j. nat. appl. sci. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 1308-6529 Süleyman Demirel University 10.19113/sdufenbed.1835430 Plant Biochemistry Bitki Biyokimyası Yerli ve Yabancı Orijinli Civanperçemi (Achillea millefolium L.) Genotiplerinin Kültür Koşulları Ortamında Verim ve Kalite Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi Investigation of Yield and Quality Characteristics of Local and Foreign Origin Yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) Genotypes in Culture Conditions https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0934-8412 Özer Merve ISPARTA UYGULAMALI BİLİMLER ÜNİVERSİTESİ, ZİRAAT FAKÜLTESİ, TARLA BİTKİLERİ BÖLÜMÜ https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0691-6127 Erbaş Sabri ISPARTA UYGULAMALI BİLİMLER ÜNİVERSİTESİ, ZİRAAT FAKÜLTESİ, TARLA BİTKİLERİ BÖLÜMÜ https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6990-277X Mutlucan Murat ISPARTA UYGULAMALI BİLİMLER ÜNİVERSİTESİ, GÜL VE AROMATİK BİTKİLER UYGULAMA VE ARAŞTIRMA MERKEZİ 04 24 2026 30 1 214 227 12 03 2025 03 19 2026 Copyright © 1995, Süleyman Demirel University Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 1995 Süleyman Demirel University Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences

This study was conducted in 2023 to evaluate the yield and quality characteristics of 3 local and 60 foreign Achillea millefolium L. genotypes under the ecological conditions of Isparta. The results revealed considerable variation among the genotypes. Flowering duration ranged from 10 to 41 days, plant height from 21.8 to 72.0 cm, flower head diameter from 4.3 to 15.5 cm, and the number of florets per capitulum from 26.0 to 419.0. Fresh flower yield exhibited substantial variation, ranging from 246.9 to 2829.7 kg/da, while dry flower yield ranged between 82.6 and 1017.7 kg/da. Among all genotypes, PI 439888, PI 661151 and PI 439892 were identified as having the highest yield potential. Essential oil content varied between 0.05-0.50%. In 10 genotypes and local genotypes selected according to fresh herb and oil yield, essential oil content and color, 1,8-cineole (3.1–22.4%), borneol (2.5–18.3%), camphene (1.8–12.7%), α-pinene (4.2–28.9%), β-pinene (3.7–19.5%), sabinene (1.2–9.8%), myrcene (0.9–7.4%), β-caryophyllene (2.1–10.6%) and caryophyllene oxide (1.5–8.3%) were determined as the main components. Overall, the findings demonstrate that A. millefolium genotypes can be successfully cultivated under field conditions and that materials collected from natural populations possess strong potential for sustainable and economically viable production. This study provides a scientific foundation for the industrial utilization, quality standardization, future adaptation studies, and breeding programs of yarrow.

Bu araştırma, 3 adet yerli ve 60 adet yabancı orijinli Achillea millefolium L. genotiplerinin Isparta ekolojik koşullarında verim ve kalite özelliklerini belirlemek amacıyla 2023 yılında yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada çiçeklenme süresi 10–41 gün, bitki boyu 21.8–72.0 cm, çiçek çapı 4.3–15.5 cm ve çiçekçik sayısı 26.0–419.0 adet/kapitulum arasındadır. Taze çiçek verimi 246.9–2829.7 kg/da, kuru çiçek verimi ise 82.6–1017.7 kg/da aralığında ölçülmüş ve PI 439888, PI 661151 ve PI 439892 genotipleri yüksek verim potansiyeliyle dikkat çekmiştir. Uçucu yağ oranları %0.05-0.50 arasında değişmiştir. Taze herba ve uçucu yağ verimi ile uçucu yağ oranı ve rengine göre seçilen 10 genotip ve yerli genotiplerde; 1,8-sineol (%3.1–22.4), borneol (%2.5–18.3), kamfen (%1.8–12.7), α-pinen (%4.2–28.9), β-pinen (%3.7–19.5), sabinen (%1.2–9.8), mirsen (%0.9–7.4), β-karyofilen (%2.1–10.6) ve karyofilen oksit (%1.5–8.3) ana bileşenler olarak belirlenmiştir. Sonuçlar, A. millefolium genotiplerinin kültür koşullarında başarıyla yetiştirilebildiğini ve doğal popülasyonlardan kültüre alınan materyalin sürdürülebilir ve ekonomik bir üretim potansiyeline sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu çalışma, civanperçeminin endüstriyel kullanımı, kalite standardizasyonu ve gelecekte yürütülecek adaptasyon ve ıslah çalışmalarına bilimsel temel oluşturmaktadır.

