YAŞLANAN DÜNYANIN HASTALIĞI: ALZHEİMER HASTALIĞI
Year 2011,
Volume: 18 Issue: 1, 35 - 42, 30.03.2011
Ümide Demir Özkay
,
Yusuf Öztürk
,
Özgür Can
Abstract
Alzheimer hastalığı (AH); bilişsel işlevlerde ve günlük yaşam etkinliklerini sürdürme becerilerinde azalma, davranışsal değişimler ve psikiyatrik belirtiler ile karakterize, progresif nörodejeneratif bir hastalıktır. Hastaların yaşam kalitelerinin büyük ölçüde azalmasına ve sonunda ölümlerine neden olan AH'nın prevelansı giderek artmaktadır. Bu derlemede; hem Türkiye hem de dünya için önemli bir sağlık sorunu haline gelen AH'a ait risk faktörleri, bu hastalığın tanısı, klinik belirtileri, fizyopatolojisi ve tedavisi özetlenmiş ve son yıllarda bu hastalıkla ilgili olarak yapılan yeni ilaç geliştirme araştırmalarına yer verilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Alzheimer hastalığı, klinik belirti, risk faktörleri, fizyopatoloji, tedavi
References
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- Kelley BJ, Petersen RC. Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. Neurol Clin 2007;25(3):577- 609.
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- Chung SH. Aberrant phosphorylation in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. BMB Rep 2009;42(8):467-74.
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- Kolev MV, Ruseva MM, Harris CL, Morgan BP, Donev RM. Implication of complement system and its regulators in Alzheimer's disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2009;7(1):1-8.
- Silvestrelli G, Lanari A, Parnetti L, Tomassoni D, Amenta F. Treatment of Alzheimers disease: From pharmacology to a better understanding of disease pathophsiology. Mech Ageing Dev 2006;127(2):148- 57.
- Reddy PH, Beal MF. Amyloid beta, mitochondrial dysfunction and synaptic damage: implications for cognitive decline in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Trends Mol Med 2008;14(2):45-53.
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- Vural H, Sirin B, Yilmaz N, Eren I, Delibas N. The role of arginine-nitric oxide pathway in patients with Alzheimer disease. Biol Trace Elem Res 2009;129(1- 3):58-64.
- Aliyev A, Seyidova D, Rzayev N, Obrenovich ME, Lamb BT, Chen SG, et al. Is nitric oxide a key target in the pathogenesis of brain lesions during the development of Alzheimer's disease?. Neurol Res 2004;26(5):547-53.
- Snyder SH. Nitric oxide and neurons. Curr Opin Neurobiol 1992;2(3):323-38.
- Law A, Gauthier S, Quirion R. Say NO to Alzheimer's disease: the putative links between nitric oxide and dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Brain Res Rev 2001;35(1):73-96.
- Brion JP. The neurobiology of Alzheimers disease. Acta Clin Belg 1996;51(2):80-90.
- Williams M. Progress in Alzheimer's disease drug discovery: an update. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2009;10(1):23-34.
- Bassil N, Grossberg GT. Novel regimens and delivery systems in the pharmacological treatment of Alzheimer's disease. CNS Drugs 2009;23(4):293-307.
- Aronson S, Van Baelen B, Kavanagh S, Schwalen S. Optimal dosing of galantamine in patients with mild or moderate Alzheimer's disease: post Hoc analysis of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Drugs Aging 2009;26(3):231-9.
- Faghih R, Gfesser GA, Gopalakrishnan M. Advances in the discovery of novel positive allosteric modulators of the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Recent Pat CNS Drug Discov 2007;2(2):99-106.
- Bitner RS, Nikkel AL, Markosyan S, Otte S, Puttfarcken P, Gopalakrishnan M. Selective alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation regulates glycogen synthase kinase3beta and decreases tau phosphorylation in vivo. Brain Res 2009;1265:65-74.
- Amenta F, Parnetti L, Gallai V, Wallin A. Treatment of cognitive dysfunction associated with Alzheimer's disease with cholinergic precursors. Ineffective treatments or inappropriate approaches?. Mech Ageing Dev 2001;122(16):2025-40.
- Higgins JP, Flicker L. Lecithin for dementia and cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;(3):CD001015.
- Secades JJ, Lorenzo JL. Citicoline: pharmacological and clinical review, 2006 update. Methods Find Exp C l i n P h a r m a c o l 2 0 0 6 ; 2 8 ( S u p p l B ) : 1 - 5 6 .
- Fujishiro H, Umegaki H, Suzuki Y, Oohara-Kurotani S, Yamaguchi Y, Iguchi A. Dopamine D2 receptor plays a role in memory function: implications of dopamineacetylcholine interaction in the ventral hippocampus. Psychopharmacology(Berlin) 2005;182(2):25361.
