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Viral Pandemics as Possible Psycho-immunological Causes of Psychiatric Symptoms: From Past to Present

Year 2020, Volume: 3 Issue: S1, 92 - 98, 15.05.2020

Abstract

Human history has witnessed a wide variety of viral outbreaks from past to present, following these outbreaks, there has been an increase in the frequency of neuropsychiatric, neurodegenerative, neurobehavioral, and autoimmune disorders. Dramatic increases in psychotic disorder, anxiety disorder, depression, mania, and suicide cases after viral pandemics in the 19th and 20th centuries caused great debate. Trying to explain this increase in psychiatric disorders only with panic and trauma experienced by the populations who are caught unprepared for viral outbreaks will be incomplete without addressing the underlying infectious agents and the inflammation triggered in the host. Recent studies show that viral infections and inflammatory mechanisms triggered by them cause uncontrolled activities in microglia and impaired neurotransmitter functions, which leads to many psychiatric disorders based on genetic predisposition. In this review, we discusscase presentations and clinical studies in the literature related to acute psychiatric findings, which are thought to be associated with SARS-CoV-2(the virus that causes COVID-19), the underlying etiological mechanisms, and possible psychoimmunological reflections of these acute symptoms, by considering past viral outbreaks.

References

  • 1. Abdolmaleky HM, Cheng KH, Faraone SV, Wilcox M, Glatt SJ, Gao F, et al. Hypomethylation of MB-COMT promoter is a major risk factor for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Hum Mol Genet. 2006;15(21):3132-45.
  • 2. Medina RA. 1918 influenza virus: 100 years on, are we prepared against the next influenza pandemic? Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2018;16(2):61-2.
  • 3. Nicolson GL, Haier J. Role of Chronic Bacterial and Viral Infections in Neurodegenerative, Neurobehavioral, Psychiatric, Autoimmune and Fatiguing Illnesses: Part 1. British Journal of Medical Practitioners. 2009;2(4).
  • 4. Troyer EA, Kohn JN, Hong S. Are we facing a crashing wave of neuropsychiatric sequelae of COVID-19? Neuropsychiatric symptoms and potential immunologic mechanisms. Brain, behavior, and immunity. 2020.
  • 5. Kneeland RE, Fatemi SH. Viral infection, inflammation and schizophrenia. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. 2013;42:35-48.
  • 6. Aronsson F, Karlsson H, Ljunggren HG, Kristensson K. Persistence of the influenza A/WSN/33 virus RNA at midbrain levels of immunodefective mice. J Neurovirol. 2001;7(2):117-24.
  • 7. Aronsson F, Lannebo C, Paucar M, Brask J, Kristensson K, Karlsson H. Persistence of viral RNA in the brain of offspring to mice infected with influenza A/WSN/33 virus during pregnancy. J Neurovirol. 2002;8(4):353-7.
  • 8. Li YC, Bai WZ, Hashikawa T. The neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV2 may play a role in the respiratory failure of COVID-19 patients. J Med Virol. 2020.
  • 9. Bechter K. Virus infection as a cause of inflammation in psychiatric disorders. Mod Trends Pharmacopsychiatry. 2013;28:49-60.
  • 10. Desforges M, Le Coupanec A, Dubeau P, Bourgouin A, Lajoie L, Dubé M, et al. Human Coronaviruses and Other Respiratory Viruses: Underestimated Opportunistic Pathogens of the Central Nervous System? Viruses. 2020;12(1):14.
  • 11. Martone G. The inflammation hypothesis and mental illness. J Clin Psychiatr Neurosci. 2019;2(1):3-12.
  • 12. Fineberg AM, Ellman LM. Inflammatory cytokines and neurological and neurocognitive alterations in the course of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 2013;73(10):951-66.
  • 13. Pollak TA, Rogers JP, Nagele RG, Peakman M, Stone JM, David AS, et al. Antibodies in the diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of psychotic disorders. Schizophrenia bulletin. 2019;45(1):233-46.
  • 14. Barzilay R, Lobel T, Krivoy A, Shlosberg D, Weizman A, Katz N. Elevated C-reactive protein levels in schizophrenia inpatients is associated with aggressive behavior. European psychiatry. 2016;31:8-12.
  • 15. Miller BJ, Buckley PF. The case for adjunctive monoclonal antibody immunotherapy in schizophrenia. Psychiatric Clinics. 2016;39(2):187-98.
  • 16. Peiris J, Lai S, Poon L, Guan Y, Yam L, Lim W, et al. Coronavirus as a possible cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome. The Lancet. 2003;361(9366):1319-25.
  • 17. Severance EG, Dickerson FB, Viscidi RP, Bossis I, Stallings CR, Origoni AE, et al. Coronavirus immunoreactivity in individuals with a recent onset of psychotic symptoms. Schizophrenia bulletin. 2011;37(1):101-7.
  • 18. Benros ME, Waltoft BL, Nordentoft M, Ostergaard SD, Eaton WW, Krogh J, et al. Autoimmune diseases and severe infections as risk factors for mood disorders: a nationwide study. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013;70(8):812-20.
