<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>saujs</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Sakarya University Journal of Science</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2147-835X</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Sakarya University</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.16984/saufenbilder.877919</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Engineering</subject>
                                                            <subject>Industrial Engineering</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Mühendislik</subject>
                                                            <subject>Endüstri Mühendisliği</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                                                            <article-title>Green Supplier Selection Using Game Theory Based on Fuzzy SWARA</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3333-7972</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Taş</surname>
                                    <given-names>Mehmet Ali</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>TÜRK-ALMAN ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4134-7679</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Çakır</surname>
                                    <given-names>Esra</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>GALATASARAY ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20210830">
                    <day>08</day>
                    <month>30</month>
                    <year>2021</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>25</volume>
                                        <issue>4</issue>
                                        <fpage>885</fpage>
                                        <lpage>897</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20210210">
                        <day>02</day>
                        <month>10</month>
                        <year>2021</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20210608">
                        <day>06</day>
                        <month>08</month>
                        <year>2021</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 1997, Sakarya University Journal of Science</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>1997</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Sakarya University Journal of Science</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                                        <abstract><p>Green supplier selection involves a difficult and complex decision-making process because the criteria have a relationship with each other. Due to conflicts, the selection becomes crucial. Likewise, strategies among alternatives are critical to decide the best one. To overcome these difficulties, multi-criteria decision making methods and game theory approaches are appropriate. In this study, fuzzy SWARA, which is a multicriteria decision making method using fuzzy numbers to express uncertainty, and game theory are integrated to select the best alternative according to the vague opinion of decision makers. As a case study, an application is handled for a chemical company which produces cleaning products in Turkey. The selection occurs between two alternative green suppliers. The strategies of alternative suppliers are evaluated using the fuzzy SWARA method, then game theory aid to evaluate competition of the alternatives.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Green supplier selection</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  sustainable environment</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  game theory</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  fuzzy
SWARA</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  multi-criteria decision making</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                                                                                                                <funding-group specific-use="FundRef">
                    <award-group>
                                                    <funding-source>
                                <named-content content-type="funder_name">Galatasaray Üniversitesi</named-content>
                            </funding-source>
                                                                    </award-group>
                </funding-group>
                                </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[1] A. L. Radu, M. A. Scrieciu and D. M. Caracota, &quot;Carbon Footprint Analysis: Towards a Projects Evaluation Model for Promoting Sustainable Development,” Procedia Economics and Finance, vol. 6, pp. 353-363, Jan. 2013.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[2]	H. O. Arslan, C. Cigdemoglu, and C. Moseley, “A three-tier diagnostic test to assess pre-service teachers’ misconceptions about global warming, greenhouse effect, ozone layer depletion, and acid rain,” International Journal of Science Education,  vol. 34, no. 11, pp. 1667-1686, 2012.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[3]	J. Houghton, “Global warming,” Reports on Progress in Physics, vol. 68, no. 6, pp. 1343–1403, Jun. 2005.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[4]	Intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC) Global warming of 1.5 °C [Data accessed: Jul. 2020]. Available: https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/chapter/spm/</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[5]	J. A. Dearing, R. W. Battarbee, R. Dikau, I. Larocque, and F. Oldfield, “Human–environment interactions: learning from the past,” Regional Environmental Change, vol. 6, pp. 1-16, 2006.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[6]	A. Zakeri, F. Dehghanian, B. Fahimnia, and J. Sarkis, “Carbon pricing versus emissions trading: A supply chain planning perspective,” International Journal of Production Economics, vol. 164, pp. 197–205, 2015.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[7]	S. Onut, S. S. Kara, E. Isik, &quot;Long term supplier selection using a combined fuzzy MCDM approach: A case study for a telecommunication company,&quot; Expert Systems with Applications, vol. 36, 2009, pp. 3887-3895.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[8]	M. Stojčić, E. K. Zavadskas, D. Pamučar, Ž. Stević, and A. Mardani, “Application of MCDM methods in sustainability engineering: A literature review 2008–2018,” Symmetry, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 350, 2019.