COVID-19 ve Vertikal Geçiş

Year 2022, Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 175 - 179, 14.01.2022

Büşra Akgümüş Hüsniye Dinç Kaya

https://doi.org/10.33631/sabd.1055667

Abstract

Çin’in Hubei Eyaleti’nin Wuhan kentinde 2019 yılının Aralık ayında kaynağı bilinmeyen pnömoni vakalarının sebebi bir koronavirus olarak tanımlandı. Ardında hızla yayılan koronavirus önce Çin’de, daha sonra diğer dünya ülkelerinde vakaların görülmesine neden oldu. Şiddetli Akut Solunum Sendromu-2 (SARS-CoV-2) ve COVID-19 adı verilen virüs sebebiyle Dünya Sağlık Örgütü, Şubat 2020’de küresel salgın ilan etti. Hızlı yayılan ve ölümcül seyreden virüsün, bu süreçte enfeksiyonlara karşı daha savunmasız olan gebeler ve fetüs üzerinde oluşturacağı etki önem kazandı. COVID-19 ile enfekte annelerin gebelikleri sırasında fetüse vertikal geçiş olduğu yönünde yeterli kanıt yoktur. Ancak erken doğum ve fetal distrese neden olan vakalar olduğu belirtilmektedir. Doğum anında izolasyon önlemlerinin alınması, kordonun hızlı klemplenip kesilmesi ve yenidoğanın maternal sıvılardan temizlenmesi gerekmektedir. Bu koşulların sağlandığı durumlarda anneden bebeğe vertikal geçiş olduğuna dair yeterli kanıt mevcut değildir. Doğum sonu dönemde enfeksiyonun etkin yönetiminin ve anne sütü alımının sürdürülmesinin hem maternal hem de fetal sağlığa olumlu etkileri mevcuttur. Bu derlemenin amacı, COVID-19’un gebelik, doğum, doğum sonu ve emzirme döneminde, vertikal geçiş varlığının ve geçişin olası sonuçlarının literatür doğrultusunda incelenmesidir.

Keywords

COVID-19, pandemi, vertikal geçiş

COVID-19 and Vertical Transmission

Abstract

The cause of pneumonia cases of unknown origin in Wuhan, China's Hubei Province, in December 2019 was identified as a coronavirus. Then, the rapidly spreading coronavirus led to the emergence of cases first in China and then in other countries of the world. The World Health Organization declared a global pandemic in February 2020 due to the virus called Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and COVID-19. The effect of the virus, which has spread rapidly and is fatal, on pregnant women and fetuses, who are more vulnerable to infections in this process, has gained importance. There is no enough evidence indicating vertical transmission to the fetus during pregnancy of mothers infected with COVID-19. However, there have been cases causing preterm labor and fetal distress. It is necessary to take isolation measures, to clamp and cut the cord quickly, and to clean the newborn from maternal fluids during childbirth. There is no enough evidence of vertical transmission from the mother to the infant in cases when these conditions are met. The effective management of infection and maintaining breast milk intake in the postpartum period have positive effects on both maternal and fetal health. This review aimed to examine the presence of vertical transmission of COVID-19 during pregnancy, birth, postpartum and breastfeeding and the possible consequences of transmission based on scientific data.

