sigma

Sigma Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences

1304-7191 1304-7205

Yildiz Technical University

INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF BORIC ACID AND BORIC ACID WASTE ON THE ALKALINE ACTIVATION OF BLAST FURNACE SLAG

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6690-203X

Eren

Eyüp

Yildiz Teknopark

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8587-2013

Möröydor Derun

Emek

YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7515-8003

Pişkin

Sabriye

YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

06 01 2018

36 2 473 486 01 12 2018 02 15 2018

1983

Sigma Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences

The cement industry generates approximately 5% of man-made carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions worldwide. Today, research interest in reducing carbon dioxide emissions in the cement industry isincreasing rapidly. For this purpose, alkaline-activated materials or geopolymers, have become an important research topic. Alkaline-activated materials use waste such as fly ash, blast furnace slag, and silica fume without any clinker. Alkaline-activated binders have been investigated for many years owing to their environmentally friendly properties, but they have not progressed beyond research activities owing to production problems and a lack of standardization.In this study, the effects of retarders on mortar samples produced by alkaline activation were investigated. Blast furnace slag obtained from Eregli was used as the binder. Alkaline activation was carried out using a mixture of sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide as the activator. The setting times were delayed using boric acid and boric acid slurry obtained from Etimaden Bandırma plants. The effects of boric acid and boric acid waste on compressive strength, setting time, and consistency were determined. The carbonation reactions, chloride migration coefficients, alkaline silica reactions, and water absorption properties of the mortar mixtures were determined according to EN 13295, NT Build 492 standard, the accelerated mortar method and ASTM C1403 standard, respectively.

Boric acid boric acid waste alkaline activation blast furnace slag.

[1] Andrew R.M., (2017) Global CO2emissionsfromcementproduction, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2017-77, in review.

[2] TCMB Cement Statistics, (2016) Available from: http://www.tcma.org.tr/images/file/2016%20Bolgesel-aralik.xls [accessed December 31, 2017].

[3] Crow J.M., (2008) The Concrete Conundrum, Chemistry World, 62-66.

[4] Kuehl, H., (1908) Slag Cement and Process of Making the Same, U.S. Patent 900, 939.

[5] Purdon, A.O., (1940) The Action of Alkalis on Blast-Furnace Slag, J. Soc. Chem. Ind.- Trans. Commun. 59, 191-202.

[6] Purdon, A.O., (1935) Improvements in Processes of Manufacturing Cement, Mortars and Concretes, British Patent GB427, 227.

[7] Provis J.L., Deventer J.S.C., (2014) Alkali Activated Materials: State of the Art Report Rilem TC224-AAM, Springer/Rilem.

[8] Davidovits J., (1980) Mineral Polymersand Methods of Making Them, US 4349386 A.

[9] Duxson P., Provis J.L., Lukey G.C., et.al., (2005) 29Si NMR Study of Structural Ordering in Aluminosilicate Geopolymer Gels, Langmuir 21, 3028-3036.

[10] Provis J.L., (2005) Do Geopolymers Actually Contain Nanocrystalline Zeolites? A Reexamination of Existing Results, Chem. Mater., 17, 3075-3085.

[11] Skvara F., (2007) Alkali Activated Materials Or Geopolymers, Ceramics–Silikaty Volume 51, Issue 3, 173-177.

[12] Carrasco M.T., Puertas F., (2017) Alkaline Activation of Different Aluminosilicates as an Alternative to Portland Cement: Alkali Activated Cements or Geopolymers, Revista Ingenieria de Construccion. 32. 5-12.

[13] Pratt P.L.,Wang S.D.,Pu X.C., et.al., (1995) Alkali-Activated Slag Cement and Concrete: A Review of Properties and Problems”, Advances in Cement Research. 7, 93-102.

[14] Deventer J.S.C., (2010) Commercial Progress in Geopolymer Concretes: Linking Research to Applications, Free International Conference on Advances in Chemically Activated Materials, Jinan, Shandong, China.

[15] Zhang Z.,Wang H., Provis J.L., et.al., (2013) Efflorescence: A Critical Challenge for Geopolymer Applications?, Concrete Institute of Australia's Biennial National Conference (Concrete 2013): Understanding Concrete, Gold Coast, Australia.

[16] Fernández-Jiménez A., García-Lodeiro I. and Palomo A., (2007) Durability of Alkali-Activated Fly Ash Cementitious Materials, Journal of Materials Science, 42(9), 3055–3065, 2007.

[17] Bakharev T., (2005), Durability of Geopolymers Materials in Sodium and Magnesium Sulfate Solutions, Cement and Concrete Research, 35(6), 1233–1246.

[18] Fernández-Jiménez A.,García-Lodeiro I. and Palomo A., (2006) Durability of Alkali-Activated Fly Ash Cementitious Materials, Journal of Materials Science, 42(9), 3055–3065.

[19] García-Lodeiro I., Palomo, A. and Fernández-Jiménez A., (2007) Alkali–Aggregate Reaction in Activated Fly Ash Systems, Cement and Concrete Research, 37(2), 175–183.

[20] Puertas F., Palacios M. and Vázquez T., (2009) Alkali-Aggregate Behavior of Alkali-Activated Slag Mortars: Effect of Aggregate Type, Cement and Concrete Composites, 31(5), 277–284.

[21] Donatello S., Fernández-Jiménez A. and Palomo A., (2012) an Assessment of Mercury Immobilisation in Alkali Activated Fly Ash (AAFA) Cements, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 213-214, 207–215.

[22] Shi C.,Fernández-Jiménez A., (2006) Stabilization/Solidification of Hazardous and Radioactive Wastes with Alkali-Activated Cements, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 137(3), 1656–1663.

[23] Jiang Q.,Wang S., Penggang S., et.al., (2012) Dry-Mixed Pre-Mixed Mortar Prepared by Alkali activated Slag Cement, and Preparation Method Thereof, CN 102815913.

[24] Chalmers D.P., Kidd P.G., Sleep P.D., (2014) Geopolymer Cement, WO 2014075134.

[25] Blaum P., Bullerjahn F., Zajac M., (2016) Retarder Mixture for Alkali Activated Binder, EP 3070065 A1.

[26] Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, (2016) TS EN 196-1: Çimento Deney Metotları - Bölüm 1: Dayanım Tayini.

[27] Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, (2017) TS EN 413-2, Çimento - Harç çimentosu - Bölüm 2: Deney Yöntemleri.

[28] Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, (2006) TS EN 480-2, Kimyasal Katkılar - Beton, Harç ve Şerbet için- Deney Metotları- Bölüm 2: Priz Süresinin Tayini.

[29] American Society for Testing and Materials, (2014) ASTM C1260, Standard Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity of Aggregates (Mortar-Bar Method).

[30] Stanish K.D., Hooton D., Thomas M.D.A., (2000) Testing the Chloride Penetration Resistance of Concrete: A Literature Review, FHWA Contract DTFH61-97-R-00022 US Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration.

[31] Nordtest, (1999) NT Build 492, Concrete, Mortar and Cement-Based Repair Materials: Chloride Migration Coefficient from Non-Steady-State Migration Experiments.

[32] Parrott L. J., (1990) Damage Caused by Carbonation of Reinforced Concrete, Materials and Structures, Volume 23, Issue 3, 230-234.

[33] British Standard Institute, (2004) BS EN 13295, Products and Systems for the Protection and Repair of Concrete Structures. Test methods. Determination of Resistance to Carbonation.