<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>j. nat. appl. sci.</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">1308-6529</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Süleyman Demirel University</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id/>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Civil Geotechnical Engineering</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>İnşaat Geoteknik Mühendisliği</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <trans-title-group xml:lang="tr">
                                    <trans-title>Taşkın Tekrar Periyodu Senaryoları Altında Hidrolik Model ile Taşkın Risk Yönetimi: Keçi Deresi Örneği</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <article-title>Flood Risk Management Under Return Period Scenarios Using  Hydraulic Modeling: A Case Study of Keçi Stream</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1212-5228</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Jafali</surname>
                                    <given-names>Halid</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>SAKARYA UYGULAMALI BİLİMLER ÜNİVERSİTESİ, LİSANSÜSTÜ EĞİTİM ENSTİTÜSÜ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3362-4202</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Kazar</surname>
                                    <given-names>Yunus Emre</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>SAKARYA UYGULAMALI BİLİMLER ÜNİVERSİTESİ, LİSANSÜSTÜ EĞİTİM ENSTİTÜSÜ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0232-495X</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Ezer</surname>
                                    <given-names>Taha Tolga</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>SAKARYA UYGULAMALI BİLİMLER ÜNİVERSİTESİ, LİSANSÜSTÜ EĞİTİM ENSTİTÜSÜ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3192-6132</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Ceyhunlu</surname>
                                    <given-names>Ahmet Iyad</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>SAKARYA UYGULAMALI BİLİMLER ÜNİVERSİTESİ, TEKNOLOJİ FAKÜLTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3145-418X</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Çeribaşı</surname>
                                    <given-names>Gökmen</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>SAKARYA UYGULAMALI BİLİMLER ÜNİVERSİTESİ TEKNOLOJİ FAKÜLTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20260424">
                    <day>04</day>
                    <month>24</month>
                    <year>2026</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>30</volume>
                                        <issue>1</issue>
                                        <fpage>137</fpage>
                                        <lpage>146</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20251006">
                        <day>10</day>
                        <month>06</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20260407">
                        <day>04</day>
                        <month>07</month>
                        <year>2026</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 1995, Süleyman Demirel University Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>1995</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Süleyman Demirel University Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <trans-abstract xml:lang="tr">
                            <p>Bu çalışma, Türkiye’nin Sakarya ili Sapanca ilçesinde yer alan Keçi Deresi’ne ilişkin kapsamlı bir taşkın risk değerlendirmesini, HEC-RAS yazılımı kullanılarak gerçekleştirilen bir boyutlu (1B) hidrolik modelleme yöntemiyle sunmaktadır. 2014–2025 yılları arasında kaydedilen yıllık maksimum debi verileri, Log-Pearson Tip III dağılımı kullanılarak analiz edilmiş ve 2 ila 500 yıl arasında değişen taşkın tekrar periyotlarına (Q2–Q500) karşılık gelen tasarım debileri tahmin edilmiştir. Gelecekte meydana gelebilecek taşkın dinamiklerini değerlendirmek amacıyla, iklim değişikliği ve kentleşmenin potansiyel etkilerini yansıtacak şekilde debilerin sırasıyla 2, 5 ve 10 kat artırıldığı dört farklı senaryo geliştirilmiştir. Çalışma alanının topoğrafik özellikleri, Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) ortamında detaylandırılmış Sayısal Yükseklik Modeli (DEM) aracılığıyla hassas biçimde temsil edilmiştir. Hidrolik simülasyonlar, akarsu geometrisi, tanımlı kesitler ve sınır koşulları dikkate alınarak kararlı akım koşulları altında yürütülmüştür. Temel senaryo altında modelleme sonuçları, taşkın sularının dere yatağı dışına sınırlı şekilde taştığını göstermektedir. Ancak yüksek debili senaryolarda, taşkın sularının akarsu kenarlarını aşarak yaklaşık 600.000 m²’lik bir alanı etkilediği ve konutlar ile tarım alanları dahil olmak üzere yaklaşık 200 yapıyı tehdit ettiği belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular, mevcut hidrolik altyapının yüksek şiddetli taşkınları karşılamada yetersiz olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır ve insan kaynaklı baskılar ile iklimsel değişkenliklerin bölgedeki taşkın riskini artırdığını vurgulamaktadır. Bu kapsamda, dere yatağı düzenlemeleri, arazi kullanım planlaması, taşkın yatağı koruma önlemleri ve gerçek zamanlı erken uyarı sistemleri gibi yapısal ve yapısal olmayan bütünleşik stratejilerin uygulanması önerilmektedir.