saucis

Sakarya University Journal of Computer and Information Sciences

2636-8129

Sakarya University

10.35377/saucis...1147919

Communication and Media Studies

İletişim ve Medya Çalışmaları

A Software Defined Networking-based Routing Algorithm for Flying Ad Hoc Networks

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8147-6657

Erdemkılıç

Berat

Istanbul Technical University

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9965-2329

Yazıcı

Mehmet Akif

Istanbul Technical University

08 31 2022

5 2 246 256 07 24 2022 08 07 2022

2018

Sakarya University Journal of Computer and Information Sciences

Flying Ad-Hoc Networks (FANET) are wireless mobile ad-hoc networks composed of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) as communicating nodes. As with any computer network, routing is an essential problem that has to be solved efficiently for high performance. FANETs present unique challenges with respect to routing, due to their structures. FANET systems have high dynamicity as the nodes move at very high speeds and UAVs can behave in accordance with various mobility models. The nodes usually have line of sight between them, but FANET systems frequently operate on large topologies with low node density. Hence, the structure of the topology changes rapidly, and the frequency of link disconnections between UAVs increases. Traditional topology-based and position-based routing algorithms do not work well in the face of this problem. In this study, we propose a novel SDN-based Routing Protocol which comprises both proactive and reactive components in order to improve the performance. Software Defined Networking technology is used as the network management architecture. To investigate the performance of the proposed protocol against legacy MANET routing protocols, a comparison study was conducted in terms of throughput, end-to-end delay, and control packet overhead. Simulation results show that the proposed SDN-based Routing Protocol performs better than the selected legacy protocols.

unmanned aerial vehicle flying ad-hoc network software defined networking openflow protocol routing algorithm

[1] İ. Bekmezci, O. K. Sahingoz and Ş. Temel, "Flying Ad-Hoc Networks (FANETs): A survey," Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 1254-1270, May 2013.

[2] S. Corson and J. Macker, Mobile Ad hoc Networking (MANET): Routing Protocol Performance Issues and Evaluation Considerations, RFC 2501, DOI 10.17487/RFC2501, https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2501, January 1999.

[3] A. Bujari, C. E. Palazzi and D. Ronzani, "FANET application scenarios and mobility models," in Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Micro Aerial Vehicle Networks, Systems, and Applications, Niagara Falls, NY, USA, 2017.

[4] W. Wang, X. Guan, B. Wang and Y. Wang, "A novel mobility model based on semi-random circular movement in mobile ad hoc networks," Information Sciences, vol. 180, no. 3, pp. 399-413, February 2010.

[5] O. Bouachir, A. Abrassart, F. Garcia and N. Larrieu, "A mobility model for UAV ad hoc network," in 2014 International Conference on Unmanned Aircraft Systems (ICUAS), Orlando, FL, USA, 2014.

[6] D. B. Johnson and D. A. Maltz, "Dynamic Source Routing in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks," in Mobile Computing, Boston, MA, USA, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996, pp. 153-181.

[7] M. Y. Arafat and S. Moh, "Routing protocols for unmanned aerial vehicle networks: A survey," IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 99694-99720, 2019.

[8] Z. Zhang, "Routing in intermittently connected mobile ad hoc networks and delay tolerant networks: Overview and challenges," IEEE Commun. Surveys Tuts., vol. 8, no. 1, p. 24–37, 2006.

[9] Q. Li and D. Rus, "Communication in disconnected ad hoc networks using message relay," J. Parallel Distrib. Comput., vol. 63, no. 1, p. 75–86, 2003.

[10] J. Luo, X. Gu, T. Zhao and W. Yan, "A mobile infrastructure based VANET routing protocol in the urban environment," in Int. Conf. Commun. Mobile Comput., Shenzhen, China, 2010.

[11] J. Yu, R. Zhang, Y. Gao and L.-L. Yang, "Modularity-based dynamic clustering for energy efficient UAVs-aided communications," IEEE Wireless Commun. Lett., vol. 7, no. 5, p. 728–731, 2018.