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[9]	M. A. M. A. Kermani, H. Navidi, and F. Alborzi, “A novel method for supplier selection by two competitors, including multiple criteria,” International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 527-535, 2012.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[10]	R. K. Mavi, M. Goh, and N. Zarbakhshnia, “Sustainable third-party reverse logistic provider selection with fuzzy SWARA and fuzzy MOORA in plastic industry,” The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol. 91, no. 5, pp. 2401-2418, 2017.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[11]	S. Tadić, S. Zečević, and M. Krstić, “Assessment of the political city logistics initiatives sustainability,” Transportation research procedia, vol. 30, pp. 285-294, 2018.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[12]	N. Zarbakhshnia, H. Soleimani, and H. Ghaderi, “Sustainable third-party reverse logistics provider evaluation and selection using fuzzy SWARA and developed fuzzy COPRAS in the presence of risk criteria,”  Applied Soft Computing, vol. 65, pp. 307-319, 2018.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[13]	S. Perçin, “An Integrated Fuzzy SWARA and Fuzzy AD Approach for Outsourcing Provider Selection,” Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 531-552, 2019.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[14]	D. Sumrit, “Supplier Selection for Vendor-Managed Inventory in Healthcare Using Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Approach,” Decision Science Letters, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 233-256, 2020.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[15]	A. Ulutas, “Using of Fuzzy SWARA and Fuzzy ARAS Methods to Solve Supplier Selection Problem,” Theoretical and Applied Mathematics in International Business, pp. 136-148, 2020.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[16]	P. Rani, A. R. Mishra, A. Mardani, F. Cavallaro, D. Štreimikienė, and S. A. R. Khan, “Pythagorean Fuzzy SWARA–VIKOR Framework for Performance Evaluation of Solar Panel Selection,” Sustainability, vol. 12, no. 10, pp. 4278, 2020.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[17]	M. R. Moniri, A. A. Tabriz, A. Ayough, and M. Zandieh, “Turnaround project risk assessment using hybrid fuzzy SWARA and EDAS method: case of upstream oil process industries in Iran,” Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology, 2020.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[18]	Y. Hu and S. S. Rao, “Game-theory approach for multi-objective optimal design of stationary flat-plate solar collectors,” Engineering Optimization, vol. 41, no. 11, pp. 1017-1035, 2009.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[19]	C. H. Tan, X. Yang, and H. Xu, “An investigation of the word-processing software market war in South Korea: A game-theoretic approach,” Information &amp; Management, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 96-101, 2010.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[20]	F. Peldschus, E. K. Zavadskas, Z. Turskis, and J. Tamosaitiene, “Sustainable Assessment of Construction Site by Applying Game Theory,” Engineering Economics, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 223-237, 2010.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[21]	K. Madani and J. R. Lund, “A Monte-Carlo game theoretic approach for multi-criteria decision making under uncertainty,” Advances in water resources, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 607-616, 2011.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[22]	M. Medineckiene, E. K. Zavadskas, and Z. Turskis, “Dwelling selection by applying fuzzy game theory,” Archives of civil and mechanical engineering, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 681-697, 2011.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[23]	S. H. Zolfani and S. S. A. Banihashemi, “Personnel selection based on a novel model of game theory and MCDM approaches,” Proceeding of 8th International Scientific Conference&quot; Business and Management, pp. 15-16, 2014.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[24]	M. N. Hindia, A. W. Reza, and K. A. Noordin, “A novel scheduling algorithm based on game theory and multicriteria decision making in LTE network,” International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, vol. 11, no. 3, 604752, 2015.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[25]	S. Hashemkhani Zolfani, R. Maknoon, and E. K. Zavadskas, “Multiple nash equilibriums and evaluation of strategies. New application of MCDM methods,” Journal of Business Economics and Management, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 290-306, 2015.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[26]	M. Moradi, M. R. Delavar, and B. Moshiri, “A GIS-based multi-criteria analysis model for earthquake vulnerability assessment using Choquet integral and game theory,” Natural hazards, vol. 87, no. 3, pp. 1377-1398, 2017.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[27]	A. Debnath, A. Bandyopadhyay, J. Roy, and S. Kar, “Game theory based multi criteria decision making problem under uncertainty: a case study on Indian tea industry,” Journal of Business Economics and Management, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 154-175, 2018.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[28]	T. Liu, Y. Deng, and F. Chan, “Evidential supplier selection based on DEMATEL and game theory,” International Journal of Fuzzy Systems, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 1321-1333, 2018.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[29]	N. V. Najafi, A. A. Khamseh, and A. Mirzazadeh, “An integrated sustainable and flexible supplier evaluation model under uncertainty by game theory and subjective/objective data: Iranian casting industry,” Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 309-322, 2020.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[30]	V. Keršuliene, E. K. Zavadskas, and Z. Turskis, “Selection of Rational Dispute Resolution Method by Applying New Step‐Wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (SWARA),” Journal of Business Economics and Management, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 243-258, 2010.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[31]	S. H. Zolfani and J. Saparauskas, “New application of SWARA method in prioritizing sustainability assessment indicators of energy system,” Engineering Economics, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 408-414, 2013.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[32]	C. Kahraman, U. Cebeci, and Z. Ulukan, “Multi‐criteria supplier selection using fuzzy AHP,” Logistics information management, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 382-394, 2003.
