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Cengiz Han’ın Büyük Komutanlarından Muqali (木華黎-Mu Hu Ali) ve Onun Moğol İmparatorluğu’ndaki Askerî Kariyeri

Year 2025, Volume: 35 Issue: 1, 29 - 54, 18.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.54078/savsad.1596797

Abstract

Muqali, Cengiz Han’ın askerî harekâtlarında büyük bir rol oynamış ve özelikle Çin seferlerinde başarılar elde etmiş önemli komutanlardan birisidir. 1211 yılında başlayan Moğolların Çin’e yönelik askerî harekâtları, Muqali’nin komutasındaki birliklerin kritik katkılarıyla şekillenmiştir. Moğollar, Çin’in kuzeyindeki Jin İmparatorluğu’nu (1113-1234) zapt etme sürecinde Muqali, bu harekâtların başında yer almıştır. İlk olarak, Hsia Hsia (Tangut) Devleti’nin egemenliğini sona erdiren başarılı seferlerde yer almış, ardından Jin İmparatorluğu’na karşı yürütülen savaşlarda başrol oynamıştır. 1211’deki ilk Moğol saldırıları sırasında Muqali, ordunun sol cenahını yönetmiş ve Wusha Kalesi’ni kuşatarak Moğolların Çin’e karşı ilk zaferini elde etmiştir. Bu zafer, Muqali’nin askerî yeteneklerini kanıtlamış, sonraki savaşlarda Moğolların üstünlüğünü pekiştirmiştir. 1212 ve 1213 yıllarında Moğollar, Jin topraklarına ilerleyerek, özellikle Zijingguan ve Wuhu iling gibi önemli yerleşim yerlerini ele geçirmiştir. 1215’te Zhongdu kuşatılmış ve yaklaşık bir yıl süren kuşatma sonucunda şehir düşmüştür. Zhongdu’de 80.000 kişi öldürülmüş ve şehir Moğollar tarafından işgal edilmiştir. Muqali’nin bu süreçteki liderliği, Moğolların savaş taktikleri ve stratejik zekâlarıyla birleşerek önemli zaferler elde edilmesine olanak sağlamıştır. Bununla birlikte onun başarıları yalnızca askerî zaferlerle sınırlı kalmamış, aynı zamanda Muqali, düşmanları sindirme ve moral üstünlük sağlama amacı güden sert bir liderlik sergilemiştir. Zhongdu kuşatmasında yaşanan teslimiyet gecikmeleri ve ardından gelen kıyım, Muqali’nin düşmanlarına karşı acımasız yaklaşımını yansıtmaktadır. Bu makale de onun Moğol İmparatorluğu’nun kuruluşundaki askerî rolüne odaklanmaktadır.