  • 19. Wang X, Zhang L, Lei Y, Liu X, Zhou X, Liu Y, et al. Meta-analysis of infectious agents and depression. Sci Rep. 2014;4:4530.
  • 20. Prusty BK, Gulve N, Govind S, Krueger GRF, Feichtinger J, Larcombe L, et al. Active HHV-6 Infection of Cerebellar Purkinje Cells in Mood Disorders. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2018;9(1955).
  • 21. Mazaheri-Tehrani E, Maghsoudi N, Shams J, Soori H, Atashi H, Motamedi F, et al. Borna disease virus (BDV) infection in psychiatric patients and healthy controls in Iran. Virol J. 2014;11:161.
  • 22. Tanaka T, Matsuda T, Hayes LN, Yang S, Rodriguez K, Severance EG, et al. Infection and inflammation in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Neuroscience research. 2017;115:59-63.
  • 23. Blank T, Detje CN, Spieß A, Hagemeyer N, Brendecke SM, Wolfart J, et al. Brain endothelial-and epithelial-specific interferon receptor chain 1 drives virus-induced sickness behavior and cognitive impairment. Immunity. 2016;44(4):901-12.
  • 24. Lopez CR, Antoni MH, Pereira D, Seay J, Whitehead N, Potter J, et al. Stress Management, Depression and Immune Status in Lower Income Racial/Ethnic Minority Women Co-infected with HIV and HPV. J Appl Biobehav Res. 2013;18(1):37-57.
  • 25. Doyle C, Swain WA, Ewald HAS, Ewald PW. Inflammation, infection and depression: an evolutionary perspective. Evolutionary Human Sciences. 2019;1.
  • 26. Lucas M, Chocano-Bedoya P, Schulze MB, Mirzaei F, O’Reilly EJ, Okereke OI, et al. Inflammatory dietary pattern and risk of depression among women. Brain Behav Immun. 2014;36:46-53.
  • 27. Okusaga O, Yolken RH, Langenberg P, Lapidus M, Arling TA, Dickerson FB, et al. Association of seropositivity for influenza and coronaviruses with history of mood disorders and suicide attempts. J Affect Disord 2011;130(1-2):220-5.
  • 28. Ahmed MZ, Ahmed O, Aibao Z, Hanbin S, Siyu L, Ahmad A. Epidemic of COVID-19 in China and Associated Psychological Problems. Asian J Psychiatr 2020:102092.
  • 29. Gerentes M, Pelissolo A, Rajagopal K, Tamouza R, Hamdani N. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Autoimmunity and Neuroinflammation. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2019;21(8):78.
  • 30. Shulman ST. Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococci (PANDAS): update. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2009;21(1):127-30.
  • 31. Banerjee D. The other side of COVID-19: Impact on Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and Hoarding. Psychiatry Res2020;288:112966. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112966
  • 32. Coughlin SS. Anxiety and depression: linkages with viral diseases. Public health reviews. 2012;34(2):7.
  • 33. Passos IC, Vasconcelos-Moreno MP, Costa LG, Kunz M, Brietzke E, Quevedo J, et al. Inflammatory markers in post-traumatic stress disorder: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and metaregression. Lancet Psychiatry. 2015;2(11):1002-12.
  • 34. Lam MH, Wing YK, Yu MW, Leung CM, Ma RC, Kong AP, et al. Mental morbidities and chronic fatigue in severe acute respiratory syndrome survivors: long-term follow-up. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(22):2142-7.
  • 35. Huang Y, Zhao N. Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based crosssectional survey. Psychiatry Res. 2020;288:112954.
  • 36. Aytac HM, Oyaci Y, Yazar MS, Erol A, Pehlivan S. Association of MIF and MBL2 gene polymorphisms with attempted suicide in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. J Clin Neurosci  2020 Apr 9. pii: S09675868(20)30294-0. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2020.04.001. [Epub ahead of print].
  • 37. Brundin L, Bryleva EY, Rajamani KT. Role of inflammation in suicide: from mechanisms to treatment. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2017;42(1):271-283.doi: 10.1038/npp.2016.116. Epub 2016 Jul 5.
  • 38. Lund-Sørensen H, Benros ME, Madsen T, Sørensen HJ, Eaton WW, Postolache TT, et al. A nationwide cohort study of the association between hospitalization with infection and risk of death by suicide. Jama Psychiatry. 2016;73(9):912-9.
  • 39. Nissen J, Trabjerg B, Pedersen M, Banasik K, Pedersen OB, Sørensen E, et al. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 infection is associated with suicidal behavior and first registered psychiatric diagnosis in a healthy population. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2019;108:150-4.
  • 40. Goyal K, Chauhan P, Chhikara K, Gupta P, Singh MP. Fear of COVID 2019: First suicidal case in India! Asian J psychiatr 2020;49:101989.
  • 41. Corona virüs korkusundan intihar etti NTV 31 March 2020 [Available from: https://www.ntv. com.tr/turkiye/corona-virus-korkusundanintihar-etti,uIhyxXfFh0K4JtMqX1JxNw.
  • 42. Corona virüs şüphesiyle hastaneye yatırılan yaşlı adam 3. kattan atlayarak hayatını kaybetti Milliyet 24 April 2020 [Available from: https://www. milliyet.com.tr/gundem/corona-virussuphesiyle-hastaneye-yatirilan-yasli-adam-3kattan-atlayarak-hayatini-kaybetti-6197797.