[12] F. Aftab, A. Khan and Z. Zhang, "Hybrid self-organized clustering scheme for drone based cognitive Internet of Things," IEEE Access, vol. 7, p. 56217–56227, 2019.

[13] M. Iordanakis, D. Yannis, K. Karras, G. Bogdos, G. Dilintas, M. Amirfeiz, G. Colangelo and S. Baiotti, "Ad-hoc routing protocol for aeronautical mobile ad-hoc networks," in Fifth International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks and Digital Signal Processing (CSNDSP), Patras, Greece, 2006.

[14] R. Shirani, M. St-Hilaire, T. Kunz, Y. Zhou, J. Li and L. Lamont, "Combined Reactive-Geographic routing for Unmanned Aeronautical Ad-hoc Networks," in 8th International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC), Limassol, Cyprus, 2012.

[15] C. E. Perkins and P. Bhagwat, "Highly dynamic Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector routing (DSDV) for mobile computers," ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, vol. 24, no. 4, p. 234–244, 1994.

[16] P. Jacquet, P. Muhlethaler, T. Clausen, A. Laouiti, A. Qayyum and L. Viennot, "Optimized link state routing protocol for ad hoc networks," in IEEE International Multi Topic Conference (IEEE INMIC 2001), Technology for the 21st Century., Lahore, Pakistan, 2001.

[17] D. Johnson, N. Ntlatlapa and C. Aichele, "A simple pragmatic approach to mesh routing using BATMAN," in 2nd IFIP Int. Symp. Wireless Commun. Inf. Technol. Developing Countries, 2008.

[18] C. E. Perkins and E. M. Royer, "Ad-hoc on-demand distance vector routing," in 2nd IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications, New Orleans, LA, USA, 1999.

[19] D. B. Johnson and D. A. Maltz, "Dynamic source routing in ad hoc wireless networks," in Mobile computing, Boston, MA, USA, Springer, 1996, pp. 153-181.

[20] Z. J. Haas and M. R. Pearlman, "The performance of a new routing protocol for the reconfigurable wireless networks," in IEEE International Conference on Communications. Conference Record. Affiliated with SUPERCOMM'98, Atlanta, GA, USA, 1998.

[21] V. D. Park and M. S. Corson, "A highly adaptive distributed routing algorithm for mobile wireless networks," in IEEE INFOCOM’97 The Conference on Computer Communications, Kobe, Japan, 1997.

[22] G. Mao, S. Drake and B. D. O. Anderson, "Design of an extended kalman filter for uav localization," in 2007 Information, Decision and Control, Adelaide, SA, Australia, 2007.

[23] E. Kuiper and S. Nadjm-Tehrani, "Geographical Routing With Location Service in Intermittently Connected MANETs," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 592 - 604, 2011.

[24] B. N. Karp and H. T. Kung, "GPSR: greedy perimeter stateless routing for wireless networks," in 6th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom '00), Boston, MA, USA, 2000.

[25] X. Li and J. Huang, "ABPP: An Adaptive Beacon Scheme for Geographic Routing in FANET," in 18th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Computing, Applications and Technologies (PDCAT), Taipei, Taiwan, 2017.

[26] X. Zheng, Q. Qi, Q. Wang and Y. Li, "An adaptive density-based routing protocol for flying Ad Hoc networks," in AIP Conference Proceedings 1890, 2017.

[27] M. Sbeiti, N. Goddemeier, D. Behnke and C. Wietfeld, "PASER: Secure and Efficient Routing Approach for Airborne Mesh Networks," IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 1950 - 1964, 2016.

[28] N. McKeown, T. Anderson, H. Balakrishnan, G. Parulkar, L. Peterson, J. Rexford, S. Shenker and J. Turner, "OpenFlow: Enabling Innovation in Campus Networks," SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev., vol. 38, no. 2, p. 69–74, April 2008.

[29] "OMNeT++ Discrete Event Simulator," [Online]. Available: https://omnetpp.org/. [Accessed July 2022].

[30] O. Dukkanci, B. Y. Kara and T. Bektaş, "Minimizing energy and cost in range-limited drone deliveries with speed optimization," Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, vol. 125, 2021.