Keywords

COVID-19, pandemic, vertical transmission

References

• World Health Organization [Internet]. WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dash-board. 2020 [Updated: 2020 November 28; Cited: 2020 November 28]. Available from: https://covid19.who.int/
• Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020; 382(18): 1708-20.
• Yang Z, Liu Y. Vertical Transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2: a systematic review. Am J Perinatol. 2020; 37(10): 1055.
• Ünal N. Yeni koranavirüs hastalığının etiyolojisi. Avrasya SBD. 2020; 3: 95-101.
• Özcan H, Elkoca A, Yalçın Ö. COVID-19 Enfeksiyonu ve gebelik üzerindeki etkile-ri. Anadolu Klin. 2020; 25(1): 43-50.
• Zaigham M, Andersson O. Maternal and perinatal outcomes with COVID‐19: A sys-tematic review of 108 pregnancies. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2020; 99(7): 823-29.
• Allotey J, Stallings E, Bonet M, Yap M, Chatterjee S, Kew T, et al. Clinical manifesta-tions, risk factors, and maternal and perinatal outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnancy: living systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2020; 370.
• Kotlyar A, Grechukhina O, Chen A, Popkhadze S, Grimshaw A, Tal O, et al. Vertical transmission of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am Journal Obstet Gynecol. 2020; 224(1): 35-53.
• Asadi L, Tabatabaei RS, Safinejad H, Mohammadi M. New corona virus (COVID-19) management in pregnancy and childbirth. Arch Clin Infect Dis. 2020; 15(COVID-19): e102938.
• Chen H, Guo J, Wang C, Luo F, Yu X, Zhang W, et al. Clinical characteristics and int-rauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant wo-men: a retrospective review of medical records. The Lancet. 2020; 395(10226): 809-15.
• Ashraf MA, Keshavarz P, Hosseinpour P, Erfani A, Roshanshad A, Pourdast, et al. Co-ronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A systematic review of pregnancy and the possi-bility of vertical transmission. J Reprod Infertil. 2020; 21(3): 157.
• Pierce Williams RA, Burd J, Felder L, Khoury R, Bernstein PS, Avila K, et al. Clinical course of severe and critical COVID-19 in hospitalized pregnancies: A US cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 2020; 2(3): 100134.
• Liu W, Wang J, Li W, Zhou Z, LiuS, Rong Z. Clinical characteristics of 19 neonates born to mothers with COVID-19. Front Med. 2020; 14(2): 1-6.
• Nie R, Wang S, Yang Q, Fan CF, Liu YL, He WC, et al. Clinical features and the ma-ternal and neonatal outcomes of pregnant women with coronavirus disease 2019. MedRxiv. 2020; 27: 1-24.
• Pereira A, Cruz‐Melguizo S, Adrien M, Fuentes L, Marin E, Perez‐Medina T. Clinical course of coronavirus disease‐2019 (COVID‐19) in pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2020; 99(7): 839-47
• Baud D, Greub G, Favre G, Gengler C, Jaton K, Dubruc E, et al. Second-trimester mis-carriage in a pregnant woman with SARS-CoV-2 infection. JAMA. 2020; 323(21): 2198–200.
• Ferrazzi E, Frigerio L, Savasi V, Vergani P, Prefumo F, Barresi S, et al. Vaginal deli-very in SARS‐CoV‐2‐infected pregnant women in Northern Italy: A retrospective analysis. BJOG. 2020; 127(9): 1116-21.
• Liao J, He X, Gong Q, Yang L, Zhou, Li J. Analysis of vaginal delivery outcomes among pregnant women in Wuhan, China during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Int J Gyne-col Obstet. 2020; 150(1): 53-7.
• Wu Y, Liu C, Dong L, Zhang C, Chen Y, Liu J, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 among pregnant Chinese women: case series data on the safety of vaginal birth and breastfee-ding. BJOG. 2020; 127(9): 1109-15.
• World Health Organization. Guiding principles for feeding infants and young children during emergencies. Geneva: WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data; 2004.
• Çaltekin İ, Çaltekin M. Sağlık Bilimleri Alanında Araştırma Makaleleri – 2. Maternal Bağlanma Kuramı. Ankara: Gece Akademi: 2019; 11-27.
• El-Gilany AH. Covıd-19 and breastfeeding. Asploro J Biomed Clin Case Rep. 2020; 3(2): 102-5.
• Davanzo R, Moro G, Sandri F, Agosti M, Moretti C, Mosca, F. Breastfeeding and co-ronavirus disease‐2019: Ad interim indications of the Italian Society of Neonatology endorsed by the Union of European Neonatal and Perinatal Societies. Matern Child Nutr. 2020; 16(3): e13010.
• Yang N, Che S, Zhang J, Wang X, Tang Y, Wang J, et al. Breastfeeding of infants born to mothers with COVID-19: A rapid review. MedRxiv. 2020; 8(10): 618- 28.
• World Health Organization [Internet]. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Breastfee-ding. 2020. [Updated: 2020 December 23; Cited: 2020 December 28]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-breastfeeding.
• Bfmed.org [Internet]. Chicago: Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine on Coronavırus 2019 (Covıd-19). 2020. [Updated: 2020 March 10; Cited: 2020 December 28]. Avai-lable from: https://www.bfmed.org/abm-statement-coronavirus