Cancer prevalence, health expenditure and economic output: Panel econometric application

Year 2021, Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 206 - 214, 01.09.2021

Canser Boz

Abstract

Introduction and Objectives: From countries’ perspective, chronic diseases, such as cancers, cardiovascular disease, reduce life expectancy and ultimately economic productivity, thus depleting the quality and quantity of countries’ labour force. This may result into lower national output in national income. Moreover, diseases also have an increasing effect on health expenditures. This effect is higher for chronic noncommunicable diseases. Because noncommunicable diseases are often complex cases that require long-term, continuous care. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of cancer disease on economic output and health expenditure. Methods: The effect of cancer on health expenditures was analyzed with the static panel regression equation, and the effect on economic output using the dynamic model. Data in empirical analysis was obtained from the World Bank, Global Health Data Exchange-GHDx database, International Monetary Fund and UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2019) database. STATA 13.0 is used for all estimations. Results: The increase in cancer prevalence has a negative effect on economic output for the period between 2000 and 2017 in OECD countries. It was also concluded that the increase in cancer prevalence has a positive effect on total and public health expenditure per capita in OECD countries between 2004 and 2017. Conclusions: Noncommunicable diseases, such as cancer, emerge as a global social problem. Multi-stakeholder action plans should be developed in partnership with national and international organizations in order to prevent the increase of non-communicable diseases in the society.

Keywords

Health Economics, Non- Communicable Diseases, Cancer, Panel Data

Kanser prevalansı, sağlık harcaması ve ekonomik çıktı: Panel ekonometrik bir uygulama

Abstract

Giriş ve Amaç: Kanser, kardiyovasküler hastalıklar gibi kronik hastalıklar, ortalama yaşam süresi ve nihayetinde ekonomik üretkenliği azaltarak ülkelerin işgücünün kalitesini ve miktarını olumsuz etkiler. Bu durum milli gelirde daha düşük ulusal çıktıya neden olur. Bunun yanı sıra bu hastalıkların sağlık harcamalarını artırıcı etkisi de vardır. Kronik bulaşıcı olmayan hastalıklarda bu etki daha yüksektir. Çünkü bulaşıcı olmayan hastalıklar genellikle uzun süreli ve sürekli bakım gerektiren karmaşık vakalardır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, kanser hastalığının ekonomik çıktı ve sağlık harcamaları üzerindeki etkisini incelemektir. Yöntem: Kanserin sağlık harcamalarına etkisi statik panel regresyon denklemi ile, ekonomik çıktı üzerindeki etkisi ise dinamik panel model kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Ampirik analizdeki veriler Dünya Bankası, Küresel Sağlık -GHDx veri tabanı, Uluslararası Para Fonu ve UNESCO İstatistik Enstitüsü (2019) veri tabanından elde edilmiştir. Tüm tahminler için STATA 13.0 programı kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: OECD ülkelerinde kanser prevalansındaki artış, 2000-2017 yılları arasında ekonomik çıktı üzerinde olumsuz bir etkiye sahiptir. OECD ülkelerinde 2004 ile 2017 yılları arasında kanser prevalansındaki artışın kişi başına düşen toplam sağlık harcamaları ve kamu sağlık harcamaları üzerinde arttırıcı bir etkiye sahip olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Sonuç: Kanser gibi bulaşıcı olmayan hastalıklar küresel bir sosyal sorun olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu hastalıkların toplumda artmasını önlemek için ulusal ve uluslararası kuruluşlarla ortaklaşa çok paydaşlı eylem planları geliştirilmelidir.