- Tsunekawa H, Noda Y, Mouri A, Yoneda F, Nabeshima T. Synergistic effects of selegiline and donepezil on cognitive impairment induced by amyloid beta (25- 35). Behav Brain Res 2008;190(2):224-32.
- Russo O, Cachard-Chastel M, Rivière C, Giner M, Soulier JL, Berthouze M, et al. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of new 5-HT4 receptor agonists: application as amyloid cascade modulators and potential therapeutic utility in Alzheimer's disease. J Med Chem 2009;52(8):2214-25.
- Hirano K, Piers TM, Searle KL, Miller ND, Rutter AR, Chapman PF. Procognitive 5-HT6 antagonists in the rat forced swimming test: potential therapeutic utility in mood disorders associated with Alzheimer's disease. Life Sci 2009;84(15-16):558-62.
- Fox GB, Esbenshade TA, Pan JB, Radek RJ, Krueger KM, Yao BB, et al. Pharmacological properties of ABT-239 [4-(2-{2-[(2R)-2-Methylpyrrolidinyl]ethyl}- benzofuran-5-yl)benzonitrile]: II. Neurophysiological characterization and broad preclinical efficacy in cognition and schizophrenia of a potent and selective histamine H3 receptor antagonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005;313(1):176-90.
- Medhurst AD, Atkins AR, Beresford IJ, Brackenborough K, Briggs MA, Calver AR, et al. GSK189254, a novel H3 receptor antagonist that binds to histamine H3 receptors in Alzheimer's disease brain and improves cognitive performance in preclinical models. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007;321(3):1032-45.
- Dodel R, Bacher M. Innovative treatment a p p r o a c h e s f o r A l z h e i m e r ' s d i s e a s e . Immunotherapy Nervenarzt 2008;79(Suppl 3):149- 57.
- Matsuda J, Kaminaka K, Nozaki C. Amyloid beta peptides with an additional cysteine residue can enhance immunogenicity and reduce the amyloid beta burden in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009;382(1):149-52.
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- Biran Y, Masters CL, Barnham KJ, Bush AI, Adlard PA. Pharmacotherapeutic targets in Alzheimer's disease. J Cell Mol Med 2009;13(1):61-86.
- Adlard PA, Bush AI. Metals and Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2006;10(2-3):145-63.
- Apel C, Forlenza OV, de Paula VJ, Talib LL, Denecke B, Eduardo CP, Gattaz WF. The neuroprotective effect of dental pulp cells in models of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm 2009;116(1):71-8.
- Kovacs T. Therapy of Alzheimer disease. Neuropsychopharmacol Hung 2009;11(1):27-33.
- Frank B, Gupta S. A review of antioxidants and Alzheimer's disease. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2005;17(4):269-86.
Year 2011,
Volume: 18 Issue: 1, 35 - 42, 30.03.2011
Ümide Demir Özkay
,
Yusuf Öztürk
,
Özgür Can
References
- Gilman S. Alzheimers disease. 1997;40(2):230-45.
- Lleó A, Greenberg SM, Growdon JH. Current pharmacotherapy for Alzheimer's disease. Annu Rev Med 2006;57:513-33.
- Gao S, Hendrie HC, Hall KS, Hui S. The relationships between age, sex, and the incidence of dementia and Alzheimer disease. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998;55(9):809-15.
- Wang XP, Ding HL. Alzheimer's disease: epidemiology, genetics, and beyond. Neurosci Bull 2008;24(2):105- 9.
- Hattori H. Elderly depression and depressive state with Alzheimer's disease. Nippon Rinsho 2009;67(4):835- 44.
- Williamson J, Goldman J, Marder KS. Genetic aspects of Alzheimer disease. Neurologist 2009;15(2):80-6.
- Ertekin-Taner N. Genetics of Alzheimer's disease: a centennial review. Neurol Clin 2007;25(3):611-67.
- Maccioni RB, Muñoz JP, Barbeito L. The molecular bases of Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. Arch Med Res 2001;32(5):367-81.
- Edelberg HK, Wei JY. The biology of alzheimers disease. Mech Ageing Dev 1996;91(2):95-114.
- Kok E, Haikonen S, Luoto T, Huhtala H, Goebeler S, Haapasalo H, Karhunen PJ. Apolipoprotein E-dependent accumulation of Alzheimer disease-related lesions begins in middle age. Ann Neurol 2009;65(6):650-7.
- Topçuoðlu ES, Selekler K. Alzheimer disease. Turkish J Geriatr 1998;1(2):63-7.
- Szekely CA, Breitner JC, Zandi PP. Prevention of Alzheimer's disease. Int Rev Psychiatry 2007;19(6):693- 706.