References

  • Allsen, T. (1994). The rise of the Mongolian Empire and Mongolian rule in North China. The Cambridge History of China, 6, Cambridge University Press.
  • Atwood, C.P. (2004a). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, New York.
  • Atwood, C. P. (2004b). Validation by holiness or sovereignty: Religious toleration as political theology in the Mongol World Empire of the thirteenth century. The International History Review, 26(2), 237-256.
  • Atwood, C. P. (2015). Pu’a’s boast and Doqolqu’s death: Historiography of a hidden scandal in the Mongol conquest of the Jin. Journal of Song-Yuan Studies, 45, 239-278.
  • Batîtî, (1394 hş). Ehval-ı Mülûku’t-Tatar ve’l-Moğol, (tsh. Resûl Ca’feriyân), Kum.
  • Cheng Wou Ts’ın Tcheng Lou, (1951). Histoire des campagnes des Gengis Khan. (P. Pelliot, L. Hambis, Trans.), 1, Paris.
  • Cüveynî. (2013). Tarih-i cihangüşa. (M. Öztürk, Çev.), Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları.
  • Cüzcânî. (1402 hş). Tabakât-ı nâsirî, (tsh. Abdulhay Habibî). Tahran.
  • Dafeng, Q. - 瞿大風, (2003). A new study concerning an explanation of the word “Tamaci” and the Tamaci army. Central Asiatic Journal, 47(2), 242-249.
  • Jin Shi. (1887). Histoire de l’Empire de Kin ou Empire d’or: Aisin gurun-i suduri bithe. (C. de Harlez, Trans.). Louvain.
  • Kutbeddin eş-Şirazî. (2010). Ahbârü Moğolân der Enbâne-i Molla Kutb, (tsh. İrec Afşâr), Kum.
  • Kwanten, L. (1978). The career of Muqalı: A reassessment. Bulletin of Sung Yuan Studies, (14), 31-36.
  • Li Xinchuan, (2021). Selections from random notes from court and country since the Jianyan years. (C.P. Atwood, Trans.). Hackett Publishing Company.
  • Martin, H. D. (1942). The Mongol wars with Hsi Hsia (1205-27). The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 3, 195-228.
  • Martin, H. D. (1943a). Chinghiz Khan’s first invasion of the Chin Empire. The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 2, 182-216.
  • Martin, H. D. (1943b). The Mongol army. The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1, 46-85.
  • Martin, H. D. (1977). The Rise of Chingis Khan and his conquest of North China. Octagon Books.
  • Mirhând, (1375 hş). Ravzatü’s-Safa fi Sireti’l-Enbiyâ ve’l-Mülûk ve’l-Hülefâ, (tsh. Abbas Perviz), 5, Tahran.
  • Nesevî. (1986). Sîretü Celâleddin Mengübernî, (tsh. Mücteba Mînuvî), Tahran.
  • De De Rachewiltz, I. (1923). “Muqali” in the service of the Khan-Eminent personalities of the early Mongol-Yüan Period (1200-1300), I.Rachewiltz-H.Chan-H. Ch’ing-P.Geier-M.Wang (Eds.), Wiesbaden.
  • Pow, S. (2017). The last campaign and death of Jebe Noyan. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 27(1), 31-51
  • Reşîdüddîn, (1373 hş). Camiü’t-Tevârih, (tsh. M.Rûşen- M. Mûsevî), 1-4, Tahran.
  • Sagang Sechen, (2023). The precious summary, a history of the Mongols from Chinggis Khan to the Qing Dynasty. (J. Elverskog, Trans.). Columbia University Pres.
  • Tsai, W. (2011). Ethnic riots and violence in the Mongol Empire: A comparative perspective. Mongolian Studies, 33, 83-107.
  • Wing, P. (2017). The Jalayirids, Edinburg University Press.
  • Yuan Shi 元史, (1976a). (Der. Song Lian), (ed. Yang Jialuo). 1, Yuan Shi Juan -元史卷/Ta izu-太祖, (Cengiz Han devri Yuan/Moğol tarihi), Zhong Hua Shuju.
  • Yuan Shi, 元史 (1976b). (der. Song Lian), (ed. Yang Jialuo). 119, Mu hu ali-木华黎 , (Muqali biyografisi), Zhong Hua Shuju.

Muqali (Muquali), One of Genghis Khan’s Great Commanders, and His Military Career in The Mongol Empire

Year 2025, Volume: 35 Issue: 1, 29 - 54, 18.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.54078/savsad.1596797

Abstract

Muqali was one of the key commanders in Genghis Khan’s military campaigns, playing a crucial role, especially in the Mongol invasions of China. The Mongol military operations against China, which began in 1211, were significantly shaped by the contributions of Muqali’s forces. During the conquest of the Jin Dynasty (1113-1234) in northern China, the Mongols made substantial progress, with Muqali leading many of these operations. Initially, he participated in successful campaigns that ended the Hsia HsiaTangut rule, and later, he took a leading role in the battles against the Jin Dynasty. During the first Mongol assaults in 1211, Muqali commanded the left wing of the army and laid siege to Wusha Fortress, securing the Mongols’ first victories. These triumphs demonstrated his military prowess and solidified Mongol dominance in subsequent battles. In 1212 and 1213, the Mongols advanced into Jin territory, capturing key locations such as Zijingguan and Wuhu Pass. In 1215, Beijing was besieged, and after nearly a year-long siege, the city fell. Around 80,000 people were killed, and the city was occupied by the Mongols. Muqali’s leadership during this period, combined with Mongol war tactics and strategic brilliance, enabled significant victories. However, his achievements were not limited to military success. Muqali demonstrated a ruthless leadership style aimed at demoralizing and subduing enemies. The delays in surrender during the siege of Beijing and the subsequent massacre reflect his harsh approach towards adversaries. This article focuses on his military role in the establishment of the Mongol Empire.

