related muscle loss. Meat Sci. 2012; 92: 174-8. Pinckaers PJM, Trommelen J, Snijders T, van Loon LJC. The Anabolic Response to Plant-Based Protein Ingestion. Sports Med. 2021; 51(Suppl 1): 59-74. Tipton DK. Brandched-chain amino acid supplementation to support muscle anabolism following exercise. SSE. 2017; 28(170): 1. Messina M, Lynch H, Dickinson MJ, Reed EK. No difference between the effects of supplementing with soy protein versus animal protein on gains in muscle mass and strength in response to resistance exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2018; 28(6): 674. Jonker R, Engelen MP, Deutz NE. Role of specific dietary amino acids in clinical conditions. Br J Nutr. 2012; 108(2): 139-48. Meyer NL, Reguant-Closa A, Nemecek T. Sustainable diets for athletes. Curr Nutr Rep. 2020; 9(3): 147. Craddock, J, Probst Y, Peoples EG. Vegetarian and omnivorous nutrition-comparing physical performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2016; 26(3): 212. Hietavala ME, Puurtinen R, Kainulainen H, Mero AA. Low-protein vegetarian diet does not have a short-term effect on blood acid–base status but raises oxygen consumption during submaximal cycling. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2012; 9: 50. Leischik R, Spelsberg N. Vegan triple-ironman (raw vegetables/fruits). Hindawi Publishing Corporation. 2014; (7): 317246. Nebl J, Haufe S, Eigendorf J, Wasserfurth P, Tegtbur U, Hahn A. Exercise capacity of vegan, lacto-ovovegetarian and omnivorous recreational runners. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2019; 16(1): 23. Król W, Price S, Sli ˙z D, Parol D, Konopka M, Mamcarz A et al. A vegan athlete’s heart—is it different? Morphology and function in echocardiography. Diagnostics. 2020; 10(7): 477. Nebl J, Drabert K, Haufe S, Wasserfurth P, Eigendorf J, Tegtbur U. Exercise-induced oxidative stress, nitric oxide and plasma amino acid profile in recreational runners with vegetarian and non-vegetarian dietary patterns. Nutrients. 2019; 11(8): 1875. Maziarz B, Chojęta D, Zygmunt E, Wroblewski H, Zimna A. Influence of vegan diet on physical performance of athletes. J Educ Health Sport. 2020; 10(7): 209. Cialdella-Kam L, Kulpins D, Manore MM. Vegetarian, gluten-free, and energy restricted diets in female athletes. Sports. 2016; 4(4): 50. Tomten S.E., Hostmark A.T.: Energy balance in weight stable athletes with and without menstrual disorders. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2006; 16: 127-33. Zhou J, Li J, Campbell WW. Vegetarian athletes. In: Debasis, Sreejayan, Chandan K, eds. Nutrition and Enhanced Sports Performance. 2 nd. United States. Academic Press. p.99,2019. Lis MD, Kings D, Larson-Meyer E. Dietary practices adopted by track and field athletes: gluten-free, low FODMAP, vegetarian and fasting. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2018; 29(2): 236. Ongan D, Ersoy G. Vejetaryen sporcular: Özel gereksinimleri. J Hum Sci. 2012; 9(1):261. Pilis W, Stec K, Zych M, Pilis A. Health benefits andrisk associated with adopting a vegetarian diet. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig. 2014; 65(1): 9. U.S. Department Of Agriculture (USDA) Internet, Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory: Beltsville, MD [Updated: 2020 Jan 4; Cited: 2022 Jan 20]. Available from: https://www.ars.usda.gov/northeast-area/beltsville-md-bhnrc/beltsville-human-nutrition-research-center/methods-and-application-of-food-composition-laboratory/mafcl-site-pages/sr11-sr28/. Wolfe RR, Rutherfurd SM, Kim Y, Moughan PJ. Protein quality as determined by the digestible indispensable amino acid score: evaluation of factors underlying the calculation. Nutr Rev. 2016; 74(9): 584. Aydenk Köseoğlu SZ. Bazı tahıl ürünlerinin protein kalite indeksinin protein sindirilebilirliği–düzeltilmiş amino asit skoru (PDCAAS) metodu ile belirlenmesi. EJOSAT. 2019; 17: 477. Fuhrman J, Ferreri MD. Fueling the vegetarian (vegan) athlete. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2010; 9(4): 233. Mandalı LS. Coaching the vegetarian athlete. JOPERD. 2011; 82(2): 44. Baysal A. Beslenme Yenilenmiş 12. Baskı. Ankara: Hatipoğlu yayınevi; 2009. Demir H, Seran CS. Energy consumption in vegetarian. İtobiad. 2017; 6(5): 3193.