- Kelley BJ, Petersen RC. Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. Neurol Clin 2007;25(3):577- 609.
- Samanta MK, Wilson B, Santhi K, Kumar KP, Suresh B. Alzheimer disease and its management: a review. Am J Ther 2006;13(6):516-26.
- Klatka LA, Schiffer RB, Powers JM, Kazee AM. Incorrect diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. A clinicopathologic study. Arch Neurol 1996;53(1):35- 42.
- Friedlander AH, Norman DC, Mahler ME, Norman KM, Yagiela JA. Alzheimer's disease: psychopathology, medical management and dental implications. J Am Dent Assoc 2006;137(9):1240-51.
- Baysal AÝ, Yeþilbudak Z. Alzheimer Hastalýðýnýn Klinik Bulgularý. Türkiye Klinikleri Nöroloji Dergisi 2003;1(1):1-5.
- Lopes JP, Oliveira CR, Agostinho P. Cell cycle re- entry in Alzheimer's disease: a major neuropathological characteristic? Curr Alzheimer Res 2009;6(3):205-12.
- Duyckaerts C, Panchal M, Delatour B, Potier MC. Morphologic and molecular neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease. Ann Pharm Fr. 2009;67(2):127- 35.
- Octave JN, Pierrot N. Alzheimer's disease: cellular and molecular aspects. Bull Acad Natl Med 2008;192(2):323-31.
- Chung SH. Aberrant phosphorylation in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. BMB Rep 2009;42(8):467-74.
- Mohandas E, Rajmohan V, Raghunath B. Neurobiology of Alzheimer's disease. Indian J Psychiatry 2009;51(1):55-61.
- Hooper NM. Roles of proteolysis and lipid rafts in the processing of the amyloid precursor protein and prion protein. Biochem Soc Trans 2005;33(Pt 2):335-8.
- Kolev MV, Ruseva MM, Harris CL, Morgan BP, Donev RM. Implication of complement system and its regulators in Alzheimer's disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2009;7(1):1-8.
- Silvestrelli G, Lanari A, Parnetti L, Tomassoni D, Amenta F. Treatment of Alzheimers disease: From pharmacology to a better understanding of disease pathophsiology. Mech Ageing Dev 2006;127(2):148- 57.
- Reddy PH, Beal MF. Amyloid beta, mitochondrial dysfunction and synaptic damage: implications for cognitive decline in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Trends Mol Med 2008;14(2):45-53.
- Fisher A. Cholinergic treatments with emphasis on m1 muscarinic agonists as potential disease-modifying agents for Alzheimer's disease. Neurotherapeutics 2008;5(3):433-42.
- Mattson MP. Pathways towards and away from Alzheimer's disease. Nature 2004;430(7000):631-9.
- Grossberg GT. The ABC of Alzheimer's disease: behavioral symptoms and their treatment. Int Psychogeriatr. 2002;14 (Suppl 1):27-49.
- Tanaka Y, Meguro K, Yamaguchi S, Ishii H, Watanuki S, Funaki Y, et al. Decreased striatal D2 receptor density associated with severe behavioral abnormality in Alzheimer's disease. Ann Nucl Med 2003;17(7):567- 73.
- Hynd MR, Scott HL, Dodd PR. Glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Int 2004;45(5):583-95.
- Small DH. Network dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease: does synaptic scaling drive disease progression?. Trends Mol Med 2008;14(3):103-8.
- Markesbery WR. Oxidative stres hypothesis in AD. Free Radic Biol Med 1997;23(1):134-47.
- Reddy VP, Zhu X, Perry G, Smith MA. Oxidative stress in diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2009;16(4):763-74.
- Vural H, Sirin B, Yilmaz N, Eren I, Delibas N. The role of arginine-nitric oxide pathway in patients with Alzheimer disease. Biol Trace Elem Res 2009;129(1- 3):58-64.
- Aliyev A, Seyidova D, Rzayev N, Obrenovich ME, Lamb BT, Chen SG, et al. Is nitric oxide a key target in the pathogenesis of brain lesions during the development of Alzheimer's disease?. Neurol Res 2004;26(5):547-53.
- Snyder SH. Nitric oxide and neurons. Curr Opin Neurobiol 1992;2(3):323-38.
- Law A, Gauthier S, Quirion R. Say NO to Alzheimer's disease: the putative links between nitric oxide and dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Brain Res Rev 2001;35(1):73-96.
- Brion JP. The neurobiology of Alzheimers disease. Acta Clin Belg 1996;51(2):80-90.
- Williams M. Progress in Alzheimer's disease drug discovery: an update. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2009;10(1):23-34.