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <abstract><p>This study presents a comprehensive flood risk assessment for Keçi Stream, situated in the Sapanca district of Sakarya Province, Turkey, through the application of one-dimensional (1D) hydraulic modeling using the HEC-RAS software. Annual maximum discharge data recorded between 2014 and 2025 were analyzed utilizing the Log-Pearson Type III distribution to estimate design flood discharges corresponding to various return periods ranging from 2 to 500 years (Q2–Q500). To assess potential future flood dynamics, four distinct scenarios were constructed, including amplified discharge rates (2-, 5-, and 10-fold increases), reflecting the possible effects of climate change and urban expansion. Topographical characteristics of the study area were accurately represented through a refined Digital Elevation Model (DEM), integrated within a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment. Hydraulic simulations were conducted under steady-state flow conditions, incorporating stream geometry, defined cross-sections, and boundary constraints. Modeling outcomes under baseline conditions indicate minimal floodplain encroachment. However, in higher-discharge scenarios, results demonstrate significant inundation beyond the streambanks, potentially affecting an area of up to 600,000 m² and endangering approximately 200 structures, including residential and agricultural assets.The findings reveal the insufficiency of existing hydraulic infrastructure in accommodating high-magnitude flood events and underscore the increasing flood vulnerability due to anthropogenic and climatic pressures. The study advocates for a set of integrated structural and non-structural mitigation strategies, such as channel improvements, land-use regulation, floodplain preservation, and real-time early warning systems..</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Flood Risk Assessment</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Keçi Stream</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  HEC-RAS</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  One-Dimensional-Hydraulic Modeling</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Climate Change</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                <kwd-group xml:lang="tr">
                                                    <kwd>Taşkın Modellemesi</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Keçi Deresi</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  HEC-RAS</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Tek Boyutlu Hidrolik Modelleme</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  İklim Değişikliği</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                                                        </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[1]	Kaya, Ç. M. (2022). 1D ve 2D taşkın modellemesinin karşılaştırılması: Fol Deresi örneği. Afet ve Risk Dergisi, 5(1), 13-21.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[2]	Balica, S. F., Wright, N. G., Van der Meulen, F. (2012). A flood vulnerability index for coastal cities and its use in assessing climate change impacts. Natural hazards, 64(1), 73-105.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[3]	Tramblay, Y., Thirel, G., Strohmenger, L., Evin, G., Corre, L., Heraut, L., &amp; Sauquet, E. (2025). Evolution of flood generating processes under climate change. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 29, 7023–7039.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[4]	Diop, S. B., Ekolu, J., Tramblay, Y., Dieppois, B., Grimaldi, S., Bodian, A., Blanchet, J., Rameshwaran, P., Salamon, P., &amp; Sultan, B. (2025). Climate change impacts on floods in West Africa: Insights from large-scale hydrological models. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 25, 3161–3184.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[5]	Özdemir, H., &amp; Akbaş, A. (2023). Sayısal yükseklik modellerindeki mekânsal çözünürlük değişkenliğinin taşkın tehlike analizine etkileri. Coğrafya Dergisi, 46, 1-20.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[6]	Anılan, T., Yüksek, Ö., Kankal, M. (2016), Regional Flood Frequency Analysis of Eastern Black Sea Basin Based on L-Moments. UCTEA Tecnical. Journal, 451, 7403–7427.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[7]	https://www.dsi.gov.tr/, Erişim Tarihi: 01.06.2025, Konu: Keçi Deresi Hakkında Genel Bilgiler.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[8]	Shangguan, Z., Liu, Y., Chen, X., &amp; Wang, J. (2025). Improving flood hazard susceptibility assessment by integrating hydrodynamic modeling with remote sensing and ensemble machine learning. Natural Hazards, 121, 7839–7868.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[9]	Rustam Oghly, A. L. (2024). Denizli ili Serinhisar ilçe merkezi taşkın yayılım alanlarının Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri ve HEC-RAS paket programı ile modellenmesi [Yüksek lisans tezi, Pamukkale Üniversitesi].</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[10]	Demir, M., Yıldız, S., &amp; Kaya, A. (2023). Flood modeling of Engiz Stream using HEC-RAS. Turkish Journal of Applied Hydraulics, 9(2), 145–160.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[11]	Selim, M., Yılmaz, H., &amp; Kaya, R. (2025). Potential flood risk scenarios using HEC-RAS in the Boğaçay sub-basin (Antalya, Turkey). Applied Sciences, 15(1), 219.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[12]	Çelik, E., &amp; Aydın, M. (2023). Flood analysis of Altınçay Creek using HEC-RAS (Antakya, Turkey). MKU Journal of Engineering Sciences, 14(3), 311–325.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[13]	Korkmaz, H., Şahin, S., &amp; Yılmaz, N. (2024). GIS-based flood hazard mapping using HEC-RAS for urban streams in Şanlıurfa, Turkey. Natural Hazards, 121(3), 2025–2047.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[14]	Saatci Guven, D., Yenigun, K., Isinkaralar, O., &amp; Isinkaralar, K. (2025). Modeling flood hazard impacts using GIS-based HEC-RAS technique towards climate risk in Şanlıurfa, Türkiye. Natural Hazards, 121, 3657–3675.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[15]	Ceribasi, G., &amp; Ceyhunlu, A. I. (2021). Generation of 1D and 2D flood maps of Sakarya River passing through Geyve district of Sakarya city in Turkey. Natural Hazards, 105, 631–642.