Keywords

Sağlık Ekonomisi, Bulaşıcı Olmayan Hastalıklar, Kanser, Panel Veri

References

• 1. Wang, Q., Brenner, S., Kalmus, O., Banda, H.T, Allegri, M.D. (2016). The economic burden of chronic noncommunicable diseases in Rural Malawi: An observational study. BMC Health Services Research, 2016,16: 1-9.
• 2. Unwin, N., Alberti, K.G.(2006). Chronic non-communicable diseases. Ann Trop Med Parasitol.100(5-6), 455-464.
• 3. World Health Organization. (2020) Global status report on noncommunicable diseases. Retrieved May, 20 2020 from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/148114/9789241564854_eng.pdf?sequence=1
• 4. Roser, M., Ritchie, H. Burden of Disease. (2019). Our World in data. Retrieved Jan 10, 2020 from: https://ourworldindata.org/burden-of-disease.
• 5. World Health Organization (2019). Health impact assessment (HIA). The Determinants of Health. Retrieved Feb 10, 2020 from: https://www.who.int/hia/evidence/doh/en/
• 6. Abegunde, D., Stanciole, A. (2006). An estimation of the economic impact of chronic noncommunicable diseases in seleceted countries Retrieved May 10, 2020 from:https://www.who.int/chp/working_paper_growth%20model29may.pdf
• 7. Suhrcke, M., Võrk, A., Mazzuco, S. (2006). The economic consequences of ill-health in Estonia. Tallinn: WHO Regional Office for Europe, Ministry of Social Affairs, PRAXIS Center for Policy Studies.
• 8. Torun, P., Kutlar, A.(2018). The economic costs of cancer in Turkey: A computable general equilibrium model approach. Hacettepe Journal of Health Administration. 21(1), 31-39.
• 9. Bloom, D.E., Kuhn, M., Prettner, K. (2019). Health and economic growth. IZA Institude of Labor Economics Paper Series. Retrieved Apr 20, 2020 from: https://ideas.repec.org/p/iza/izadps/dp11939.html
• 10. Audibert, M., Motel, P.C., Drabo, A.(2012). Global burden of disease and economic growth. Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société. (12), 1-35.
• 11. Tandon, A. (2005). Macroeconomic impact of HIV/AIDS in the Asian and Pasific Region. ERD Working Paper Series. Retrieved Apr 20, 2020 from: https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/28197/wp075.pdf
• 12. Strauss, J., Thomas, D. (2008). Health over the life course. In: Schultz T, Strauss J (ed) Handbook of development economics. California: University of California.
• 13. Greene, W.H. (2012). Econometric analysis. New York: Pearson Education Publication.
• 14. Xu, K., Saksena, P., Holly, A. (2011). The determinants of health expenditure. World Health Organization Retrieved May 20 2020, from https://www.who.int/health_financing/documents/cov-report_e_11-deter-he/en/
• 15. Torun, P. (2017). Economic cost of cancer: cancer representative in Turkey. Sakary: Sakarya University.
• 16. Vandenberghe, D., Albrecht, J. (2019). The financial burden of non-communicable diseases in the European Union: A Systematic Review. European Journal of Public Health, 0-7.
• 17. Schmid, T.(2015). Costs of treating cardiovascular events in Germany: A systematic literature review. Health Economics Reviews. 5(1), 27.
• 18. Cuddington, J.T. (1993). Modeling the macroeconomic effects of AIDS, with an application to Tanzania (English). The World Bank.
• 19. Dixon, S., Mcdonald, S., Roberts, J. (2001). AIDS and economic growth in Africa: a panel data analysis. Journal of International Development.13(4), 411-426.
• 20. Suhrcke, M., Urban, D.(2010). Are cardiovascular diseases bad for economic growth? Health Economics, 19, 1478–1496.
• 21. Muka, T., Imo, D., Jasper, L., et al. (2015). The Global impact of non-communicable diseases on healthcare spending and national income: A Systematic Review. European Journal of Epidemiology. 30(4), 251-277.
• 22. Bloom, D.E. Cafiero, E.T, McGovern, M.E. et al.(2013) The economic impact of non-communicable disease in China and India: estimates, projections, and comparisons. NBER Working Paper. Retrieved https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266799677_The_macroeconomic_impact_of_noncommunicable_diseases_in_China_and_India_Estimates_projections_and_comparisons
• 23. Mahal, A., Karan, A., Fan, V., Engelgau, M. (2013). The economic burden of cancers on Indian households. Asia Pacific Journal of Cancer.7, 671-677.