- Bassil N, Grossberg GT. Novel regimens and delivery systems in the pharmacological treatment of Alzheimer's disease. CNS Drugs 2009;23(4):293-307.
- Aronson S, Van Baelen B, Kavanagh S, Schwalen S. Optimal dosing of galantamine in patients with mild or moderate Alzheimer's disease: post Hoc analysis of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Drugs Aging 2009;26(3):231-9.
- Faghih R, Gfesser GA, Gopalakrishnan M. Advances in the discovery of novel positive allosteric modulators of the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Recent Pat CNS Drug Discov 2007;2(2):99-106.
- Bitner RS, Nikkel AL, Markosyan S, Otte S, Puttfarcken P, Gopalakrishnan M. Selective alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation regulates glycogen synthase kinase3beta and decreases tau phosphorylation in vivo. Brain Res 2009;1265:65-74.
- Amenta F, Parnetti L, Gallai V, Wallin A. Treatment of cognitive dysfunction associated with Alzheimer's disease with cholinergic precursors. Ineffective treatments or inappropriate approaches?. Mech Ageing Dev 2001;122(16):2025-40.
- Higgins JP, Flicker L. Lecithin for dementia and cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;(3):CD001015.
- Secades JJ, Lorenzo JL. Citicoline: pharmacological and clinical review, 2006 update. Methods Find Exp C l i n P h a r m a c o l 2 0 0 6 ; 2 8 ( S u p p l B ) : 1 - 5 6 .
- Fujishiro H, Umegaki H, Suzuki Y, Oohara-Kurotani S, Yamaguchi Y, Iguchi A. Dopamine D2 receptor plays a role in memory function: implications of dopamineacetylcholine interaction in the ventral hippocampus. Psychopharmacology(Berlin) 2005;182(2):25361.
- Tsunekawa H, Noda Y, Mouri A, Yoneda F, Nabeshima T. Synergistic effects of selegiline and donepezil on cognitive impairment induced by amyloid beta (25- 35). Behav Brain Res 2008;190(2):224-32.
- Russo O, Cachard-Chastel M, Rivière C, Giner M, Soulier JL, Berthouze M, et al. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of new 5-HT4 receptor agonists: application as amyloid cascade modulators and potential therapeutic utility in Alzheimer's disease. J Med Chem 2009;52(8):2214-25.
- Hirano K, Piers TM, Searle KL, Miller ND, Rutter AR, Chapman PF. Procognitive 5-HT6 antagonists in the rat forced swimming test: potential therapeutic utility in mood disorders associated with Alzheimer's disease. Life Sci 2009;84(15-16):558-62.
- Fox GB, Esbenshade TA, Pan JB, Radek RJ, Krueger KM, Yao BB, et al. Pharmacological properties of ABT-239 [4-(2-{2-[(2R)-2-Methylpyrrolidinyl]ethyl}- benzofuran-5-yl)benzonitrile]: II. Neurophysiological characterization and broad preclinical efficacy in cognition and schizophrenia of a potent and selective histamine H3 receptor antagonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005;313(1):176-90.
- Medhurst AD, Atkins AR, Beresford IJ, Brackenborough K, Briggs MA, Calver AR, et al. GSK189254, a novel H3 receptor antagonist that binds to histamine H3 receptors in Alzheimer's disease brain and improves cognitive performance in preclinical models. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007;321(3):1032-45.
- Dodel R, Bacher M. Innovative treatment a p p r o a c h e s f o r A l z h e i m e r ' s d i s e a s e . Immunotherapy Nervenarzt 2008;79(Suppl 3):149- 57.
- Matsuda J, Kaminaka K, Nozaki C. Amyloid beta peptides with an additional cysteine residue can enhance immunogenicity and reduce the amyloid beta burden in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009;382(1):149-52.
- Fu H, Li W, Luo J, Lee NT, Li M, Tsim KW, et al. Promising anti-Alzheimer's dimer bis(7)-tacrine reduces beta-amyloid generation by directly inhibiting BACE-1 activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008;366(3):631-6.
- Biran Y, Masters CL, Barnham KJ, Bush AI, Adlard PA. Pharmacotherapeutic targets in Alzheimer's disease. J Cell Mol Med 2009;13(1):61-86.
- Adlard PA, Bush AI. Metals and Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2006;10(2-3):145-63.
- Apel C, Forlenza OV, de Paula VJ, Talib LL, Denecke B, Eduardo CP, Gattaz WF. The neuroprotective effect of dental pulp cells in models of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm 2009;116(1):71-8.
- Kovacs T. Therapy of Alzheimer disease. Neuropsychopharmacol Hung 2009;11(1):27-33.
- Frank B, Gupta S. A review of antioxidants and Alzheimer's disease. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2005;17(4):269-86.