 Yarrow Achillea millefolium Genotype Yield Quality Chamazulene Civanperçemi Achillea millefolium Genotip Verim Kalite Kamazulen [1] Anne, O., Elmar, A., Ain, R. 2006. Phytochemical analysis of the Essential Oil of Achillea millefolium L. from Various European Countries. Natural Product Research, 20, 1082–1088. [2] Karamenderes, C., Karabay, N.Ü., Zeybek, U. 2002. Achillea millefolium L., A. crithmifolia Waldst & Kitt. ve A. kotschyi Boiss. subsp. kotschyi’nin Uçucu Yağ Bileşenleri ve Antimikrobiyal Etkileri. Bitkisel İlaç Hammaddeleri Toplantısı Bildiriler, 29–31 Mayıs, Eskişehir. [3] Stojanovic, G., Radulović, N., Hashimoto, T., Palić, R. (2005). In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Extracts of Four Achillea species: the Composition of Achillea clavennae L. (Asteraceae) Extract. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 101, 185–190. [4] Cavalcanti, A.M., Baggio, C.H., Freitas, C.S., Rieck, L., de Sousa, R.S., Da Silva-Santos, J.E., Marques, M.C.A. 2006. Safety and Antiulcer Efficacy Studies of Achillea millefolium L. after Chronic Treatment in Wistar Rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 107(2), 277-284. [5] Tajik, H., Jalali, F.S.S., Sobhani, A., Shahbazi, Y., Zadeh, M.S. 2008. In Vitro Assessment of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Alcoholic Extract of Achillea millefolium in Comparison with Penicillin Derivatives. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 7, 508–511. [6] Si, X.T., Zhang, M.L., Shi, Q.W., Kiyota, H. 2006. Chemical Constituents of the Plants in the Genus Achillea. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 3(11), 1163–1180. [7] Lazarevic, J., Radulovic, N., Zlatkovic, B., Palic, R. (2010). Composition of Achillea distans Willd. subsp. distans Root Essential Oil. Natural Product Research, 24(8), 718–731. [8] Fierascu, I., Ungureanu, C., Avramescu, S.M., Fierascu, R.C., Ortan, A., Soare, L.C., Paunescu, A. 2015. In Vitro Antioxidant and Antifungal Properties of Achillea millefolium L. Rom Biotechnol Lett, 20(4), 10626-10636. [9] David, R.B., Zbigniew, A.C., Sasha, M.D. 2010. Aqueous extract of Achillea millefolium L. (Asteraceae) Inflorescences Suppresses Lipopolysaccharide-induced Inflammatory Responses in RAW 264.7 Murine Macrophages. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 4(3), 225–234. [10] Dias, M.I., Barros, L., Dueñas, M., Pereira, E., Carvalho, A.M., Alves, R.C., Ferreira, I.C. 2013. Chemical Composition of Wild and Commercial Achillea millefolium L. and Bioactivity of the Methanolic Extract, İnfusion and Decoction. Food Chemistry, 141(4), 4152-4160. [11] Benedek, B., Kopp, B. 2007. Achillea millefolium L. Revisited: Recent Findings Confirm the Traditional Use. Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift, 157(15–16), 312–331. [12] Guo, Y.P., Wang, S.Z., Vogl, C., Ehrendorfer, F. 2012. Nuclear and Plastid Haplotypes Suggest Rapid Diploid and Polyploid Speciation in the N Hemisphere Achillea millefolium Complex (Asteraceae). BMC Evolutionary Biology, 12(1), 2. [13] Lopez-Vinyallonga, S., Soriano, I., Susanna, A., Montserra, J.M., Roquet, C., Garcia-Jacas, N. 2015. The polyploid Series of the Achillea millefolium Aggregate in the Iberian Peninsula Investigated using Microsatellites. PLoS One, 10(6), e0129861. [14] Nedelcheva, A., Wlach, W., Rauchensteiner, F., Saukel, J., Kubelka, W. 1998. Morphological Investigation of Naturally Occurring Hybrids From