[33]	H. Y. Wu, G. H. Tzeng, Y. H. Chen, “A fuzzy MCDM approach for evaluating banking performance based on Balanced Scorecard,” Expert systems with applications, vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 10135-10147, 2009.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[34]	J. F. Nash, “Equilibrium points in n-person games,” Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 48-49, 1950.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[35]	R. Li, H. Ma, F. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. Liu, and Z. Li, “Game optimization theory and application in distribution system expansion planning, including distributed generation,” Energies, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 1101-1124, 2013.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref35">
                        <label>35</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[36]	D. Velegol, P. Suhey, J. Connolly, N. Morrissey, and L. Cook, “Chemical game theory,” Industrial &amp; Engineering Chemistry Research, vol. 57, no. 41, pp. 13593-13607, 2018.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref36">
                        <label>36</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[37]	G. P. Cachon and S. Netessine, “Game theory in supply chain analysis,” Models, methods, and applications for innovative decision making, pp. 200-233, 2006.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref37">
                        <label>37</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[38]	S. P. H. Heap and Y. Varoufakis, Game Theory: A Critical Text. Routledge, London; New York, 2004.
[39]	T. Börgers, “Iterated elimination of dominated strategies in a Bertrand-Edgeworth model,” The Review of Economic Studies, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 163-176, 1992.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref38">
                        <label>38</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[40]	R. Gibbons, A primer in game theory. Harvester Wheatsheaf New York, 1992.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref39">
                        <label>39</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[41]	A. Fallahpour, E. U. Olugu, S. N. Musa, K. Y. Wong, and S. Noori, “A decision support model for sustainable supplier selection in sustainable supply chain management,” Computers &amp; Industrial Engineering, vol. 105, pp. 391-410, 2017.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref40">
                        <label>40</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[42]	S. B. Tsai, Y. M. Wei, K. Y. Chen, L. Xu, P. Du, and H. C. Lee, “Evaluating green suppliers from a green environmental perspective,” Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 941-959, 2016.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref41">
                        <label>41</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[43]	A. Liu, Y. Xiao, H. Lu, S. B. Tsai, and W. Song, “A fuzzy three-stage multi-attribute decision-making approach based on customer needs for sustainable supplier selection,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 239, 118043, 2019.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref42">
                        <label>42</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[44]	A. Ulutaş, A. Topal, A., and R. Bakhat, “An application of fuzzy integrated model in green supplier selection,” Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2019, 2019.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref43">
                        <label>43</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[45]	J. Qin, X. Liu, X., and W. Pedrycz, “An extended TODIM multi-criteria group decision making method for green supplier selection in interval type-2 fuzzy environment,” European Journal of Operational Research, vol. 258, no. 2, pp. 626-638, 2017.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref44">
                        <label>44</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[46]	C. Bai and J. Sarkis, “Integrating sustainability into supplier selection with grey system and rough set methodologies,” International Journal of Production Economics, vol. 124, no. 1, pp. 252-264, 2010.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref45">
                        <label>45</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[47]	K. Govindan, R. Khodaverdi, and A. Jafarian, “A fuzzy multi criteria approach for measuring sustainability performance of a supplier based on triple bottom line approach,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 47, pp. 345-354, 2013.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref46">
                        <label>46</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[48]	F. Vahidi, S. A. Torabi, and M. J. Ramezankhani, “Sustainable supplier selection and order allocation under operational and disruption risks,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 174, pp. 1351-1365, 2018.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref47">
                        <label>47</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[49]	S. A. S. and J. Rezaei, “A grey-based green supplier selection model for uncertain environments,” Journal of cleaner production, vol. 221, pp. 768-784, 2019.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref48">
                        <label>48</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[50]	A. Awasthi, S. S. Chauhan, and S. K. Goyal, “A fuzzy multicriteria approach for evaluating environmental performance of suppliers,” International Journal of Production Economics, vol. 126, no. 2, pp. 370-378, 2010.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref49">
                        <label>49</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[51]	L. Shen, L. Olfat, K. Govindan, R. Khodaverdi, and A. Diabat, “A fuzzy multi criteria approach for evaluating green supplier&#039;s performance in green supply chain with linguistic preferences,”  Resources, Conservation and Recycling, vol. 74, pp. 170-179, 2013.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref50">
                        <label>50</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[52]	R. Liang and H. Y. Chong, “A hybrid group decision model for green supplier selection: A case study of megaprojects,” Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, vol. 26, no. 8, pp. 1712-1734, 2019.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref51">
                        <label>51</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[53]	A. H. Lee, H. Y. Kang, C. F. Hsu, and H. C. Hung, “A green supplier selection model for high-tech industry,” Expert systems with applications, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 7917-7927, 2009.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref52">
                        <label>52</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[54]	T. Lee, T. P. N. Le, A. Genovese, and L. S.  Koh, “Using FAHP to determine the criteria for partner&#039;s selection within a green supply chain,” Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, vol. 23, no. 1, 25-55,2012.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref53">
                        <label>53</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[55]	D. Y. Chang, “Applications of the extent analysis method on fuzzy AHP,” European journal of operational research, vol. 95, no. 3, pp. 649-655, 1996.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