Psikiyatrik Belirtilerin Olası Psikoimmünolojik Nedenleri Olarak Geçmişten Günümüze Viral Pandemiler

Year 2020, Volume: 3 Issue: S1, 92 - 98, 15.05.2020

Abstract

İnsanlık tarihi geçmişten günümüze çok çeşitli viral salgınlara tanık olmuş, bu salgınların ardından, etkilenen toplumlarda nöropsikiyatrik, nörodejeneratif, nörodavranışsal ve otoimmün bozuklukların görülme sıklığında artış meydana gelmiştir. 19. ve 20. yüzyıllarda viral pandemilerin ardından psikotik bozukluk, kaygı bozukluğu, depresyon, mani ve intihar olgularında görülen dramatik artışlar büyük tartışmalara yol açmıştır. Psikiyatrik bozukluklarda görülen bu artışın viral salgınlara hazırlıksız yakalanan toplumların yaşadığı panik ve bunun neden olduğu travma ile açıklanmaya çalışılması altta yatan enfeksiyöz ajanları ve konakçıda tetikledikleri inflamasyonu ele almadan eksik kalacaktır. Son dönemde yapılan çalışmalar, viral enfeksiyonların ve tetikledikleri enflamatuvar mekanizmaların mikroglialarda kontrolsüz aktivitelere ve nörotransmitter fonksiyonlarında bozulmalara neden olduğu, bu durumun da genetik yatkınlık zemininde birçok psikiyatrik bozukluğa yol açtığını göstermektedir.Bu derlemede, SARS-CoV-2’nin (COVID-19 etmeni) neden olduğu düşünülen psikiyatrik bulgularla ilgili literatürde yer alan vaka sunumları ve klinik çalışmaları, altta yatan etiyolojik mekanizmaları ve sebep olduğu akut tabloların ileri dönemdeki olası psikoimmünolojik yansımalarını, geçmiş viral salgınları da göz önünde bulundurarak tartıştık.