References

  • Allsen, T. (1994). The rise of the Mongolian Empire and Mongolian rule in North China. The Cambridge History of China, 6, Cambridge University Press.
  • Atwood, C.P. (2004a). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, New York.
  • Atwood, C. P. (2004b). Validation by holiness or sovereignty: Religious toleration as political theology in the Mongol World Empire of the thirteenth century. The International History Review, 26(2), 237-256.
  • Atwood, C. P. (2015). Pu’a’s boast and Doqolqu’s death: Historiography of a hidden scandal in the Mongol conquest of the Jin. Journal of Song-Yuan Studies, 45, 239-278.
  • Batîtî, (1394 hş). Ehval-ı Mülûku’t-Tatar ve’l-Moğol, (tsh. Resûl Ca’feriyân), Kum.
  • Cheng Wou Ts’ın Tcheng Lou, (1951). Histoire des campagnes des Gengis Khan. (P. Pelliot, L. Hambis, Trans.), 1, Paris.
  • Cüveynî. (2013). Tarih-i cihangüşa. (M. Öztürk, Çev.), Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları.
  • Cüzcânî. (1402 hş). Tabakât-ı nâsirî, (tsh. Abdulhay Habibî). Tahran.
  • Dafeng, Q. - 瞿大風, (2003). A new study concerning an explanation of the word “Tamaci” and the Tamaci army. Central Asiatic Journal, 47(2), 242-249.
  • Jin Shi. (1887). Histoire de l’Empire de Kin ou Empire d’or: Aisin gurun-i suduri bithe. (C. de Harlez, Trans.). Louvain.
  • Kutbeddin eş-Şirazî. (2010). Ahbârü Moğolân der Enbâne-i Molla Kutb, (tsh. İrec Afşâr), Kum.
  • Kwanten, L. (1978). The career of Muqalı: A reassessment. Bulletin of Sung Yuan Studies, (14), 31-36.
  • Li Xinchuan, (2021). Selections from random notes from court and country since the Jianyan years. (C.P. Atwood, Trans.). Hackett Publishing Company.
  • Martin, H. D. (1942). The Mongol wars with Hsi Hsia (1205-27). The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 3, 195-228.
  • Martin, H. D. (1943a). Chinghiz Khan’s first invasion of the Chin Empire. The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 2, 182-216.
  • Martin, H. D. (1943b). The Mongol army. The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1, 46-85.
  • Martin, H. D. (1977). The Rise of Chingis Khan and his conquest of North China. Octagon Books.
  • Mirhând, (1375 hş). Ravzatü’s-Safa fi Sireti’l-Enbiyâ ve’l-Mülûk ve’l-Hülefâ, (tsh. Abbas Perviz), 5, Tahran.
  • Nesevî. (1986). Sîretü Celâleddin Mengübernî, (tsh. Mücteba Mînuvî), Tahran.
  • De De Rachewiltz, I. (1923). “Muqali” in the service of the Khan-Eminent personalities of the early Mongol-Yüan Period (1200-1300), I.Rachewiltz-H.Chan-H. Ch’ing-P.Geier-M.Wang (Eds.), Wiesbaden.
  • Pow, S. (2017). The last campaign and death of Jebe Noyan. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 27(1), 31-51
  • Reşîdüddîn, (1373 hş). Camiü’t-Tevârih, (tsh. M.Rûşen- M. Mûsevî), 1-4, Tahran.
  • Sagang Sechen, (2023). The precious summary, a history of the Mongols from Chinggis Khan to the Qing Dynasty. (J. Elverskog, Trans.). Columbia University Pres.
  • Tsai, W. (2011). Ethnic riots and violence in the Mongol Empire: A comparative perspective. Mongolian Studies, 33, 83-107.
  • Wing, P. (2017). The Jalayirids, Edinburg University Press.
  • Yuan Shi 元史, (1976a). (Der. Song Lian), (ed. Yang Jialuo). 1, Yuan Shi Juan -元史卷/Ta izu-太祖, (Cengiz Han devri Yuan/Moğol tarihi), Zhong Hua Shuju.
  • Yuan Shi, 元史 (1976b). (der. Song Lian), (ed. Yang Jialuo). 119, Mu hu ali-木华黎 , (Muqali biyografisi), Zhong Hua Shuju.
There are 27 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Historical Studies (Other)
Journal Section The Journal of Defence and War Studies June 2025
Authors

İbrahim Güneş 0000-0002-2080-8870

Publication Date June 18, 2025
Submission Date December 5, 2024
Acceptance Date March 6, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 35 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Güneş, İ. (2025). Cengiz Han’ın Büyük Komutanlarından Muqali (木華黎-Mu Hu Ali) ve Onun Moğol İmparatorluğu’ndaki Askerî Kariyeri. SAVSAD Savunma Ve Savaş Araştırmaları Dergisi, 35(1), 29-54. https://doi.org/10.54078/savsad.1596797