Species of Different Achillea Sections in The Area of The Golo Burdo Mountains, Bulgaria. Poster Presentation (No. A 10) at 46th Annual Congress of the Society for Medicinal Plant Research, Vienna, Austria. [15] Nejati, S., Rauchensteiner, F., Glasl, S., Werner, I., Karamenderes, C., Nedelcheva, A., Saukel, J. 2000. Artentwicklung in der Gattung Achillea-Untersuchungen an Kultiviertem Material Von Achillea clypeolata SM., Achillea collina s.l. J.B. ex RCHB. und Deren Hybriden. Deutsche Botanikertagung 2000, Jena, Germany, 13-22. [16] Rauchensteiner, F. 2002. Biodiversität Südosteuropäischer Schafgarben: Analyse von Wildaufsammlungen. PhD thesis, University of Vienna, Vienna. [17] WHO, 2010. World Health Organization Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants (Vol. 4). Geneva: WHO Press. [18] Kastner, U., Saukel, J., Zitterl-Eglseer, K., Länger, R., Reznicek, G., Jurenitsch, J., Kubelka, W. 1992. Ätherisches Ölein Zusätzliches Merkmal für die Charakterisierung der mitteleuropäischen Taxa der Achillea millefolium-Gruppe. Scientia Pharmaceutica, 60, 87–99. [19] Erbaş, S., Mutlucan, M., Erdoğan, Ü., Özer, M. 2023. Chamazulene Source Plants and Their Cultivation. 9th International Conference on Agriculture, Animal Sciences and Rural Development, 03–05 March, Muş, Turkey, 1211–1222. [20] Meudt, H.M., Simpson, B.B. 2007. Phylogenetic Analysis of Morphological Characters in Ourisia (Plantaginaceae): Taxonomic and Evolutionary Implications. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 94(3), 554–570. [21] Edreva, A., Vitkova, A., Dagnon, S., Konakchiev, A., Gesheva, E., Bojilov, D. 2017. Field-Cultivated Medicinal Plants of Achillea millefolium group: A Source of Bioactive Compounds. Genetics and Plant Physiology, 7(1–2), 22–33. [22] Zahara, K., Tabassum, S., Sabir, S., Arshad, M., Qureshi, R., Amjad, M. S., Chaudhari, S. K. 2014. A Review of Therapeutic Potential of Saussurea Lappa-An Endangered plant from Himalaya. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 7, 60-69. [23] Anonymous 2023. Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü. https://www.mgm.gov.tr (Son erişim tarihi: 08 Temmuz 2025). [24] Rowell, D.L. 1996. Soil Science: Methods and Applications; Longman: London, UK. [25] Baydar, H., Erbaş, S., Kineci, S., Kazaz, S. 2007. Effect of Tween-20 Adding to Distillation Water on Rose Oil Yield and Quality in Fresh and Fermented Flowers of Oil-Bearing Rose (Rosa damascena Mill.). Journal of Faculty Agriculture, 2, 15-20. [26] SAS Institute Inc. 1999. SAS/STAT User’s Guide Release 7.0. Cary, NC, USA. [27] Nadim, M.M., Malik, A.A., Ahmad, J., Bakshi, S. K. 2011. The Essential Oil Composition of Achillea millefolium L. Cultivated under Tropical Condition in India. World Journal of Agricultural Science, 7(5), 561–565. [28] Baczek, K., Kosakowska, O., Przybyl, J.L., Kuzma, P., Ejdys, M., Obiedziński, M., Węglarz, Z. 2015. Intraspecific Variability of Yarrow (Achillea millefolium L. s.l.) in Respect of Developmental and Chemical Traits. Herba Polonica, 61(3), 37–52. [29] Giorgi A, Bononi M, Tateo F, Cocucci M. 2005. Yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) Growth at Different Altitudes in Central Italian Alps: Biomass Yield, Oil Content and Quality. J. Herbs Spices Med Plants, 11(3):47-58. [30] Pouyanfar, M., Safikhani, F., Moradi, P. 2014. Determine the Best Density and Appropriate Planting Time of Achillea millefolium. International Journal of Biosciences (IJB), 4(2), 239–243. [31] Mirzaei, S., Banijamali, S.M., Azadi, P. 2023. Evaluating Domestic Achillea millefolium as a Suitable Plant to Use in the Urban Landscaping of Dry and Semi-Dry Regions. Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-products, 12(2), 135-144. [32] Macbride, J.F., Weberbauer, A. 1936–1995. Flora of Peru. Chicago: Field Museum. [33] Lim, T.K. 2013. Achillea millefolium. In Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 7, Flowers. pp. 138–162. [34] Bostock, S.J., Benton, R.A. 1979. The reproductive strategies of five perennial Compositae. The Journal of Ecology, 91-107. [35] Aziz, E.E., Badawy, E.M., Zheljazkov, V.D., Nicola, S.M., Fouad, H. 2019. Yield and Chemical Composition of Essential oil of Achillea millefolium L. as Affected by Harvest Time. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, 62(3), 533–540. [36] Tatar, Ö., Konakciev, A., Sönmez, Ç., Bayram, E., Edreva, A. 2011. Civanperçemi’nin (Achillea millefolium, “Proa”) Topraktaki Farklı Su İçeriklerine Tepkileri: Uçucu Yağ İçeriği ve Kamazulen Oranı. Tarla Bitkileri Kongresi. 12–15 Eylül 2011, Bursa. [37] Scheffer, M.C., Ronzelli Junior, P., Koehler, H.S. 1992. Influence of Organic Fertilization on the Biomass, Yield and Composition of the Essential Oil of Achillea millefolium L. In WOCMAP I-Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Conference: part 3 of 4 331, pp. 109-114. [38] Keitel, S. 2013. Pharmacopoeial Standards: European Pharmacopoeia. Encycl. Pharm. Sci. Technol, 6, 2691-2703. [39] Gudaityt, O., Rimantas, V.P. 2007. Chemotypes of Achillea millefolium Transferred from 14 Different Locations in Lithuania to the Controlled Environment. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 35(5), 582–592. [40] Rahimmaleka, M., Ebrahim, B., Tabatabaei, S., Etemadi, N., Golid, H., Arzani, A., Zeinalie, H. 2009. Essential Oil Variation among and within Six Achillea Species Transferred from Different Ecological Regions in Iran to the Field Conditions. Industrial Crops and Products, 29, 348–355. [41] Bayram, E., Ekren, S., Sönmez, Ç., Tatar, Ö., Edreva, A., Vitkov, A., 2013. Achillea collina Becker ex Rchb. popülasyonlarında uygun tiplerin seleksiyonu üzerinde araştırma. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 50(1), 87–96. [42] Oswieciemska, M. 1968. Achillea collina Becker ein proazulenhaltiges Taxon von Achillea millefolium L. s.l. Planta Medica, 16(2), 201–207. [43] Haggag, M.Y., Shalaby, A.S., Verzar-Petri, G. 1975. Thin Layer and Gas-Chromatographic Studies on the Essential Oil from Achillea millefolium. Planta Medica, 27, 361–366. [44] Kubelka, W., Kastner, U., Glasl, S., Saukel, J., Jurenitsch, J. 1999. Chemotaxonomic Relevance of Sesquiterpenes within the Achillea millefolium Group. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 27(4), 437–444. [45] Mockute, D., Judzentiene, A. 2003. Variability of the Essential Oils Composition of Achillea millefolium ssp. millefolium Growing Wild in Lithuania. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 31(9), 1033-1045. [46] Koçak, A., Bağcı, E., Bakoğlu, A. 2010. Chemical Composition of Essential Oils of Achillea teretifolia Willd. and Achillea millefolium L. subsp. millefolium Growing in Turkey. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 22(5), 3653–3658. [47] Başer, K.H.C. 2016. Essential oils of Achillea species of Turkey. Natural Volatiles & Essential Oils, 3(1), 1–14.