References

  • 1. Abdolmaleky HM, Cheng KH, Faraone SV, Wilcox M, Glatt SJ, Gao F, et al. Hypomethylation of MB-COMT promoter is a major risk factor for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Hum Mol Genet. 2006;15(21):3132-45.
  • 2. Medina RA. 1918 influenza virus: 100 years on, are we prepared against the next influenza pandemic? Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2018;16(2):61-2.
  • 3. Nicolson GL, Haier J. Role of Chronic Bacterial and Viral Infections in Neurodegenerative, Neurobehavioral, Psychiatric, Autoimmune and Fatiguing Illnesses: Part 1. British Journal of Medical Practitioners. 2009;2(4).
  • 4. Troyer EA, Kohn JN, Hong S. Are we facing a crashing wave of neuropsychiatric sequelae of COVID-19? Neuropsychiatric symptoms and potential immunologic mechanisms. Brain, behavior, and immunity. 2020.
  • 5. Kneeland RE, Fatemi SH. Viral infection, inflammation and schizophrenia. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. 2013;42:35-48.
  • 6. Aronsson F, Karlsson H, Ljunggren HG, Kristensson K. Persistence of the influenza A/WSN/33 virus RNA at midbrain levels of immunodefective mice. J Neurovirol. 2001;7(2):117-24.
  • 7. Aronsson F, Lannebo C, Paucar M, Brask J, Kristensson K, Karlsson H. Persistence of viral RNA in the brain of offspring to mice infected with influenza A/WSN/33 virus during pregnancy. J Neurovirol. 2002;8(4):353-7.
  • 8. Li YC, Bai WZ, Hashikawa T. The neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV2 may play a role in the respiratory failure of COVID-19 patients. J Med Virol. 2020.
  • 9. Bechter K. Virus infection as a cause of inflammation in psychiatric disorders. Mod Trends Pharmacopsychiatry. 2013;28:49-60.
  • 10. Desforges M, Le Coupanec A, Dubeau P, Bourgouin A, Lajoie L, Dubé M, et al. Human Coronaviruses and Other Respiratory Viruses: Underestimated Opportunistic Pathogens of the Central Nervous System? Viruses. 2020;12(1):14.
  • 11. Martone G. The inflammation hypothesis and mental illness. J Clin Psychiatr Neurosci. 2019;2(1):3-12.
  • 12. Fineberg AM, Ellman LM. Inflammatory cytokines and neurological and neurocognitive alterations in the course of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 2013;73(10):951-66.
  • 13. Pollak TA, Rogers JP, Nagele RG, Peakman M, Stone JM, David AS, et al. Antibodies in the diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of psychotic disorders. Schizophrenia bulletin. 2019;45(1):233-46.
  • 14. Barzilay R, Lobel T, Krivoy A, Shlosberg D, Weizman A, Katz N. Elevated C-reactive protein levels in schizophrenia inpatients is associated with aggressive behavior. European psychiatry. 2016;31:8-12.
  • 15. Miller BJ, Buckley PF. The case for adjunctive monoclonal antibody immunotherapy in schizophrenia. Psychiatric Clinics. 2016;39(2):187-98.
  • 16. Peiris J, Lai S, Poon L, Guan Y, Yam L, Lim W, et al. Coronavirus as a possible cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome. The Lancet. 2003;361(9366):1319-25.
  • 17. Severance EG, Dickerson FB, Viscidi RP, Bossis I, Stallings CR, Origoni AE, et al. Coronavirus immunoreactivity in individuals with a recent onset of psychotic symptoms. Schizophrenia bulletin. 2011;37(1):101-7.
  • 18. Benros ME, Waltoft BL, Nordentoft M, Ostergaard SD, Eaton WW, Krogh J, et al. Autoimmune diseases and severe infections as risk factors for mood disorders: a nationwide study. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013;70(8):812-20.
  • 19. Wang X, Zhang L, Lei Y, Liu X, Zhou X, Liu Y, et al. Meta-analysis of infectious agents and depression. Sci Rep. 2014;4:4530.
  • 20. Prusty BK, Gulve N, Govind S, Krueger GRF, Feichtinger J, Larcombe L, et al. Active HHV-6 Infection of Cerebellar Purkinje Cells in Mood Disorders. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2018;9(1955).
  • 21. Mazaheri-Tehrani E, Maghsoudi N, Shams J, Soori H, Atashi H, Motamedi F, et al. Borna disease virus (BDV) infection in psychiatric patients and healthy controls in Iran. Virol J. 2014;11:161.
  • 22. Tanaka T, Matsuda T, Hayes LN, Yang S, Rodriguez K, Severance EG, et al. Infection and inflammation in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Neuroscience research. 2017;115:59-63.
  • 23. Blank T, Detje CN, Spieß A, Hagemeyer N, Brendecke SM, Wolfart J, et al. Brain endothelial-and epithelial-specific interferon receptor chain 1 drives virus-induced sickness behavior and cognitive impairment. Immunity. 2016;44(4):901-12.