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[16]	Devlet Su İşleri (DSİ). (2022). Sapanca Gölü Taşkın Kontrol Raporu. DSİ Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları. Halk54. (2023, Ağustos 11). DSİ Sapanca’da Keçi Deresi için çalışmalara başladı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[17]	Sapanca Belediyesi. (2023). Keçi Deresi&#039;nde taşkın önleme çalışmaları devam ediyor. https://www.sapanca.bel.tr/Haberler/Detay/Sapancada-Dere-Islah-Calismasi-07-12-2020</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[18]	Üçüncü, Ö. (2018). Sapanca Havzası’nda taşkın frekans analizi ve hidrolik modelleme ile taşkın riskinin belirlenmesi [Master’s thesis, Sakarya University]. Sakarya, Türkiye.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[19]	Sahid, S., &amp; Sahid, S. (2022). Enhancing digital elevation model accuracy for flood modelling: A case study of the Ciberes River in Cirebon, Indonesia. Forum Geografi, 38(1), 1–12.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[20]	Gotvald, A. J., Barth, N. A., Veilleux, A. G., &amp; Parrett, C. (2012). Methods for determining magnitude and frequency of floods in California, based on data through water year 2006. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report, 2012–5113.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[21]	Xu, C., Lu, H., Zhang, K., &amp; Wang, D. (2020). Assessing the impacts of climate change and urbanization on flood risk: A scenario-based hydrologic modeling approach. Journal of Hydrology, 590, 124856.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[22]	Pathan, A. I., Pankaj, J., Gandhi, R., &amp; others. (2019, July). Integrated Approach for Flood Modeling using Arc GIS, HEC-GeoRAS - A Case Study on Purna River of Navsari District of Gujarat State</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[23]	Pender, G., Smith, M., &amp; Johnson, L. (2018). Steady flow simulations in hydraulic modeling using energy balance equations. Environmental Modelling &amp; Software, 105, 94–102.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[24]	Horritt, M. S., &amp; Bates, P. D. (2002). Effects of spatial resolution on a raster based model of flood flow. Journal of Hydrology, 268(1–4), 81–92.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[25]	Yu, D., Lane, S. N., &amp; Bates, P. D. (2021). Coupled 1D–2D hydrodynamic modelling of river–floodplain systems: Advantages, limitations, and applications. Journal of Hydrology, 603, 126902.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[26]	Brunner, G. W. (2021). HEC-RAS River Analysis System: Hydraulic Reference Manual (Version 6.0). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Hydrologic Engineering Center, Davis, CA.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[27]	Chow, V. T. (1959). Open-channel hydraulics. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, NY.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[28]	Feng, D., Tan, Z., &amp; He, Q. (2023). Physics-informed neural networks of the Saint-Venant equations for downscaling a large-scale river model. Water, 15(11), 1652.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[29]	Merwade, V., Cook, A., &amp; Coonrod, J. (2008). GIS techniques for creating river terrain models for hydrodynamic modeling and flood inundation mapping. Environmental Modelling &amp; Software, 23(10–11), 1300–1311.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[30]	Arcement, G. J., &amp; Schneider, V. R. (1989). Guide for selecting Manning’s roughness coefficients for natural channels and flood plains. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2339. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[31]	Zhang, L., Li, Y., &amp; Liu, H. (2022). Application of HEC-RAS 1D hydraulic modeling in floodplain management: A case study in a semi-arid watershed. Water, 14(3), 345.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[32]	Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK). (2024). Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi (ADNKS) Sonuçları: Sapanca İlçesi Nüfusu. Ankara, Türkiye.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[33]	Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK). (2023). İnşaat Maliyet Endeksi ve Konut İstatistikleri. Ankara, Türkiye.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[34]	Willkofer, F., Ludwig, R., Pinto, J. G., &amp; Kunstmann, H. (2024). Assessing the impact of climate change on high return levels of peak flows using a large climate model ensemble. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 28, 2969–2987.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref35">
                        <label>35</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[35]	Darlington, T., Sampson, C. C., Smith, A. M., Neal, J. C., &amp; Bates, P. D. (2024). Mapping current and future flood exposure using high-resolution flood models and climate change projections. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 24, 699–716.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref36">
                        <label>36</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[36]	Jayapadma, T., Weerasinghe, I., Herath, S., &amp; Rathnayake, U. (2024). Projection of climate change impacts on flood inundation using scenario-based hydraulic modeling: A case study of the Gin River Basin, Sri Lanka. Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences, 386, 33–40.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref37">
                        <label>37</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">[37]	Harrison, S., Macklin, M. G., &amp; Lewin, J. (2025). Robust climate attribution of modern floods requires integration of palaeoflood evidence. Climatic Change, 178, 12.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