  • 24. Lopez CR, Antoni MH, Pereira D, Seay J, Whitehead N, Potter J, et al. Stress Management, Depression and Immune Status in Lower Income Racial/Ethnic Minority Women Co-infected with HIV and HPV. J Appl Biobehav Res. 2013;18(1):37-57.
  • 25. Doyle C, Swain WA, Ewald HAS, Ewald PW. Inflammation, infection and depression: an evolutionary perspective. Evolutionary Human Sciences. 2019;1.
  • 26. Lucas M, Chocano-Bedoya P, Schulze MB, Mirzaei F, O’Reilly EJ, Okereke OI, et al. Inflammatory dietary pattern and risk of depression among women. Brain Behav Immun. 2014;36:46-53.
  • 27. Okusaga O, Yolken RH, Langenberg P, Lapidus M, Arling TA, Dickerson FB, et al. Association of seropositivity for influenza and coronaviruses with history of mood disorders and suicide attempts. J Affect Disord 2011;130(1-2):220-5.
  • 28. Ahmed MZ, Ahmed O, Aibao Z, Hanbin S, Siyu L, Ahmad A. Epidemic of COVID-19 in China and Associated Psychological Problems. Asian J Psychiatr 2020:102092.
  • 29. Gerentes M, Pelissolo A, Rajagopal K, Tamouza R, Hamdani N. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Autoimmunity and Neuroinflammation. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2019;21(8):78.
  • 30. Shulman ST. Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococci (PANDAS): update. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2009;21(1):127-30.
  • 31. Banerjee D. The other side of COVID-19: Impact on Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and Hoarding. Psychiatry Res2020;288:112966. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112966
  • 32. Coughlin SS. Anxiety and depression: linkages with viral diseases. Public health reviews. 2012;34(2):7.
  • 33. Passos IC, Vasconcelos-Moreno MP, Costa LG, Kunz M, Brietzke E, Quevedo J, et al. Inflammatory markers in post-traumatic stress disorder: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and metaregression. Lancet Psychiatry. 2015;2(11):1002-12.
  • 34. Lam MH, Wing YK, Yu MW, Leung CM, Ma RC, Kong AP, et al. Mental morbidities and chronic fatigue in severe acute respiratory syndrome survivors: long-term follow-up. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(22):2142-7.
  • 35. Huang Y, Zhao N. Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based crosssectional survey. Psychiatry Res. 2020;288:112954.
  • 36. Aytac HM, Oyaci Y, Yazar MS, Erol A, Pehlivan S. Association of MIF and MBL2 gene polymorphisms with attempted suicide in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. J Clin Neurosci  2020 Apr 9. pii: S09675868(20)30294-0. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2020.04.001. [Epub ahead of print].
  • 37. Brundin L, Bryleva EY, Rajamani KT. Role of inflammation in suicide: from mechanisms to treatment. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2017;42(1):271-283.doi: 10.1038/npp.2016.116. Epub 2016 Jul 5.
  • 38. Lund-Sørensen H, Benros ME, Madsen T, Sørensen HJ, Eaton WW, Postolache TT, et al. A nationwide cohort study of the association between hospitalization with infection and risk of death by suicide. Jama Psychiatry. 2016;73(9):912-9.
  • 39. Nissen J, Trabjerg B, Pedersen M, Banasik K, Pedersen OB, Sørensen E, et al. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 infection is associated with suicidal behavior and first registered psychiatric diagnosis in a healthy population. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2019;108:150-4.
  • 40. Goyal K, Chauhan P, Chhikara K, Gupta P, Singh MP. Fear of COVID 2019: First suicidal case in India! Asian J psychiatr 2020;49:101989.
  • 41. Corona virüs korkusundan intihar etti NTV 31 March 2020 [Available from: https://www.ntv. com.tr/turkiye/corona-virus-korkusundanintihar-etti,uIhyxXfFh0K4JtMqX1JxNw.
  • 42. Corona virüs şüphesiyle hastaneye yatırılan yaşlı adam 3. kattan atlayarak hayatını kaybetti Milliyet 24 April 2020 [Available from: https://www. milliyet.com.tr/gundem/corona-virussuphesiyle-hastaneye-yatirilan-yasli-adam-3kattan-atlayarak-hayatini-kaybetti-6197797.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Dentistry, Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toxicology, Clinical Sciences
Journal Section Review
Authors

Hasan Mervan Aytaç This is me 0000-0002-1053-6808

Sacide Pehlivan This is me 0000-0003-1272-5845

Publication Date May 15, 2020
Submission Date April 24, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 3 Issue: S1

Cite

MLA Aytaç, Hasan Mervan and Sacide Pehlivan. “Viral Pandemics As Possible Psycho-Immunological Causes of Psychiatric Symptoms: From Past to Present”. Sağlık Bilimlerinde İleri Araştırmalar Dergisi, vol. 3, no. S1, 2020, pp. 92-98.